NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Anna Reinhard

Huldrych (or Ulrich) Zwingli (January 1, 1484 – October 11, 1531) was the leader of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland, and founder of the Swiss Reformed Churches. Independent from Luther, who was doctor biblicus, Zwingli arrived at similar conclusions, by studying the Scriptures from the point of view of a humanist scholar. Scanned from German Meyers Encyclopedia, 1906 This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 50 years. ... Glarus is the capital of the Canton of Glarus, Switzerland. ... Combatants France, Republic of Venice Duchy of Milan Commanders Francis I, Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, Bartolomeo dAlviano, Louis de la TrÃ©moille Maximilian Sforza Strength 30,000 Unknown Casualties The Battle of Marignano, in the phase of the Italian Wars (1494â€“1559) that is called the War of the League... The 95 Theses. ... Charles (February 24, 1500 – September 21, 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor (as Charles V) from 1519-1558; he was also King of Spain from 1516-1556, officially as Charles I of Spain, although often referred to as Charles V (Carlos Quinto or Carlos V) in Spain and Latin America. ... For other people named Martin Luther see: Martin Luther (disambiguation), or here for Martin Luther King, Jr. ... John 21:1 Jesus Appears to His Disciples--Alessandro Mantovani: the Vatican, Rome. ... The house where Adrian VI was born Adrian VI (also known as Hadrian VI or Adriano VI), born Adrian dEdel (March 2, 1459 - September 14, 1523), pope from 1522 to 1523, was born in Utrecht, the Netherlands, and studied under the Brethren of the Common Life either at Zwolle... Clerical celibacy is the practice of various religious traditions in which clergy, monastics and those in religious orders (female or male) adopt a celibate life, refraining from marriage, sexual relationships including masturbation and impure thoughts (such as sexual visualisation and fantasies). ... For the antipope (1378â€“1394) see antipope Clement VII and other Popes named Clement see Pope Clement. ... Expanding insurgencies during the Peasants war The Peasants War (in German, der Deutsche Bauernkrieg) was a popular revolt in Europe, specifically in the Holy Roman Empire between 1524-1525. ... Anabaptists (Greek ana+baptizo without-baptizers, German: WiedertÃ¤ufer) were Christians of the Radical Reformation. ... Portrait of Katharina von Bora, wife of Martin Luther, by Lucas Cranach the Elder. ... Location within Switzerland The city of Berne (Bernese German BÃ¤rn , German Bern , French Berne , Italian Berna , Romansh Berna , from the Celtic Berna Gap, referring to the geology of where the city is situated), is the Bundesstadt (administrative capital) of Switzerland, and is the fourth most populous Swiss city (after... The Marburg Colloquy was a meeting which attempted to mediate between the different opinions of the Lutherans and Zwinglians over the Lords Supper, and issues relating to transubstantiation. ... The Augsburg Confession, in Latin Confessio Augustana, is the central document of the Lutheran reformation, which was a reaction against the Roman Catholic Church. ... The Schmalkaldic League was a defensive league of Protestant princes in the Holy Roman Empire in the mid-16th century. ... The wars of Kappel (Kappelerkriege) were two armed conflicts fought near Kappel am Albis between the protestant and the catholic cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy during the reformation in Switzerland. ... John Calvin (July 10, 1509 â€“ May 27, 1564) was an important French Christian theologian during the Protestant Reformation and is the namesake of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism. ... Geneva (pronunciation //; French: GenÃ¨ve //, German: //, Italian: Ginevra) is the second most populous city in Switzerland, and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French-speaking part of Switzerland). ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... Events January 25 - Peter Arbues, chief of the Spanish Inquisition, is assassinated when he is praying in the cathedral at Saragossa, Spain July 6 - Portuguese sea captain Diogo CÃ£o finds the mouth of Congo River December 5 - Pope Innocent VIII gives the inquisition a mission to hunt heretics and... October 11 is the 284th day of the year (285th in leap years). ... Events January 26 - Lisbon, Portugal is hit by an earthquake-- thousands die October 1 - Battle of Kappel - The forces of ZÃ¼rich are defeated by the Catholic cantons. ... The Protestant Reformation in Switzerland was promoted initially by Huldrych Zwingli, who gained the support of the magistrate and population of ZÃ¼rich in the 1520s. ... The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant denominations historically related by a similar Calvinist system of doctrine, which first arose especially in the Swiss Reformation led by Huldrych Zwingli, but soon afterward appeared in nations throughout Western Europe. ... For other people named Martin Luther see: Martin Luther (disambiguation), or here for Martin Luther King, Jr. ... Humanism is a broad category of active ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appeal to universal human qualitiesâ€”particularly rationalism. ...

Zwingli was born in Wildhaus, St. Gall, Switzerland to a prominent family of the middle classes. He was the seventh of eight sons. His father Ulrich was the chief magistrate in town, and his uncle Bartolomeus the vicar. Wildhaus is a village and resort for summer and winter vacations in the Canton of St. ... St. ... A magistrate is a judicial officer with limited authority to administer and enforce the law. ... In the broadest sense, a vicar (from the Latin vicarius) is anyone acting as a substitute or agent for a superior (compare vicarious). In this sense, the title is comparable to lieutenant. ...

Zwingli's Reformation was supported by the magistrate and population of Zürich, and led to significant changes in civil life, and state matters in Zürich. In particular, this movement was known for mercilessly persecuting Anabaptists and other followers of Christ who maintained a nonresistant stance. The reformation was spread from Zürich to five other cantons of Switzerland, while the remaining five sternly held on to the Catholic view of the faith. Location within Switzerland (German pronunciation IPA: ; in English often Zurich, without the umlaut) is the largest city in Switzerland (population: 366,145 in 2004; population of urban area: 1,091,732) and capital of the canton of ZÃ¼rich. ... Anabaptists (Greek ana+baptizo without-baptizers, German: WiedertÃ¤ufer) were Christians of the Radical Reformation. ... The twenty-six cantons of Switzerland are the states of the federal state of Switzerland. ...

Zwingli was killed at Kappel am Albis, in a battle against the Catholic cantons. Kappel am Albis (47Â°13â€²40â€³ N 8Â°31â€²34â€³ E) is a small municipality (population 891 as of 2003) in the Affoltern district of the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland. ...

Zwingli's contribution to Reformation

Background

While a wealth of information exists regarding the theology of Martin Luther, John Calvin and others, relatively little is available with relation to Huldrych Zwingli. Zwingli was a contemporary of Martin Luther, and his renunciation of the Catholic priesthood came only a few years after Luther's; these factors may explain Zwingli's comparative obscurity relative to Luther and Calvin as one of the driving forces behind the Reformation. Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 â€“ February 18, 1546) was a German monk,[1] priest, professor, theologian, and church reformer. ... John Calvin (July 10, 1509 â€“ May 27, 1564) was an important French Christian theologian during the Protestant Reformation and is the namesake of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism. ...

Another reason for Zwingli's failure to capture the public imagination may be his radical theology. Some commentators believe that history has overloooked Zwingli simply because it was written by men unsympathetic to his doctrinal views, who went out of their way to suppress them. They hold that "the side who wins in history, is the side who writes the history"; the "other side of the story" is either forgotten, or suppressed. Needless to say, this view is prevalent principally among dyed-in-the-wool Zwinglians, and should perhaps not be taken at face value, particularly in the light of the extensive academic research conducted over the last 20 years or so into the sources of the Reformation.

Theology: sacraments and covenants

One major difference in theological opinion between Zwingli and Luther is that of grace versus works as it relates to the Christian sacraments. Many consider Luther to have been the originator of the belief that God's covenants to man are unconditional; Zwingli, on the other hand, proposed that God's covenants were just that--spiritually binding contracts between God and man that were vulnerable to man's relapse into the sinful life that could eventually lead to an annulment of God's part in the contract. Covenant, in its most general sense, is a word for a solemn contract or similar undertaking. ...

E. Brooks Holifield states in "The Covenant Sealed: The Development of Puritan Sacramental Theology in Old and New Testaments" (1570-1720, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University press, 1974, 6) that "When Luther called the sacrament a covenantal seal, he meant that baptism visibly ratified and guaranteed God's promises, as a royal seal authenticated a government document on which it was inscribed. Only secondarily was baptism a pledge of obedience by men. For Zwingli, however, the sacrament was primarily 'a covenant sign which indicates that all those who receive it are willing to amend their lives to follow Christ."

For both Luther and Zwingli, the sacrament of baptism was a sign or symbol of God's new Gospel covenant. Their theological differences arise in the relationship between baptism and mankind. While Luther believed that God's grace was sufficient for man's salvation thereby defining baptism simply as a sign of having received a divine guarantee of this grace, Zwingli taught that God's grace in addition to man's work was necessary for salvation thereby defining baptism as a covenant between God and man. This covenant/contract involved two parties wherein both were given specific responsibilities; if one party did not comply with said agreements, the opposite party was relinquished of all responsibilities detailed in the contract.

A key doctrinal difference between Zwingli and other sects of Protestantism was his view on the Eucharist. Whereas Luther believed that the body and blood of Christ are really present in the bread and wine of this sacrament (a view often called consubstantiation by non-Lutherans), Zwingli thought the sacrament to be purely symbolic and memorial in character. Their differences were discussed at the Marburg Colloquy in 1529. By contrast, the next generation Reformer John Calvin's view was that Christ is spiritually but not physically present in the sacrament, but some later Calvinists such as Charles Hodge tend more towards Zwingli's memorialism than Calvin's doctrine. The Eucharist or Communion or The Lords Supper, is the rite that Christians perform in fulfillment of Jesus instruction, recorded in the New Testament,[1] to do in memory of him what he did at his Last Supper. ... The Real Presence is the term various Christian traditions use to express their belief that, in the Eucharist, Jesus the Christ is really (and not merely symbolically, figuratively or by his power) present in what was previously just bread and wine. ... Consubstantiation is a theory which (like the competing theory of transubstantiation, with which it is often contrasted) attempts to describe the nature of the Christian Eucharist in terms of philosophical metaphysics. ... Memorialism is the belief held by many Christian denominations that the elements of bread and wine (or juice) in the Eucharist (more often referred to as The Lords Supper by memorialists) are symbolic of the body and blood of Jesus, the feast being primarily a memorial meal. ... The Marburg Colloquy was a meeting which attempted to mediate between the different opinions of the Lutherans and Zwinglians over the Lords Supper, and issues relating to transubstantiation. ... John Calvin (July 10, 1509 â€“ May 27, 1564) was an important French Christian theologian during the Protestant Reformation and is the namesake of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism. ... In an unadorned church, the 17th century congregation stands to hear the sermon. ... Charles Hodge Charles Hodge (1797-1878) was the principal of Princeton Theological Seminary between 1851 and 1878. ...

Zwingli was also known for his belief that the Christian sacrament was similar to a military oath or pledge in order to demonstrate an individual's willingness to listen and obey the written word of God. The holy jewish scripture: The Torah. ...

Music in the Church

Zwingli was one of the first Protestants to abandon the use of instruments during worship services. In fact, he was so alarmed by the abuses to which music was subjected (in his view) that some of his services did not have any music whatsoever. He found instruments to be an offense, quoting the church fathers for support. He was attempting to return to a practice followed in most of the Eastern Orthodox churches even to this day, but exceeded them in his distaste for music per se, regarding it as a distraction from single attention to the preaching of the word of God. Much of the Reformed movement fell into agreement with the banning of instruments, although none followed the elimination of music. The organ in particular was denounced by leaders of the Reformed churches, as being a prominent example of what they meant by the corruption allowed into worship by the Catholic Church. Zwingli recommended that a better use for an organ would be to sell it and give the money to the poor. This Reformed aversion to musical instruments, first adopted by Zwingli, became at times a sticking point preventing cooperation with the musically rich Lutherans. The (Early) Church Fathers or Fathers of the Church are the early and influential theologians and writers in the Christian Church, particularly those of the first five centuries of Christian history. ... Eastern Orthodoxy (also called Greek Orthodoxy and Russian Orthodoxy) is a Christian tradition which represents the majority of Eastern Christianity. ...

Non-instrumental singing continues to be a distinctive of some branches of the Presbyterian church, and a few other Reformed churches. This Presbyterian practice was adopted as being biblical, by some who separated from them following the Campbell branch of the Restoration Movement known as the Church of Christ, because instruments are not specifically mentioned in the New Testament. The Primitive Baptists also follow this practice. These Christians believe that the use of instruments is connected with the Old Testament worship in the Temple of Jerusalem, a form of worship instituted by God but superseded when God raised Christ from the dead, establishing the Church by sending his Holy Spirit, according to their beliefs. Presbyterianism is part of the Reformed churches family of denominations of Christian Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin which traces its institutional roots to the Scottish Reformation, especially as led by John Knox. ... The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant denominations historically related by a similar Calvinist system of doctrine, which first arose especially in the Swiss Reformation led by Huldrych Zwingli, but soon afterward appeared in nations throughout Western Europe. ... For information related to Dispensational Christian views regarding Jewish people in the End times see Restorationism The Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement (or simply, Restoration Movement) is a religious reform movement born in the early 1800s in the United States. ... The Churches of Christ are autonomous Christian congregations. ... Primitive Baptists are a group of Baptists that have an historical connection to the missionary/anti-missionary controversy that divided Baptists of America in the early part of the 19th century. ... Note: Judaism commonly uses the term Tanakh, but not Old Testament, because it does not recognize the concept of a New Testament. ... The Jerusalem Temple (Hebrew: beit ha-mikdash) was the center of Israelite and Jewish worship, primarily for the offering of sacrifices known as the korbanot. ...

Zwingli’s life

Youth

Zwingli got his early education at Weesen under the guidance of this uncle Bartolomeus, who had moved away from Wildhaus. Before going to the University of Vienna Zwingli completed his studies in Berne. He enrolled in Vienna in 1498, and after having been expelled for a year Zwingli continued his studies there until 1502, at which time he transferred to the University of Basel, where he took his B.A. degree 1504, and M.Div. in 1506. The University of Vienna (German: UniversitÃ¤t Wien) in Austria was founded in 1365 by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria and hence named Alma Mater Rudolphina. ... For other uses, see Bern (disambiguation). ... Vienna (German: Wien ; Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian: BeÄ, Czech: VÃdeÅˆ, Hungarian: BÃ©cs, Greek: Î’Î¹ÎÎ½Î½Î·, Romanian: Viena, Romani: Bech or Vidnya, Russian: Ð’ÐµÐ½Ð°, Slovak: ViedeÅˆ, Slovenian: Dunaj, Dutch: Wenen) is the capital of Austria, and also one of the nine States of Austria. ... 1498 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1502 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The University of Basel (German: UniversitÃ¤t Basel) is located at Basel, Switzerland. ... 1504 was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1506 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Priesthood

Just before winning his theological degree Zwingli became pastor at Glarus, and stayed there for ten years. It was during his stay in Glarus that Zwingli perfected his Greek, and also took up the study of Hebrew. Apart from studying the languages of the Scripture, he also read Erasmus, which gave his thinking a humanistic perspective. Main article: Minister of religion A pastor is the head minister or priest of a Christian church. ... Glarus is the capital of the Canton of Glarus, Switzerland. ... Hebrew (×¢Ö´×‘Ö°×¨Ö´×™×ª, â€˜Ivrit) is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by more than seven million people in Israel and Jewish communities around the world. ... Many religions and spiritual movements hold certain written texts (or series of spoken legends not traditionally written down) to be sacred. ... Desiderius Erasmus in 1523 Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (also Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam) (October 27, probably 1466 â€“ July 12, 1536) was a Dutch humanist and theologian. ... The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view. ...

The use of Swiss mercenaries was more than common in Europe of the 16th century and this was something that Zwingli opposed, unless commissioned by the pope. Nevertheless Zwingli took on the job of chaplain on several occasions, as the youth of his parish went to Italy as mercenaries. Still, Zwingli's opposition to foreign military service and his growing reputation as a fine preacher and learned scholar led to his election in 1518 to priest in the Great Minster church (German name Grossmünster) in Zürich. He had then been a priest in Einsiedeln Abbey for two years. A mercenary is a soldier who fights, or engages in warfare primarily for private gain, usually with little regard for ideological, national or political considerations. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... The current Pope is Benedict XVI (born Joseph Alois Ratzinger), who was elected at the age of 78 on 19 April 2005. ... A chaplain is typically a member of the clergy serving a group of people who are not organized as a mission or church; lay chaplains are also found in some settings such as universities. ... A parish is a type of administrative subdivision. ... Events A plague of tropical fire ants devastates crops on Hispaniola. ... The GrossmÃ¼nster Facade of the monastery building, now housing the theological faculty of the University of Zurich The GrossmÃ¼nster (great minster) is one of the three major churches of ZÃ¼rich, the others being the FraumÃ¼nster and St. ... The GrossmÃ¼nster Facade of the monastery building, now housing the theological faculty of the University of Zurich The GrossmÃ¼nster (great minster) is one of the three major churches of ZÃ¼rich the others being the FraumÃ¼nster and St. ... A Benedictine monastery in the Canton of Schwyz, Switzerland, dedicated to Our Lady of the Hermits, that title being derived from the circumstances of its foundation, from which the name Einsiedeln is also said to have originated. ...

Zwingli's willingness to leave Glarus greatly increased due to stronger pro-French sentiment there, given the fact that Zwingli at this period in his life was strongly on the side of the pope. Zwingli's literary production while still in Glarus made Swiss cardinal Mattias Schinner his friend, and rendered him an annual pension from Rome. A cardinal is a senior ecclesiastical official in the Roman Catholic Church, ranking just below the Pope and appointed by him as a member of the College of Cardinals during a consistory. ... The State of the City of the Vatican or the Vatican City (Latin: Status Civitatis Vaticanae, Italian Stato della Città del Vaticano) is the smallest independent state in the world (both in area and in population), a landlocked enclave surrounded by the city of Rome in Italy. ...

Alienation from the Roman Church

It was as a priest of the Great Minster church that Zwingli publicly started questioning the dogma of the Catholic Church. Zwingli always claimed to be ignorant of what Luther wrote, and that he took part in starting the Reformation in Switzerland independently of Luther. When a preacher of indulgences appeared in Zürich in 1519, Zwingli opposed him. This was two years after Luther had refuted the practice of indulgence with his 95 Theses. Dogma (the plural is either dogmata or dogmas) is belief or doctrine held by a religion, ideology or any kind of organization to be authoritative and not to be disputed or doubted. ... In Catholic theology, an indulgence is the remission of the temporal punishment due to God for sin. ... Events March 4 - HernÃ¡n CortÃ©s lands in Mexico. ... The 95 Theses. ...

It was in 1520 that Zwingli renounced his papal pension. He then attacked the mercenary system, and convinced Zürich, alone of all the cantons, to refuse the alliance with France on May 5, 1521. On January 11, 1522, all foreign services and pensions were forbidden in Zürich. mary elline m. ... May 5 is the 125th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (126th in leap years). ... Events January 3 - Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem. ... January 11 is the 11th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 9 - Adrian Dedens becomes Pope Adrian VI. February 26 - Execution by hanging of CuauhtÃ©moc, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan under orders of conquistador HernÃ¡n CortÃ©s. ...

Owing to Zwingli's success as a political figure, which had been boosted by his social efforts during the plague of 1520, his prestige and importance increased. From 1522 on he was on track of reforming the church and Christian faith. His first reformatory work, "Vom Erkiesen und Fryheit der Spysen", was published in the midst of a dispute over the ecclesiastical law of fasting. Zwingli declared the fasting provisions to be mere human commands, not in harmony with the Scriptures, and was by now convinced that the Bible alone, without any reference to the church's Sacred Oral Tradition, was the sole source of faith; this he asserted in "Archeteles." Illustration of the Black Death from the Toggenburg Bible (1411). ... Events January 9 - Adrian Dedens becomes Pope Adrian VI. February 26 - Execution by hanging of CuauhtÃ©moc, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan under orders of conquistador HernÃ¡n CortÃ©s. ... Many religions and spiritual movements hold certain written texts (or series of spoken legends not traditionally written down) to be sacred. ...

Steeple of Grossmünster Cathedral in Zürich, for article on Zwingli. Photo from Webshots Community, with no copyright claim This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Steeple of Grossmünster Cathedral in Zürich, for article on Zwingli. Photo from Webshots Community, with no copyright claim This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... The GrossmÃ¼nster Facade of the monastery building, now housing the theological faculty of the University of Zurich The GrossmÃ¼nster (great minster) is one of the three major churches of ZÃ¼rich the others being the FraumÃ¼nster and St. ...

Marriage

When their intimacy passed the bounds of propriety is unknown, but from the spring of 1522 Zwingli and Anna Reinhard were living together in what was called a "clerical marriage." Such concubinages were not uncommon at the time, as it was assumed that without an extraordinary supply of divine grace it was not possible for a priest to live in absolute purity; and in fact, very few did. Zwingli eventually married Anna, on April 2, 1524. Between 1526 and 1530 the couple had four children. Anna was noted for her beauty, piety and faithfulness to the Protestant Reformation. Clerical marriage is the practice, followed in most Protestant churches, of allowing clergy to marry and have a family. ... A swampy marsh area ... April 2 is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 273 days remaining. ... Events March 1, 1524/5 - Giovanni da Verrazano lands near Cape Fear (approx. ... The Protestant Reformation was a movement in the 16th century to reform the Catholic Church in Western Europe. ...

The Reformation in Zürich

Zwingli's radical followers made the most of the situation in Zürich. They removed the images and pictures out of the churches, made changes in the liturgic language of the religious services, and stripped the mass of all its incrustations, as far as possible bringing it back to basics. By the end of 1524 the convents for both men and women had been abolished, and music had been silenced in the churches. The mass stood more or less unaltered, since Zwingli hesitated in changing something so wrapped up with the life of the people, before the people were fully prepared to accept a substitute. Zwingli's translation of the bible, the Froschauer Bibel, was printed between 1524 and 1531. From the Greek word Î»ÎµÎ¹Ï„Î¿Ï…ÏÎ³Î¯Î±, which can be transliterated as leitourgia, meaning a public work, a liturgy comprises a prescribed religious ceremony, according to the traditions of a particular religion; it may refer to, or include, an elaborate formal ritual (such as the Catholic Mass), or a daily activity such as... Events March 1, 1524/5 - Giovanni da Verrazano lands near Cape Fear (approx. ... ZÃ¼rich Bible (ZÃ¼rcher Bibel, also Zwinglibibel) is a bible translation historically based on the translation by Ulrich Zwingli. ...

At last it was decreed that on Thursday of Holy Week, April 13, 1525, in the Great Minster the "Lord's Supper" would be for the first time observed according to the liturgy Zwingli had composed. On that eventful day men and women sat on opposite sides of the table which extended down the middle aisle, and were served with bread on wooden platters and wine out of wooden beakers. The contrast to the former custom was shocking to many, yet the new way was accepted. With this radical break with the past the Reformation in Zürich was completed. In the same year, Zwingli was called by the honorary title Antistes. April 13 is the 103rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (104th in leap years). ... Events January 21 - The Swiss Anabaptist Movement was born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptized each other in the home of Manzs mother on Neustadt-Gasse, ZÃ¼rich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union. ... The Eucharist or Communion or The Lords Supper, is the rite that Christians perform in fulfillment of Jesus instruction, recorded in the New Testament,[1] to do in memory of him what he did at his Last Supper. ... Antistes (from Latin anti before and sto stand) was from the 16th to the 19th century the title of the head of the church in the Reformed Churches in Switzerland. ...

The political phase

The new doctrines were not introduced without opposition. The first opponents of the Reformers were from the ranks of their own party. The peasants could find no reason in the Bible, the sole principle of faith, why they should contribute to their lords' taxes, tithes, and rent, and they refused to do so. Civil unrest spread everywhere, and was only quelled after long negotiations and some concessions by the Government. A tax (also known as a duty) is a financial charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal entity by a state or a functional equivalent of a state (e. ... A tithe is a one-tenth part of something, paid as a voluntary contribution or as a tax or levy, usually to support a religious organization. ...

The Anabaptists were not so easily silenced. From their interpretation of the Bible, which Zwingli had placed in their hands, they opposed infant baptism and refused to join Zwingli's state church. Zwingli thus persecuted them mercilessly with imprisonment, torture, banishment and death; one of their leaders Felix Manz was drowned. The war against the Anabaptists was more serious for Zwingli than that against Rome. Anabaptists (Greek ana+baptizo without-baptizers, German: WiedertÃ¤ufer) were Christians of the Radical Reformation. ... Felix Manz (ca. ...

In St. Gallen mayor Vadian (Joachim von Watt) worked successfully in Zwingli's interest — in Schaffhausen, Dr. Sebastian Hofmeister did the same; in Basle it was Johann Oecolampadius. Zwingli himself came to Berne, in January, 1528. The new doctrines were then introduced as sweepingly into Berne as they had been at Zürich, and many places and counties which had previously wavered followed its example. Zwingli could also point to brilliant successes in 1528 and 1529. He ensured the predominance of his reforms through the "Christian Civic rights", agreed upon between Zürich and the towns of Constance (1527), Berne and St. Gall (1528), Biel, Mulhausen, and Schaffhausen (1529). Location within Switzerland St. ... A mayor (from the Latin mÄior, meaning larger,greater) is in modern times the title of the highest ranking municipal officer, who discharges certain judicial and administrative functions, in many systems an elected politician, who serves as chief executive and/or ceremonial official of many types of municipalities. ... Engraving by David Herrliberger from Zurich, 1748, after an older original Joachim Vadian (November 29, 1484 â€“ April 6, 1551), born as Joachim von Watt, was a Swiss Humanist and scholar and also mayor and reformer in St. ... Schaffhausen is a city in northern Switzerland; it has an estimated population of 33,527 as of March 31, 2005. ... Basel (English traditionally: Basle [ba:l], German: Basel [ba:z@l], French Bâle [ba:l], Italian Basilea [bazilE:a]) is Switzerlands third most populous city (188,000 inhabitants in the canton of Basel-City as of 2004; the 690,000 inhabitants in the conurbation stretching across the immediate... Johannes Oecolampadius or Oekolampad (1482 - November 24, 1531) was a German religious reformer, whose real name was Hussgen or Heussgen (changed to Hausschein and then into the Greek equivalent). ... Location within Switzerland The city of Berne (Bernese German BÃ¤rn , German Bern , French Berne , Italian Berna , Romansh Berna , from the Celtic Berna Gap, referring to the geology of where the city is situated), is the Bundesstadt (administrative capital) of Switzerland, and is the fourth most populous Swiss city (after... Events June 19 - Battle of Landriano - A French army in Italy under Marshal St. ... Events June 19 - Battle of Landriano - A French army in Italy under Marshal St. ... Events April 22 - Treaty of Saragossa divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal, stipulating that the dividing line should lie 297. ... Place du Ring in Biel/Bienne Biel/Bienne is a town in the Canton of Bern in Switzerland. ... Mulhouse (French: Mulhouse, pronounced ; Alsatian: MilhÃ¼sa; German: MÃ¼lhausen) in is a town and commune in eastern France. ...

Reaction

Reformation swept across Switzerland. The cantons of Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Lucerne, Zug, and Fribourg remained however true to the old Faith, and offered determined opposition to Zwingli. This did not mean that the Catholic cantons were wholly satisfied with conditions prevailing in the Catholic church. They strove to abolish abuses, and issued a Concordat of Faith in 1525 demanding important reforms, this, however, never found general recognition. From 21 May to 8 June 1526, they held a public disputation at Baden, to which they invited Dr. Johann Eck of Ingolstadt. Zwingli did not appear. Statue of Ulrich Zwingli, Zürich Image by ChrisO File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Statue of Ulrich Zwingli, Zürich Image by ChrisO File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Uri is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland. ... Schwyz (German Schwyz) is a canton in central Switzerland between Lake Lucerne in the south and Lake Zurich in the north. ... Unterwalden is the old name for what is now two cantons in central Switzerland, south of Lake Lucerne. ... Lucerne (German Luzern) is a canton of Switzerland. ... (-German; French: Zoug; Italian: Zugo) is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland. ... The Canton of Fribourg is a canton of Switzerland. ... Events January 21 - The Swiss Anabaptist Movement was born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptized each other in the home of Manzs mother on Neustadt-Gasse, ZÃ¼rich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union. ... May 21 is the 141st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (142nd in leap years). ... June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ... Events January 14 - Treaty of Madrid. ... Johann Eck (November 13, 1486 â€“ February 13, 1543) was a 16th century theologian and defender of Catholicism during the Protestant Reformation. ... Ingolstadt is a city in the Federal State of Bavaria, Germany. ...

At Baden, a famous watering-place, only twelve miles northwest of Zürich, there was a disputation between the Old Church representatives and the Zwingli party from May 21 to June 8, 1526. Though not present in person, Zwingli had close connections with those from Zürich who spoke for him, and gave them daily instructions. Of course each side claimed the victory. Baden old town Location within Switzerland Baden is a town in the Swiss canton of Aargau, on the left bank of the river Limmat, 25 km N.W. of ZÃ¼rich. ... May 21 is the 141st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (142nd in leap years). ... June 8 is the 159th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (160th in leap years), with 206 days remaining. ... Events January 14 - Treaty of Madrid. ...

To compel the Catholic cantons to accept the new doctrines, Zwingli even urged civil war, drew up a plan of campaign, and succeeded in persuading Zürich to declare war and march against the Catholic territories. The Catholic districts had by then strengthened their position by forming a defensive alliance with Austria (1529), the "Christian Union." At this juncture, however, they received no assistance. Berne showed itself more moderate than Zürich, and a treaty of peace was arranged, which, however, was very unfavourable for the Catholics. A civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight for political power or control of an area. ... Events April 22 - Treaty of Saragossa divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal, stipulating that the dividing line should lie 297. ...

Dictator of Zürich

In Zürich, Zwingli was now the commanding personality in all ecclesiastical and political questions. He was "mayor, secretary, and council" all in one. He and Luther could not agree regarding the doctrine of the Lord's Supper when a disputation was arranged between the two Protestant leaders at Marburg in October, 1529. Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... The Marburg Colloquy was a meeting which attempted to mediate between the different opinions of the Lutherans and Zwinglians over the Lords Supper, and issues relating to transubstantiation. ... Events April 22 - Treaty of Saragossa divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal, stipulating that the dividing line should lie 297. ...

As a statesman, Zwingli embarked in secular politics with ambitious plans. "Within three years", he wrote, "Italy, Spain and Germany will take our view". By prohibiting any compromises with the Catholic cantons Zwingli may have compelled them to resort to arms. On 9 October 1531, they declared war on Zürich, and advanced to Kappel on the frontiers. That day proved to be fateful for Zwingli. October 9 is the 282nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (283rd in leap years). ... Events January 26 - Lisbon, Portugal is hit by an earthquake-- thousands die October 1 - Battle of Kappel - The forces of ZÃ¼rich are defeated by the Catholic cantons. ...

Civil war and Zwingli's death on the battlefield

See Kappeler Kriege, Reformation in Switzerland. The wars of Kappel (Kappelerkriege) were two armed conflicts fought near Kappel am Albis between the protestant and the catholic cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy during the reformation in Switzerland. ... The Protestant Reformation in Switzerland was promoted initially by Huldrych Zwingli, who gained the support of the magistrate and population of ZÃ¼rich in the 1520s. ...

The Swiss Confederation wasn't a centralized state, but many different states or cantons that were only united on a few issues, primarily wanting independence from the Holy Roman Empire. When the Catholic cantons took steps towards an alliance with Charles V, Zwingli recommended that the Protestant cantons begin to take military initiatives before it was too late. Zwingli was preparing for war, but his beliefs weren't shared by all of the other Protestant cantons. Instead, the other Protestants took economic measures towards the Catholic cantons. In October of 1531, the five Catholic cantons joined together for a surprise attack on Zürich. The Protestants were nearly unable to defend themselves because of no advance warning, but when their army gathered together, Zwingli marched out with the first soldiers and was killed in battle. In Kappel, the army of Zürich was defeated, and slightly more than a month later, the Peace of Kappel was signed. The Holy Roman Empire and from the 16th century on also The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was a political conglomeration of lands in Central Europe in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. ... Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Aragon and Castile. ...

Zwingli's successor

Zwingli's successor, Heinrich Bullinger, was elected on December 9, 1531, to be the pastor of the Great Minster at Zürich, a position which he held to the end of his life (1575). He did not replace Zwingli as the political head man of the canton. The pastor of the Great Minster continued to exert political influence, but the time of theocracy was past for Zürich. Heinrich Bullinger Heinrich Bullinger (July 18, 1504 - September 17, 1575) was a Swiss reformer, the successor of Huldrych Zwingli as head of the Zurich church. ... December 9 is the 343rd day (344th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 26 - Lisbon, Portugal is hit by an earthquake-- thousands die October 1 - Battle of Kappel - The forces of ZÃ¼rich are defeated by the Catholic cantons. ... Events February 13 - Henry III of France is crowned at Reims February 14 - Henry III of France marries Louise de Lorraine-VaudÃ©mont June 28 - Oda Nobunaga defeats Takeda Katsuyori in the battle of Nagashino, which has been called Japans first modern battle. ... The term theocracy is commonly used to describe a form of government in which a religion or faith plays the dominant role. ...

Other notables in Swiss Reformation

Ambrosius Blarer (sometimes Ambrosius Blaurer), (April 4, 1492 – December 6, 1564) was an influential reformer in southern Germany and north-eastern Switzerland. ... Heinrich Bullinger Heinrich Bullinger (July 18, 1504 - September 17, 1575) was a Swiss reformer, the successor of Huldrych Zwingli as head of the Zurich church. ... John Calvin (July 10, 1509 â€“ May 27, 1564) was an important French Christian theologian during the Protestant Reformation and is the namesake of the system of Christian theology called Calvinism. ... William Farel William Farel (Guillaume Farel, 1489-1565) was a French evangelist, and a founder of the Reformed Church in the cantons of NeuchÃ¢tel, Berne and Geneva, and the Canton of Vaud Switzerland. ... Johannes Oecolampadius or Oekolampad (1482 - November 24, 1531) was a German religious reformer, whose real name was Hussgen or Heussgen (changed to Hausschein and then into the Greek equivalent). ...

Literary production

Categories: 1484 births | 1531 deaths | Reformation | Reformed theologians | Protestant Reformers | Swiss theologians | Zürich | Martin Luther 1510 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... 1512 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... // Events March - With the death of Ferdinand II of Aragon, his grandson Charles of Ghent becomes King of Spain as Carlos I. July - Selim I of the Ottoman Empire declares war on the Mameluks and invades Syria. ... Events January 9 - Adrian Dedens becomes Pope Adrian VI. February 26 - Execution by hanging of CuauhtÃ©moc, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan under orders of conquistador HernÃ¡n CortÃ©s. ... Einsiedeln is a small municipality in Switzerland best known for its monastery, the Benedictine Einsiedeln Abbey and as place where Paracelsus born. ... Constance (CON-stents) is a female given name most often used in the English or French-speaking worlds. ... Events January 21 - The Swiss Anabaptist Movement was born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptized each other in the home of Manzs mother on Neustadt-Gasse, ZÃ¼rich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union. ... // Google offers a variety of services and tools besides its basic web search. ...

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Zwingli's contribution to Reformation GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");