The Annales School (Annales is pronounced /a(n)'nal(ə)/ in French) is a school of historical writing named after the French scholarly journal Annales d'histoire économique et sociale (later called Annales. Economies, sociétés, civilisations, then renamed in 1994 as Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales) where it was first expounded. Annales school history is best known for incorporating social scientific methods into history. Year 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar). ... The social sciences are groups of academic disciplines that study the human aspects of the world. ...

The Annales was founded and edited by Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre in 1929, while they were teaching at the University of Strasbourg, France. These authors quickly became associated with the distinctive Annales approach, which combined geography, history, and the sociological approaches of the Année Sociologique (many members of which were their colleagues at Strasbourg) to produce an approach which rejected the predominant emphasis on politics, diplomacy and war of many 19th century historians. Instead, they pioneered an approach to a study of long-term historical structures (la longue durée) over events. Geography, material culture, and what later Annalistes called mentalités, or the psychology of the epoch, are also characteristic areas of study. An eminent member of this school, Georges Duby, wrote in the forward of his book Le dimanche de Bouvines that the history he taught "relegated the sensational to the sidelines and was reluctant to give a simple accounting of events, but strived on the contrary to pose and solve problems and, neglecting surface disturbances, to observe the long and medium-term evolution of economy, society and civilisation." Marc Léopold Benjamin Bloch (July 6, 1886 – June 16, 1944) was a French historian of medieval France in the period between the First and Second World Wars, and a founder of the Annales School. ... Lucien Febvre (July 22, 1878, Nancy - Saint-Amour, Jura, September 11, 1956) was a French historian best known for the role he played in establishing the Annales School of history. ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The University Palace in Strasbourg, and a monument to one of the universitys students, Johann Wolfgang Goethe The University of Strasbourg in Strasbourg, Alsace, France, is divided into three separate institutions. ... LAnnée Sociologique was a sociology journal founded in 1898 by Émile Durkheim, who also served as its editor. ... The longue durée is a term used by the French Annales School of historical writing to designate their approach to the study of history, which gave priority to long-term historical structures over events. ... Georges Duby Georges Duby (October 7, 1919 - December 3, 1996) was a French historian specializing in the Middle Ages. ...

Bloch was shot by the Gestapo during the German occupation of France in World War II, and Febvre carried on the Annales approach in the 1940s and 1950s. It was during this time that he mentored Fernand Braudel, who would become one of the best known exponents of this school. Braudel's work came to define a 'second' era of Annales historiography and was very influential throughout the 1960s and 1970s, especially for his work on the Mediterranean region in the era of Philip II of Spain. This article or section includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... Fernand Braudel Fernand Braudel (August 24, 1902–November 27, 1985) was a French historian. ...

While authors such as Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie and Jacques Le Goff continue to carry the Annales banner, today the Annales approach has been less distinctive as more and more historians do work in cultural history and economic history. SSR Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (born 1929) is a noted French historian whose work is focused upon Languedoc in the ancien regime focusing on the history of the peasantry. ... A French medievalist, representative of the Annales School of historiography. ... Cultural history (from the German term Kulturgeschichte), at least in its common definition since the 1970s, often combines the approaches of anthropology and history to look at popular cultural traditions and cultural interpretations of historical experience. ... Economic history is the study of economic change, and of economic phenomena in the past. ...

See also: Historiography Historiography is a term with multiple meanings that has changed with time, place and observer, and is thus resistant to a single encompassing meaning. ...

References

• Fernand Braudel and the Annales School by Dr David Moon

Further reading

• Peter Burke. The French Historical Revolution: The Annales School, 1929-1989. Stanford University Press. 1991.
• François Dosse. The New History in France: The Triumph of the Annales. University of Illinois Press. 1994.
• Lynn Hunt and Jacques Revel (eds). Histories: French Constructions of the Past. The New Press. 1994. (A collection of essays with many pieces from the Annales--the long introduction is excellent, and contains many good references).
• (French) Philippe Poirrier, Aborder l'histoire, Paris, Seuil, 2000.