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Oceanic Anoxic Events occur when the Earth's oceans become completely depleted of O2 below the surface levels. Earth is the third planet from the Sun. ...
Ocean (Okeanos, a Greek god of sea and water; Greek ωκεανός) covers almost three quarters (71%) of the surface of the Earth. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series Nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 15. ...
Occurrence
Oceanic Anoxic Events occurred only during periods of very warm climate characterized by high levels of CO2, usually above 1800 ppmv, and mean surface temperatures of around 22 ° C (Quaternary levels are 280 ppmv and 13 ° C). Thus, oceanic anoxic events have been concentrated in the Cretaceous and Jurassic, when numerous examples have been documented, but earlier ones are known from the late Triassic, Devonian and Ordovician. The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) shows many similarities to Oceanic Anoxic Events. Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. ...
The Quaternary Period is the geologic time period from the end of the Pliocene Epoch roughly 1. ...
The Cretaceous period is one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, reaching from the end of the Jurassic period, about 146 million years ago (Ma), to the beginning of the Paleocene epoch of the Tertiary period (65. ...
The Jurassic period is a major unit of the geologic timescale that extends from about 200 Ma (million years ago) at the end of the Triassic to 146 Ma at the beginning of the Cretaceous. ...
The Triassic is a geologic period that extends from about 245 to 202 Ma (million years ago). ...
Disambiguation: Devonian is also an adjective relating to the English county of Devon or the people there. ...
The Ordovician period is the second of the six (seven in North America) periods of the Paleozoic era. ...
Climate change during the last 65 million years. ...
Major oceanic anoxic events occurred around 183 million years ago (early Toarcian stage of the Early Jurassic), and many times in the period from 140 to 84 million years ago during the Cretaceous. Typically, each oceanic anoxic event lasted for half a million years or less and then oxygenation of the oceans would return - though most likely never to the same level as observed in the "icehouse" world today. Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 400 000 years For the animated movie, see Ice Age (movie). ...
Major Oceanic Anoxic Events in the Jurassic and Cretaceous The concept of the ‘Oceanic Anoxic Event’ or OAE was first proposed in 1976 by Seymour Schlanger and Hugh Jenkyns and arose from discoveries made by the Deep Sea Drilling Project in the Pacific Ocean. It was the finding of black carbon-rich shales in Cretaceous sediments that had accumulated on submarine volcanic plateaus (Shatsky Rise, Manihiki Plateau), coupled with the fact that they were identical in age with similar deposits cored from the Atlantic Ocean and known from outcrops in Europe, that led to the realization that these widespread intervals recorded highly unusual conditions in the world ocean during discrete periods of geological time. Sedimentological investigations of these organic-rich sediments, which have continued to this day, typically reveal the presence of fine laminations undisturbed by bottom-dwelling fauna, indicating anoxic conditions on the sea floor. Furthermore, detailed organic geochemical studies have recently revealed the presence of molecules that derive from green sulfur bacteria: organisms that required both light and free hydrogen sulfide, illustrating that anoxic conditions extended high into the water column. Such sulfidic (or euxinic) conditions, which exist today in the Black Sea, were particularly prevalent in the Cretaceous Atlantic but also characterized other parts of the world ocean. The Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) was an ocean drilling project running from 1968 to 1983. ...
Map of the Black Sea. ...
Detailed stratigraphic studies of Cretaceous black shales from many parts of the world have indicated that two Oceanic Anoxic Events were particularly significant in terms of their impact on the chemistry of the oceans, one in the early Aptian (~120 Ma), sometimes called the Selli Event (or OAE 1a) after the Italian geologist Raimondo Selli, and another at the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary (~93 Ma), sometimes called the Bonarelli Event (or OAE 2) after the Italian geologist, Guido Bonarelli. In so far as the Cretaceous OAEs can be represented by type localities, it is the striking outcrops of laminated black shales within the vari-colored claystones and pink and white limestones near the town of Gubbio in the Italian Apennines that are the best candidates. Indeed, the 1-meter thick black shale at the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary that crops out near Gubbio is termed the ‘Livello Bonarelli’ after the man who first described it in 1891.
More minor Oceanic Anoxic Events have been proposed for other intervals in the Cretaceous (Valanginian, Hauterivian, Albian, Coniacian–Santonian stages), but their sedimentary record, as represented by organic-rich black shales, appears more parochial, being dominantly represented in the Atlantic and neighbouring areas, and some researchers relate them to particular local conditions rather than being forced by global change.
The only Oceanic Anoxic Event documented from the Jurassic took place during the early Toarcian (~183 Ma). Because no DSDP cores have recovered black shales of this age – there being little or no Toarcian ocean crust remaining in the world ocean – the samples of black shale of this age primarily come from outcrops on land. These outcrops, together with material from some commercial oil wells are, however, found on all major continents and this event seems similar in kind to the two major Cretaceous examples.
Mechanism The mechanism by which major oceanic anoxic events took place remains controversial. Temperatures throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous are generally thought to have been relatively warm so that dissolved oxygen levels in the ocean were lower than today, making anoxia easier to achieve. However, more specific conditions are required to explain the short-period (half a million years or less) Oceanic Anoxic Events. Two hypotheses, and variations upon them, have proved most durable. The first of these suggests that the anomalous accumulation of organic matter relates to its enhanced preservation under restricted and poorly ventilated conditions, which themselves reflected the particular geometry of the ocean basin: such a hypothesis, although readily applicable to the young and relatively narrow Cretaceous Atlantic, fails to explain the occurrence of coeval black shales on open-ocean Pacific plateaus and shelf seas around the world.
The second hypothesis suggests that Oceanic Anoxic Events record a major change in the fertility of the oceans that resulted in an increase in organic-walled plankton and bacteria at the expense of calcareous plankton such as coccoliths and foraminifera. Such an accelerated flux of organic matter would have expanded and intensified the oxygen minimum zone, further enhancing the amount of organic carbon entering the sedimentary record. Essentially this mechanism assumes a major increase in the availability of dissolved nutrients such as nitrate, phosphate and possibly iron to the phytoplankton population living in the illuminated layers of the oceans. For such an increase to occur would have required an accelerated influx of land-derived nutrients coupled with vigorous upwelling, requiring major climate change on a global scale. Geochemical data from oxygen-isotope ratios in carbonate sediments and fossils, and magnesium/calcium ratios in fossils, indicate that all major Oceanic Anoxic Events were associated with thermal maxima, making it likely that global weathering rates, and nutrient flux to the oceans, were increased during these intervals. Coccoliths are individual plates of calcium carbonate formed by coccolithophores (single-celled algae such as Emiliania huxleyi) which are arranged around them in a coccosphere. ...
Orders Allogromiida Carterinida Fusulinida- extinct Globigerinida Involutinida- extinct Lagenida Miliolida Robertinida Rotaliida Silicoloculinida Spirillinida Textulariida incertae sedis Xenophyophorea Reticulomyxa The Foraminifera, or forams for short, are a large group of amoeboid protists with reticulating pseudopods, fine strands that branch and merge to form a dynamic net. ...
Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface, replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-deplete surface water. ...
Let’s look at Oceanic Anoxic Events from another perspective. Assume that the earth releases a huge volume of carbon dioxide during an interval of excessive volcanism; global temperatures rise due to the greenhouse effect; global weathering rates and fluvial nutrient flux increase; organic productivity in the oceans increases; organic-carbon burial in the oceans increases; carbon dioxide is drawn down (inverse greenhouse effect); global temperatures fall, and the ocean–atmosphere system returns to equilibrium. In this way, an Oceanic Anoxic Event can be viewed as the Earth’s response to the injection of excess carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hydrosphere. One test of this notion is to look at the age of a large igneous province, the extrusion of which would presumably have been accompanied by rapid effusion of vast quantities volcanogenic gases such as carbon dioxide. Intriguingly, the age of three Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) correlates uncannily well with that of the major Jurassic (early Toarcian) and Cretaceous (early Aptian and Cenomanian–Turonian) Oceanic Anoxic Events, indicating that a causal link is feasible. The greenhouse effect, first discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824, and first investigated quantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1896, is the process by which an atmosphere warms a planet. ...
A large igneous province (LIP) is an extensive region of basalts resulting from flood basalt volcanism. ...
Consequences Oceanic Anoxic Events have had many important consequences. It is believed that they have been responsible for mass extinctions of marine organisms both in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. Such an effect is natural when one considers that most marine organisms cannot adapt to an ocean where atmospheric oxygen can, at best, penetrate only the surface layers. An extinction event (also extinction-level event, ELE) is a period in time when a large number of species die out. ...
The Paleozoic Era is a major division of the geologic timescale, one of four geologic eras. ...
The Mesozoic is one of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic eon. ...
Another, economically significant consequence of oceanic anoxic events is the fact that the prevailing conditions in so many Mesozoic oceans has helped produce most of the world's petroleum and natural gas reserves. During an oceanic anoxic event, the accumulation and preservation of organic matter was much greater than normal, allowing the generation of potential petroleum source rocks in many environments across the globe. This is why some 70 percent of oil source rocks are Mesozoic in age, and another 15 percent date from the warm Paleogene: only rarely in colder periods were conditions favorable for the production of source rocks on anything other than a local scale. Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario Petroleum (from Greek petra – rock and elaion – oil or Latin oleum – oil ), crude oil, sometimes colloquially called black gold or Texas Tea, is a thick, dark brown or greenish liquid. ...
Many stoves use natural gas. ...
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