NationMaster - Encyclopedia: António de Oliveira Salazar

Antonio Salazar on July 22 is the 203rd day (204th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 162 days remaining. Events 1499 - Battle of Dornach - The Swiss decisively defeat the Imperial army of Emperor Maximilian I. 1587 - Colony of Roanoke: A second group of English settlers arrive on Roanoke... July 22, 1946 was a common year starting on Tuesday. (see link for calendar) Events January January 4 - Theodore Schurch becomes the last person to be executed for offences committed under the Treachery Act of 1940 January 7 - Allied recognize Austrian republic with 1937 borders - the country is divided into four occupation... 1946 issue of Time Magazine

António de Oliveira Salazar ( April 28 is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 247 days remaining. Events 1253 - Nichiren, a Japanese Buddhist monk, declares his attention to preach the Lotus Sutra and Nam Myoho Renge Kyo as the true Buddhism, essentially founding the branch of... April 28, Events January-April January 8 - Herman Hollerith receives a patent for his electric tabulating machine January 22 - Columbia Phonograph is formed in Washington, DC. February 11 - Japan adopted; 1st Diet convenes in 1890 January 30 ? Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria and his mistress Marie Vetsera commit a double suicide... 1889— July 27 is the 208th day (209th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 157 days remaining. Events 1200-1899 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. 1663 - The British Parliament passes the second Navigation Act requiring that all... July 27, 1970 was a common year starting on Thursday. Events January-February January 1 - Construction begins on Arcosanti, by Paolo Soleri, in Mayer, Arizona, located 65, miles north of Phoenix, Arizona. January 1 - Unix epoch at 00:00:00 UTC. January 12 - Biafra capitulates, ending the Nigerian civil war. January 15... 1970) was the Prime Ministers of the Constitutional Monarchy (1834-1910) First Republic Military Dictatorship Estado Novo Third Republic See also: List of Presidents of Portugal, Politics of Portugal, Lists of incumbents This article contains content from HierarchyPedia article Prime Minister of Portugal, used here under the GNU Free Documentation License. Categories: Lists... Prime Minister of The Republic of Portugal (República Portuguesa), or Portugal, is a democratic republic located on the west and southwest parts of the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe; it is the westernmost country in continental Europe. Portugal is bordered by Spain to the north and east and by the Atlantic... Portugal from 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. Events January-February January 3 - British arrest and intern Mohandas Gandhi and Vallabhbhai Patel January 8 - In Britain the Archbishop of Canterbury forbids church remarriage of divorcees January 12 - Hattie W. Caraway becomes the first woman elected to the United States... 1932 to 1968 was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). Events Undated Booker Prize for Fiction is established by Booker plc. 1968 is known as the year of the Prague Spring and also the year of the Paris riots. The ASCII character code is... 1968, noted for the dictatorial nature of his government.

Salazar was born in Santa Comba Dão. Initially, Salazar was a professor of political Economics is the social science studying production and consumption through measurable variables. It involves analysing the production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods and services. Economics is said to be positive when it attempts to explain the consequences of different choices given a set of assumptions and normative when it... economics at the University of Coimbras Municipality University of Coimbra Categories: Cities and towns of Portugal | Cities in Portugal | Portugal ... Coimbra. He became The finance minister is a cabinet position in a government. A minister of finance (also called financial affairs, the treasury, the economy, or economic affairs) has many different jobs in a government. He or she helps form the budget, stimulate the economy, or helps control finances. Finance ministers are often... finance minister in 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). Events January-May January 6- 7 - River Thames floods in London - 14 drowned January 17 - OGPU arrests Lev Trotsky in Moscow; he assumes a status of passive resistance and is exiled to Turkestan February - Kurume University... 1928 and Alternative meaning: Prime Minister (band) A prime minister is the leading member of the cabinet of the top level government in a parliamentary system of government of a country, alternatively A prime minister is an official in a presidential system or semi-presidential system whose duty is to execute the... Prime Minister of Portugal in 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. Events January-February January 3 - British arrest and intern Mohandas Gandhi and Vallabhbhai Patel January 8 - In Britain the Archbishop of Canterbury forbids church remarriage of divorcees January 12 - Hattie W. Caraway becomes the first woman elected to the United States... 1932. Most historians consider Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler were two of the 20th centurys most notorious dictators. A dictatorship is a government headed by a dictator or more generally any authoritarian or totalitarian government. It is considered to be the polar opposite of a democracy. A dictatorship is often seen as equivalent... dictatorship a more apt term for his rule. In 1933 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). Events January January 3 - Japanese troops occupy Shanghai January 5 - Construction of the Golden Gate Bridge begins in San Francisco Bay. January 15 - Political violence has caused almost 100 deaths in Spain January 17 - US Congress... 1933 he introduced a new For the entry on the naval ship U.S.S. Constitution, see: USS Constitution. An organizations constitution defines its form, structure, activities, character, and fundamental rules. To view particular constitutions, refer to the list of national constitutions. The term comes from Latin constitutio, which referred to any important law... constitution to Portugal, which gave him almost unlimited powers, establishing an The term authoritarian is used to describe an organization or a state which enforces strong and sometimes oppressive measures against the population, generally without attempts at gaining the consent of the population. In an authoritarian state, citizens are subject to state authority in many aspects of their lives, including many... authoritarian regime in the country.

Salazar was handed power by President António de Fragoso Carmona in 1932 is a leap year starting on a Friday. Events January-February January 3 - British arrest and intern Mohandas Gandhi and Vallabhbhai Patel January 8 - In Britain the Archbishop of Canterbury forbids church remarriage of divorcees January 12 - Hattie W. Caraway becomes the first woman elected to the United States... 1932 and gained major support from different elements of society. After Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. Battle aftermath. Remains of the Chateau Wood World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, the War of the Nations, and the War to End All Wars, was a world conflict occurring from 1914 to... World War I (in which Portugal had sided with the Allies but gained nothing from the victory), the First Republic had been overthrown by the military. The mismanagement of this era contrasted with Salazar's success at reorganizing the country's finances (he managed to create a budget surplus for the first time in decades). This reputation paved the way for his power grab since the army, church, monarchists, upper middle classes, aristocrats and the right all preferred Salazar to the previous There are a number of things that junta (hUn-tah) could refer to: It can be a military dictatorship. See also Military rule. In History of Spain, junta (coming-together) was the name chosen by several local administrations forming in Spain during the Peninsula War as a patriotic alternative to... juntas.

Salazar developed the " Estado Novo (New State) is the name of the Portuguese Conservative Authoritarian regime installed in 1933. The Estado Novo was developed by António de Oliveira Salazar, ruler of Portugal from 1932 to 1968. The Estado Novo was a benevolent regime with a fascist orientation, but which differed from other... Estado Novo" (literally, New State). The basis of his dictatorship was a platform of stability; his reforms greatly privileged the upper classes to the detriment of the poorer sections of society. Education was not seen as a priority and therefore not invested in. Salazar had a A secret police (sometimes political police) force is a police organization that operates in secret to enforce state security. This blanket term generally means keeping the government from being attacked from within (e.g. sabotage, revolution, etc). In countries where rule is by fiat the secret police are often used... secret police named PIDE stands for Polícia Internacional de Defesa do Estado (English: International Police for State Defense) and was the main tool of repression used by the Portuguese authoritarian regime, the Estado Novo. Although the name PIDE was only used from 1945 to 1969, the whole network of secret polices using... PIDE that repressed dissent. However, Salazar's regime was much less bloody than other European dictatorships, such as Franco's.

Salazar's regime has been variously described as Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler Fascism (in Italian, fascismo), capitalized, refers to the right-wing authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. The word fascism (uncapitalized) has come to mean any political stance or system of government resembling Mussolinis, as... Fascist, something which Salazar never considered himself to be. Salazar's political philosophy was based around authoritarian This article considers Catholicism in the broadest ecclesiastical sense. See Catholicism (disambiguation) for alternative meanings Catholicism has two main ecclesiastical meanings, described in Websters Dictionary as: a) the whole orthodox christian church, or adherence thereto; and b) the doctrines or faith of the Roman Catholic church, or adherence thereto... Catholic social doctrine, much like the contemporary regime of Engelbert Dollfuss Engelbert Dollfuss (German: Dollfuß) (October 4, 1892 - July 25, 1934) was an Austrian politician and dictator. Born in Texing, Austria, Dollfuss was a religious youth who was educated at a seminary before deciding to study Law at the University of Vienna and then Economics at the University of... Engelbert Dollfuss in The Republic of Austria ( German: Republik Österreich) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The state is a representative democracy... Austria. The economic system, known as The term corporatism has different meanings in different contexts. Most notably, the historical usage of the term is not the same as its modern usage. This article deals with both types of corporatism. Historical meaning of the term Historically, corporatism or corporativism (Italian corporativismo) is a political system in which... corporatism, was based on the papal encyclicals Rerum Novarum is an encyclical issued by Roman Catholic Pope Leo XIII on May 15, 1891. It was an open letter to all the bishops that addressed the condition of the working classes. Leo supported the rights of labor to form unions, but rejected socialism and affirmed private property rights... Rerum Novarum and Quadragesimo Anno is an encyclical by Pope Pius XI, issued 15 May 1931, 40 years after Rerum Novarum (thus the name, Latin for the fortieth year). Written as a response to the Great Depression, it calls for the establishment of a social order based on the principle of subsidiarity. Some... Quadragesimo Anno, which was supposed to prevent class struggle and supremacy of economism. Salazar himself banned Portugal's National Syndicalists, a much more unambiguously Fascist party, for being, in his words, a "Pagan" and "Totalitarian" party. Salazar's own party, The National Union, was formed as a subservient umbrella organisation to support the regime itself, and was therefore lacking in any ideology independent of the regime. It is arguable, therefore, as to whether Salazar's government can truly be considered 'Fascist'. There is no doubt, however, that he admired (or at least respected) both Benito Mussolini created a fascist state through the use of propaganda, total control of the media and disassembly of the working democratic government. Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (July 29, 1883 _ April 28, 1945) ruled Italy as a dictator from 1922 to 1943. He created a fascist state through the... Mussolini and For other people with the surname Hitler, see Hitler (disambiguation). Adolf Hitler ( 20 April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary – 30 April 1945 in Berlin, Germany) was leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (more widely known as the Nazi Party) and Führer und Reichskanzler... Hitler.

During Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km (60,000 ft) into the air. August 9, 1945 World War II was a global conflict that started in 7 July 1937 in Asia and 1 September 1939 in Europe and lasted until 1945, involving the majority of the... World War II, Salazar steered Portugal down a middle path. Although a dictator and a supporter of The Spanish State (Estado Español) was the formal name of Spain from 1936 to 1978, under the régime of Generalísimo Francisco Franco (d. 1975), by the grace of God, Caudillo of Spain and of the Crusade. When the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936, the Nationalist... Nationalist Spain (he sent them aid during their fight against the Republicans), like Generalísimo Francisco Franco, caudillo de España por la gracia de Dios Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo de Andrade (December 4, 1892 - November 20, 1975), abbreviated Francisco Franco Bahamonde and sometimes known as Generalísimo Francisco Franco, was dictator of Spain from 1939 until... Franco he did not openly side with the The Nazi party used a right-facing swastika as their symbol and the red and black colors were said to represent Blut und Boden (blood and soil). Black, white, and red were in fact the colors of the old North German Confederation flag (invented by Otto von Bismarck, based on... Nazis in the war. The Iberia can mean: The Iberian peninsula of southwest Europe; That part of it inhabited by the Iberians, speaking the Iberian language. Caucasian Iberia of eastern Georgia in the 4th century BC-5th century AD; Iberia Airlines, the Spanish national airline. Three Imperial Roman provinces comprising Hispania, roughly corresponding to modern... Iberian Neutral means balanced between two or more opposites. The term has many uses in science and otherwise. In physics, a neutral particle or object has zero electric charge. An atom with a positive or negative charge is called an ion. In chemistry, a neutral solution is neither acidic nor basic... neutrality pact was put forward by Salazar to Franco in 1939. Indeed, Salazar provided aid to the Allies, letting them use the Terceira Island is a Portuguese island in the Azores Archipelago, in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean. Angra do Heroísmo, the historical capital of the Azores, is located on Terceira, and its historical centre is classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The island has two ports in... Terceira Island in the Flag of Azores Shaded relief map of the Azores from 1975 The Azores ( Portuguese: Açores) are an archipelago of Portuguese islands in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, about 1,500 km from Lisbon and about 3,900 km from the east coast of North America. The nine... Azores as a base, though he provided little else in the way of support. Siding with the The Axis Powers is a term for those participants in World War II opposed to the Allies. The three major Axis powers, Germany, Italy, and Japan, referred to themselves as the Rome– Berlin– Tokyo axis. The Axis powers were ultimately defeated in the end of World War II... Axis would have meant that Portugal would have been at war with The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and a member of the British Commonwealth and European Union. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, UK or, inaccurately, as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent parts. Three of these parts... Britain, which would have threatened Portuguese colonies. It is also true, however, that Portugal continued to secretly export General Name, Symbol, Number Tungsten, W, 74 Chemical series Transition metals Group, Period, Block 6 (VIB), 6 , d Density, Hardness 19250 kg/m3, 7.5 Appearance grayish white, lustrous Atomic properties Atomic weight 183.84 amu Atomic radius(calc.) 135 (193) pm Covalent radius 146 pm van der Waals radius... tungsten and other goods to the Axis countries, partly via The Swiss Confederation or Switzerland is a landlocked federal state in Europe, with neighbours Germany, France, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein. The country has a strong tradition of political and military neutrality, but also of international co-operation, and is home to many international organisations. Confoederatio Helvetica (CH), the Latin version... Switzerland.

In 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). Events January January 5 - The Soviet Union recognizes the new pro-Soviet government of Poland. January 7 - British General Bernard Montgomery holds a press conference in which he claims credit for victory in the Battle of... 1945 Portugal was in control of the Flag of Azores Shaded relief map of the Azores from 1975 The Azores ( Portuguese: Açores) are an archipelago of Portuguese islands in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, about 1,500 km from Lisbon and about 3,900 km from the east coast of North America. The nine... Azores, For other uses of the word, see Madeira (disambiguation) Madeira Islands location. Map of Madeira (navigational) The Madeira Islands is a Portuguese archipelago in the north Atlantic Ocean that lies between the parallels of 32º 22 20 and 33º 7 50 and in a longitude between the 16º 16 30... Madeira, Cape Verde (Portuguese: Cabo Verde) is a republic located on an Atlantic Ocean, off the western coast of Africa. The previously-uninhabited islands were discovered and colonized by the Portuguese in the 15th century; they subsequently became a trading center for African slaves. Most Cape Verdeans descend from both groups... Cape Verde Islands, São Tomé e Principe, This article is about the nation, for the prison see Angola Prison Angola is a maritime country in southwestern Africa bordering Namibia, Congo-Brazzaville and Zambia and with a west coast along the Portuguese colony, it has considerable natural resources, among which oil and diamonds are the most relevant. The... Angola (including Angolan province and Republic of the Congo, and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. As of 1991, the population was 163,000, with an area of 7,270 km2. Portuguese explorers, missionaries and traders arrived at the mouth of the Congo (or Nzere) river in the mid-15th century... Cabinda), The Republic of Guinea-Bissau is a country on the Atlantic coast of western Africa. The small country, a former Portuguese colony, is bounded on the north by Senegal, to the south and east by Guinea, and to the west by the Atlantic Ocean. Its capital is Bissau. National motto... Portuguese Guinea, and Mozambique is a country in Southern Africa, bordering South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe. It is a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries and the Commonwealth of Nations. Its capital and largest city is Maputo, located in the southern edge of the country. National motto: n... Mozambique in World map showing location of Africa A satellite composite image of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest continent in both area and population, after Eurasia. At about 30,244,050 km2 (11,677,240 mi2) including its adjacent islands, it covers 20.3 percent of the total land... Africa, Two letter code GA Country India Capital — Administrative — Judicial1 — Panaji — Mumbai Location — Latitude — Longitude — 15° N — 73° E Governor SC Jamir Chief Minister Prataph Sing Rane State language Konkani Liberation Day December 19, 1961 Statehood Day May 30, 1987 Population... Goa, Damão (including Dadra and Nagar Haveli is a Union Territory in western India. Nagar Haveli is wedged between Maharashtra and Gujarat, whereas Dadra is an enclave lying a few km north of Nagar Haveli in Gujarat. Its capital is Silvassa. It was a Portuguese colony from 1779 until 1954 when it was... Dadra and Nagar Haveli), and Diu may mean: An island off the south west coast of Gujarat in India. (refer to Daman and Diu) A Cantonese profanity. (refer to Diu (Cantonese)) Categories: Islands of India ... Diu, in The Republic of India is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of more than one billion, and is the seventh largest country by geographical area. India has grown significantly, both in population and in strategic importance in the last two decades. The Indian economy is... India, National motto: none Official languages Cantonese and Portuguese Chief Executive Edmund Ho Hau-wah Area - Total - % water (Not ranked) 27.3 km² 0% Population - Total (March, 2004) - Density (Not ranked) 451,000 16,521/km² Establishment - Date Handover from Portugal to the Peoples Republic... Macau in The Great Wall of China, stretching over 6,700 km, was erected beginning in the 3rd century BC to guard the north from raids by men on horses. China listen? ( Traditional: 中國; Simplified: 中国; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo) is a nation located chiefly in continental East... China and The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, commonly known as East Timor, is an island nation in Southeast Asia, consisting of the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecussi-Ambeno, a political exclave of East Timor situated on the western side of... Portuguese Timor in Location of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is a subregion of Asia. The name for the region was first coined in the 20th century. The subregion has 11 countries and the countries can be divided into the mainland and the archipelago. The mainland countries include: Cambodia Laos Myanmar (Burma) Thailand Vietnam... Southeast Asia. Salazar was determined to retain Portuguese control of these places, as they formed the basis of Salazar's dependence upon the overseas provinces. What he did not acknowledge, however, was that the Portuguese overseas provinces (often described as colonies) were among the least developed in Africa.

Salazar wanted Portugal to be important internationally, and the country's large overseas provinces made this possible, while Portugal itself remained a closed state with little influence from the Western powers. Portugal was admitted to For the National Association of Theatre Owners, please see National Association of Theatre Owners. The flag of NATO NATO 2002 Summit The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), sometimes called North Atlantic Alliance, Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance, is an international organisation for defence collaboration established in 1949, in support... NATO in 1949 is a common year starting on Saturday. Events January January 4 - RMS Caronia of the Cunard Line departs Southampton for New York on her maiden voyage January 4 - February 22 - Series of winter storms in Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota, Utah, Colorado and Nevada - winds of up to 72 mph... 1949 and this reflected Portugal's new role as an ally against Communism is a term that can refer to one of several things: a social and economic system, an ideology which supports that system, or a political movement that wishes to implement that system. As a theoretical social and economic system, communism would be a type of egalitarian society with no... communism.

Salazar as an older man

From the Indian capture of Portuguese Portuguese India (Port. India Portuguesa or Estado da India) was the aggregate of Portugals colonial holdings in India. It included the enclave of Goa proper, as well as the enclaves of Daman (Port: Damão), Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and the island of Anjediva, but was sometimes referred... cities in 1961 (As MAD Magazine pointed out on its first cover for the year) was the first upside-down year - i.e., one that looked the same upside down - since 1881, and the last until 6009. Events January January 1 - The farthing coin, used since the 13th century, ceases to be... 1961 and until after Salazar's death, the overseas provinces remained a continual source of trouble for Portugal, especially in the African colonial wars. Increasingly, Portugal was isolated among other Western countries who were gradually releasing their colonies into independence. In the Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s - 1960s - 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Years: 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Events and trends The 1960s was a turbulent decade of change around the world. Many of the trends of... 1960s, the rebellion of the African colonies intensified. Salazar's attempts to crush it and to maintain intact his dream of the Portuguese empire were widely criticized by newly independent nations and NATO allies alike and cost the lives of many African rebels and civilians as well as Portuguese soldiers.

Economically, the Salazar years were marked by stagnation. Even though he established his power on his good reputation as a finance minister, his economic policies held back Portugal's development. Instead of looking outward for cooperation with the nascent EEC, Salazar preferred introspection and focus on the overseas provinces—a fatal mistake since the Portuguese overseas territories could not replace the lost trade with the more developed European neighbours.

In 1968 was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). Events Undated Booker Prize for Fiction is established by Booker plc. 1968 is known as the year of the Prague Spring and also the year of the Paris riots. The ASCII character code is... 1968 Salazar became seriously ill with brain damage after falling from a chair, forcing President Américo Tomás to dismiss him as Prime Minister. His successor was Marcelo Caetano also spelled Marcello Caetano (August 17, 1906- October 26, 1980) was a Portuguese politician. Graduated in Law, Caetano was a teacher in the Law School of Lisbon. An ultraconservative politician, by 1940 Caetano started his political career in the authoritarian dictatorship of António de Oliveira Salazar. He... Marcelo Caetano. To his dying day, Salazar thought that he was still Prime Minister. He died in Lisbon (in Portuguese, Lisboa) is the capital and largest city of Portugal. It is the seat of the district of Lisbon. Geography and Location Missing image Panoramic_view_of_lisbon.jpg Panoramic of Lisbon, taken from Graça Hill Lisbon is situated at 38 degrees, 42 minutes north, and 9 degrees, 8 minutes... Lisbon.