Anterior pituitary
Pituitary gland. (Most of the orange region is "pars distalis", but the part at the top is "pars tuberalis".)
Median sagittal through the hypophysis of an adult monkey. Semidiagrammatic.
Latin	lobus anterior hypophyseos
Gray's	subject #275 1275
Precursor	oral mucosa (Rathke's pouch)
MeSH	Anterior+Pituitary+Gland
Dorlands/Elsevier	a_14/12111161

The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis, from Greek adeno, "gland"; hypo, "under"; physis, "growth"; hence, glandular undergrowth) comprises the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. Unlike the posterior lobe, the anterior lobe is genuinely glandular, hence the root adeno in its name. Pituitary gland illustration by Diberri. ... Image File history File links Gray1181. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular: mucosa) are linings of ectodermic origin, covered in epithelium, and are involved in absorption and secretion. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. ... Elseviers logo. ... In zootomy, several terms are used to describe the location of organs and other structures in the body of bilateral animals. ... The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea that sits in a small, bony cavity (pituitary fossa) covered by a dural fold (sellar diaphragm) at the base of the brain. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The posterior pituitary (also called the neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. ...

Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary produces and secretes several peptide hormones that regulate many physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction. The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis). ... Peptide hormones are a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals. ... In medical terms, stress is the disruption of homeostasis through physical or psychological stimuli. ... Growth can mean increase in spatial number or complexity for concrete entities in time or increase in some other dimension for abstract or hard-to-measure entities. ... For other uses, see Reproduction (disambiguation) Reproduction is the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced. ...

Regions

The term "pars distalis" is sometimes used as a synonym for the the anterior pituitary, but this is not quite correct. The anterior pituitary is usually divided into three regions:

• pars distalis ("distal part") - the majority of the anterior pituitary
• pars tuberalis ("tubular part") - a sheath extending up from the pars distalis and wrapping around the pituitary stalk
• pars intermedia ("intermediate part") - sits between the bulk of the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary and is often very small in humans

The function of the tuberalis is not well characterized, and most of the rest of this article refers primarily to the distalis. The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis) comprises the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. ... Pars tuberalis wraps the infundibulum in a sheath and is highly vascular. ... The pituitary stalk, also known as the infundibular stalk or simply the infundibulum is the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary. ... Pars intermedia is the boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary. ...

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Embryology

Unlike the posterior pituitary (pars nervosa), which originates from neural ectoderm, the anterior pituitary arises from an invagination of the oral mucosa called Rathke's pouch (which is itself ectoderm derived). The posterior pituitary (also called the neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. ... The ectoderm is outermost of the three germ layers of the developing embryo, the other two being the mesoderm and the endoderm. ... Invagination is one of the morphogenetic processes by which an embryo takes form, and is the initial step of gastrulation, the massive reorganization of the embryo from a simple spherical ball of cells, the blastula, into a multi-layered organism, with a differentiated endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. ... The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular: mucosa) are linings of ectodermic origin, covered in epithelium, and are involved in absorption and secretion. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ...

This differentiation is exhibited by the fact that while the posterior pituitary merely secretes those hormones produced in the hypothalamus (ADH and oxytocin), the anterior pituitary actually produces its hormones, while being under control of the hypothalamus as to when they should be secreted. The posterior pituitary (also called the neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. ... The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis). ... Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or arginine vasopressin (AVP), is a peptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus, and stored in the posterior part of the pituitary gland. ... Oxytocin (Greek: quick birth) is a mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. ... The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis). ...

Major hormones secreted

A useful acronym for the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary is 'FLAT PEG' (FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, GH). Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) is a polypeptide hormone produced and secreted by the pituitary gland. ... Corticotropes (or corticotrophs) are cells in the anterior pituitary which produce adrenocorticotrophic hormone and melanocyte stimulating hormone. ... An anterior pituitary basophil is a type of cell in the anterior pituitary which manufactures hormones. ... In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys; their name indicates that position (ad-, near or at + -renes, kidneys). They are chiefly responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines... Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones characterised by an ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. ... Runners high redirects here. ... Follicle stimulating hormone Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone synthesised and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland. ... Gonadotropes are cells in the anterior pituitary which produce the gonadotropins follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). ... Human female internal reproductive anatomy Ovaries are a part of a female organism that produces eggs. ... Human male anatomy The testicles, known medically as testes (singular testis), are the male generative glands in animals. ... The reproductive system is the ensembles and interactions of organs and/or substances within an organism that strictly pertain to reproduction. ... Growth hormone (GH or somatotropin) is a 191-amino acid, single chain polypeptide hormone which is synthesised, stored and secreted by the somatotroph cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland, which stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals. ... Somatotropes are cells in the anterior pituitary which produce growth hormone. ... An acidophile (or acidophil, or, as an adjectival form, acidophilic) describes is a term used by histologists to describe a particular staining pattern of cells and tissues when using haematoxylin and eosin stains. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... It has been suggested that Subcutaneous fat be merged into this article or section. ... A polyunsaturated triglyceride. ... Lactose is a disaccharide found in milk. ... A few of the metabolic pathways in a cell. ... Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a hormone synthesized and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. ... Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a hormone synthesized and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. ... Gonadotropes are cells in the anterior pituitary which produce the gonadotropins follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). ... Human female internal reproductive anatomy Ovaries are a part of a female organism that produces eggs. ... Human male anatomy The testicles, known medically as testes (singular testis), are the male generative glands in animals. ... Sex hormones are hormones that affect the reproductive system. ... Prolactin (PRL) is a peptide hormone primarily associated with lactation. ... Lactotrophs (also known as lactotrope, mammatroph, mammotroph, epsilon acidophil, prolactin cell, and lactotropic cell) are cells in the anterior pituitary which produce prolactin in response to signals including dopamine and estrogen. ... An acidophile (or acidophil, or, as an adjectival form, acidophilic) describes is a term used by histologists to describe a particular staining pattern of cells and tissues when using haematoxylin and eosin stains. ... For ovary as part of plants see ovary (plants) Ovaries are egg-producing reproductive organs found in female organisms. ... Mammary glands are the organs that, in the female mammal, produce milk for the sustenance of the young. ... Estriol. ... Progesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation) and embryogenesis of humans and other species. ... A glass of cows milk. ... Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as TSH or thyrotropin) is a hormone synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid gland. ... Thyrotropes are cells in the anterior pituitary which produce thyroid stimulating hormone. ... The thyroid gland and its relations In anatomy, the thyroid (IPA θaɪɹoɪd) is an endocrine gland. ... The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland. ...

Hypothalamic releasing and release-inhibiting factors

Hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary gland is regulated by hormones secreted by the hypothalamus. Neuroendocrine neurons in the hypothalamus project axons to the median eminence, at the base of the brain. At this site, these neurons can release substances into small blood vessels that travel directly to the anterior pituitary gland (the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal vessels). The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis). ... An axon or nerve fiber, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neurons cell body or soma. ... Median Eminence The median eminence is part of the inferior boundary for the hypothalamus. ...

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), also called corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or corticoliberin, is a polypeptide hormone involved in the stress response. ... Parvocellular can refer to: Parvocellular part part of the Paraventricular nucleus Category: ... The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is an aggregation of neurons in the hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle. ... Arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as argipressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a human hormone that is released when the body is low on water; it causes the kidneys to conserve water, but not salt, by concentrating the urine and reducing urine volume. ... Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) is a polypeptide hormone produced and secreted by the pituitary gland. ... Dopamine is a phenethylamine naturally produced by the human body. ... The arcuate nucleus is an aggregation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle and the median eminence. ... Prolactin (PRL) is a peptide hormone primarily associated with lactation. ... Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GNRH1 also called LHRH) is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary. ... The preoptic area is a region of the hypothalamus. ... The arcuate nucleus is an aggregation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle and the median eminence. ... Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a hormone synthesized and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. ... Follicle stimulating hormone Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone synthesised and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland. ... Growth hormone-releasing hormone is a hormone released from the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus that stimulates the release of growth hormone. ... redirect Template:Db-reason synaptophysin ... Growth hormone (GH or somatotropin) is a 191-amino acid, single chain polypeptide hormone which is synthesised, stored and secreted by the somatotroph cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland, which stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals. ... Somatostatin is a hormone. ... The Periventricular nucleus is a composite structure of the hypothalamus. ... Growth hormone (GH or somatotropin) is a 191-amino acid, single chain polypeptide hormone which is synthesised, stored and secreted by the somatotroph cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland, which stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other animals. ... Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), also called thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) or protirelin, is a tripeptide hormone that stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin by the anterior pituitary. ... The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is an aggregation of neurons in the hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle. ... The Anterior hypothalamic nucleus is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. ... Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as TSH or thyrotropin) is a hormone synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid gland. ... Arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as argipressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a human hormone that is released when the body is low on water; it causes the kidneys to conserve water, but not salt, by concentrating the urine and reducing urine volume. ... Parvocellular can refer to: Parvocellular part part of the Paraventricular nucleus Category: ... The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is an aggregation of neurons in the hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle. ... Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), also called corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or corticoliberin, is a polypeptide hormone involved in the stress response. ... Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) is a polypeptide hormone produced and secreted by the pituitary gland. ...

Additional images

The anterior pituitary is the anterior, glandular lobe of the pituitary gland. Image File history File links Gray1180. ... Human submaxillary gland. ... The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea that sits in a small, bony cavity (pituitary fossa) covered by a dural fold (sellar diaphragm) at the base of the brain. ...

Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

See also

• Tropic hormones
• Pituitary adenoma
• Triple bolus test

Trophic hormones are hormones that regulate the activity of endocrine glands. ... Pituitary adenomas are tumors that occur in the pituitary gland, and account for about 10% of intracranial neoplasms. ... A triple bolus test or a dynamic pituitary function test is a medical diagnostic procedure used to assess a patients pituitary function. ...

External links

• Histology at BU 14002loa
• Embryology at unc.edu