Anterograde amnesia is a form of amnesia, or memory loss, in which new events are not transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory. This may be a permanent deficit, or it may be temporary, such as is sometimes seen for a period of hours or days after head trauma or for a period of intoxication with an amnestic drug. The deficit makes its sufferers unable to recall an event which occurred only moments earlier when their attention has shifted to something else. The term symptom (from the Greek meaning chance, mishap or casualty, itself derived from συμπιπτω meaning to fall upon or to happen to) has two similar meanings in the context of physical and mental health: Strictly, a symptom is a sensation or change in health function experienced by a patient. ... In medicine, a sign is a feature of disease as detected by the doctor during physical examination of a patient. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... // R00-R99 - Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified (R00-R09) Symptoms and signs involving the circulatory and respiratory systems (R00) Abnormalities of heart beat (R000) Tachycardia, unspecified (R001) Bradycardia, unspecified (R002) Palpitations (R008) Other and unspecified abnormalities of heart beat (R01) Cardiac murmurs and other... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... For other uses, see Amnesia (disambiguation). ... Short-term memory, sometimes referred to as primary, working, or active memory, is that part of memory which stores a limited amount of information for a few seconds. ... Long-term memory (LTM) is memory, stored as meaning, that can last as little as 30 seconds or as long as decades. ...

Symptoms

Those who have theoretically pure anterograde amnesia are still able to access memories formed before its onset, but they exist in a transient world where anything beyond their immediate attention span disappears from their consciousness permanently. However, theoretically pure anterograde amnesia rarely surfaces: in reality, long-term cases nearly always occur with some degree of retrograde amnesia. Retrograde amnesia is a form of amnesia where someone will be unable to recall events that occurred before the onset of amnesia. ...

Anterograde amnesia is often informally, but incorrectly, called "short-term memory loss", conjuring up the idea, as in the movie Memento, that it is a problem of short-term memory. For this reason, formal (correct technical or scientific) usage demands the term anterograde amnesia, since the deficit is not in short-term memory, but rather in encoding into more permanent, long-term memory. Short-term memory, sometimes referred to as primary, working, or active memory, is that part of memory which stores a limited amount of information for a few seconds. ... Memento is a neo-noir–psychological thriller film written and directed by Christopher Nolan, adapted from his brother Jonathans short story Memento Mori. ...

Anterograde amnesiacs suffer differing degrees of impairment to different types of memories. Patients can often learn and remember how to do a new physical skill (e.g., playing the guitar, learning the words to a new song and then singing them, etc.) but not remember when they learned it. Such "how-to", motor skill learning (procedural memory) and its attendant behavioural conditioning and priming are collectively known as non-declarative memory, which appears to be unaffected by anterograde amnesia. Procedural memory, also known as implicit memory, is the long-term memory of skills and procedures, or how to knowledge. ... It has been suggested that Explicit_memory be merged into this article or section. ...

However, the condition tends to impair both episodic memory (the memory of events) and semantic memory (the memory of facts and general knowledge). For the most part, patients are unable to make new semantic or episodic memories. Yet the research at this time conflicts enough that consensus on this point has not been reached: some patients appear able to create new semantic memories, and young children with anterograde amnesia seem to have semantic learning capabilities similar to non-amnesiacs. Episodic memory, or autobiographical memory, a sub-category of declarative memory, is the recollection of events. ... Semantic memory refers to the memory of meanings, understandings, and other factual knowledge; in contrast to episodic memory. ...

Causes

Anterograde amnesia can result from damage to the hippocampus, fornix, or mammillary bodies, thus lending credence to the theory that these structures are primarily responsible for laying down long-term memories. However, the condition can also arise from damage to the basal forebrain (which produces acetylcholine) or a set of brain structures called the diencephalon. The location of the hippocampus in the human brain. ... The fornix is also the name of part of the cervix (fornix vaginae). ... The mammillary bodies (Latin: corpus mamillare) are a pair of small round bodies in the brain forming part of the limbic system. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... The chemical compound acetylcholine, often abbreviated as ACh, was the first neurotransmitter to be identified. ... The diencephalon is the region of the brain that includes the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. ...

"Traveler's amnesia" is a temporary form of anterograde amnesia in which victims may, for instance, realise they have changed planes during a memory gap or discover that they rented a car. This condition is caused by some medications, notably imidazopyridines and benzodiazepines, especially when they are used as sleep aids. Although medical researchers characterize this side effect as "less common",^[1], the benzodiazepine triazolam (Halcion) apparently has the greatest chance of inducing traveler's amnesia, whether taken exactly as directed, varying the dosage (say, when coming off the drug too quickly), drinking alcohol, or not getting enough sleep.^[1] However, benzodiazepines alprazolam (Xanax) and nitrazepam (Mogadon) are also more likely to be at fault, the former on its own and the latter when the victim is sleep-deprived or in some way changing the dose.^[1] The imidazopyridines are a class of nonbenzodiazepine drugs related (in terms of their effect) to benzodiazepines. ... Benzodiazepine tablets The benzodiazepines are a class of drugs with hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, amnestic and muscle relaxant properties. ... Triazolam (Halcion®, Novodorm®, Songar®) belongs to benzodiazepine group of drugs. ... Alprazolam, also known under the trade-names Xanax and Niravam, is a short-acting drug in the benzodiazepine class used to treat severe anxiety disorders and as an adjunctive treatment for anxiety associated with depression. ... Nitrazepam (marketed under the trade names Mogadon®, Nitredon®, Nilandron®) is a powerful hypnotic drug, which is a benzodiazepine derivative. ...

Criminals may use medications with anterograde amnesic effects for date rape. Unbeknownst to the victim, the perpetrator uses drugs such as flunitrazepam, temazepam, and other common substances, usually in a drink, to cause disorientation; incapacitation; unconsciousness; distortions in vision, time, sense, and identity; and an uninhibited state, the hallmark of which is anterograde amnesia. ^[2] The title Date Rape is a very general term which has come to represent some very different situations. ... Flunitrazepam (IPA: ; is marketed by Roche under the trade name Rohypnol. ... Temazepam (marketed under brand names Restoril®, Normison®, Tenox® and Temaze®), which is a benzodiazepine derivative, is a powerful hypnotic drug. ...

Amnesia automatism is usually induced by prescription drugs, frequently but not necessarily in association with moderate alcohol intake. Victims have memory gaps for a period shortly after taking the drug concerned, which causes embarrassment and fear for what might have happened. Disinhibited and uncharacteristic behaviour (sometimes together with carrying out quite complex tasks - e.g. cooking and serving a nice meal, but in the nude) is sometimes witnessed during such episodes, which adds further embarrassment and distress. Automatism is the practice or theory of the spontaneous production of words (speech or writing), drawing, painting or other creative production, or behavior in general, without conscious self-control or self-censorship. ... A prescription drug is a licensed medicine that is regulated by legislation to require a prescription before it can be obtained. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Famous cases

The most famous case of anterograde amnesia is that of HM or Henry M. His brain lesions accidentally started the inquiry into the neurobiology of learning and memory. HM (also known as H.M. and Henry M., born 1926 in Connecticut) is an anonymous memory-impaired patient who has been widely studied since the late 1950s and has been very important in the development of theories that explain the link between brain function and memory, and in the...

Another notable patient is Clive Wearing, who was featured in the documentary The Man with the 7 Second Memory. Wearing fell ill with a variety of herpes simplex virus. The virus attacked his brain, doing greatest damage to the hippocampus, which is crucial for handling memory. Clive Wearing (born 1938) is a British musicologist, conductor, and keyboardist suffering from an acute and long lasting case of anterograde amnesia. ... Species Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) This article is about the virus. ...

Oliver Sacks writes on two men with anterograde amnesia in two chapters of his book The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat. Both suffer from Korsakoff's syndrome, which causes an anterograde amnesia that is irreversible. "The Lost Mariner" chronicles the life of a patient who, since he has forgotten everything that has happened since World War II, lives in complete certainty that it is 1945. Oblivious to his condition, he also believes he is decades younger. In "A Matter of Identity", Sacks profiles the other man, also unaware he suffers from amnesia. Rather than having a consistent false belief about his situation, he deals with his amnesia by constantly re-evaluating and re-explaining his situation. For instance, he greets whoever is with him in the room over and over again, each time with a different name. Oliver Sacks in 2005. ... The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat is a 1985 book by neurologist Oliver Sacks describing the case histories of some of his patients. ... Korsakoffs syndrome (Korsakoffs psychosis, amnesic-confabulatory syndrome), is a degenerative brain disorder caused by the lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the brain. ...

Anterograde amnesia in fiction

• The 1940 satire The Great Dictator featured a Jewish barber who suffered from anterograde amnesia, thinking it to be just after the end of WWI, though he recovered early in the film.
• The 1985 short story A Clean Escape by John Kessel, in which a psychiatrist torments a man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome. It was adapted into an audio drama for Sci Fi Channel's Seeing Ear Theatre.^[3]. This was adapted to TV in Masters of Science Fiction pilot-episode "A Clean Escape"
• Several episodes of Saturday Night Live featured Tom Hanks starring in the recurring sketch "Mr. Short Term Memory", where his character would almost immediately forget what he was doing or talking about, to humorous effect.
• In the 1994 comedy Clean Slate, Dana Carvey stars as a man whose anterograde amnesia kicks in whenever he falls asleep (typically once a day).
• The 2000 neo-noir/psychological thriller film Memento, starring Guy Pearce, Carrie-Anne Moss, and Joe Pantoliano, featured Leonard (played by Pearce), a man who developed anterograde amnesia after suffering a severe head injury. Leonard seems to be a pure anterograde amnesiac who remembers the details of his earlier life but is unable to form new memories. However, he is aware that he suffers from anterograde amnesia because he had researched the condition before his own injury as part of his job as an insurance claim investigator. The story is told in reverse chronology divided into episodic sections. Between each section, a portion of the first chronological scene is shown. The two narrations converge in the end. This provides the viewer with a kind of 'simulation' as to what anterograde amnesia might be like, as the viewer watches each new scene without knowing what events preceded it.
• The 2003 animated comedy Finding Nemo features the voice of Ellen DeGeneres as Dory, a regal blue-tang fish with anterograde amnesia. For example, she invites Marlin to accompany her, then forgets meeting him and becomes upset when she concludes that he is stalking her.
• The November 5, 2003 episode "Twilight" of science fiction TV series Star Trek: Enterprise opens with Captain Archer (Scott Bakula) having unknowingly suffered from anterograde amnesia for 12 years.
• The 2004 romantic comedy 50 First Dates casts Adam Sandler as a man who must start anew every day his wooing of anterograde sufferer Drew Barrymore. In the film the disease is called Goldfield's syndrome.
• In the 1965 film 36 Hours starring James Garner and Eva Marie Saint, Garner stars as a military planner kidnapped on the eve of the WWII Normandy invasion, and induced to believe he has amnesia in order to reveal the invasion plan.
• The Vintage Book of Amnesia: An Anthology of Writing on the Subject of Memory Loss, edited by Jonathan Lethem, contains a wide variety of fiction and non-fiction, some of which explores anterograde amnesia.
• In Kingdom Hearts II, Oogie Boogie develops anterograde amnesia after being brought back from the dead by Maleficent. He forgot who brought him back to life after a few cutscenes, and forgets who Santa Claus is and why he kidnapped him despite being ordered by Maleficent to do so.
• In the book A Fire Upon the Deep by Vernor Vinge, an entire alien species known as the Skroderiders has no short term memory. These plant-creatures depend on their Skrodes to mobilize them and to aid them in putting things into their long term memory. There are several instances where the reader is treated to scenes of Humans trying to hold conversations with them, with varying degrees of success.
• In the novel Mona Lisa Overdrive by William Gibson, the character Slick Henry has several stress-related relapses of chemically induced Korsakoff's Syndrome, previously used on him as an institutional punishment for Grand Theft Auto.
• In Rumbling Hearts (otherwise known as Kimi Ga Nozomu Eien) the character Haruka suffers from anterograde amnesia.

The year 1940 in film involved some significant events. ... The Great Dictator is a film directed by and starring Charlie Chaplin. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... See also: 1984 in literature, other events of 1985, 1986 in literature, list of years in literature. ... A Clean Escape is the first episode of Masters of Science Fiction which aired August 4, 2007. ... Korsakoffs syndrome (Korsakoffs psychosis, amnesic-confabulatory syndrome), is a degenerative brain disorder caused by the lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the brain. ... SCI FI (originally Sci-Fi Channel, sometimes rendered SCI FI Channel when part of a longer phrase) is an American cable television channel, launched on September 24, 1992, specializing in science fiction, fantasy, horror, and paranormal programming. ... Masters of Science Fiction is an American television series from the creators of Masters of Horror for the ABC network. ... A Clean Escape is the first episode of Masters of Science Fiction which aired August 4, 2007. ... This article is about the American television series. ... Thomas Jeffrey Hanks (born July 9, 1956) is an American two-time Academy Award-winning film actor, Emmy-winning director, voice-over artist and movie producer. ... The year 1994 in film involved some significant events. ... Released by MGM in 1994, it stars Dana Carvey and Valeria Golino. ... Dana Thomas Carvey (born April 2, 1955, in Missoula, Montana) is an American actor and comedian best known for his work on Saturday Night Live and the spin-off movie Waynes World. ... The year 2000 in film involved some significant events. ... Neo-noir (a portmanteau of the Greek neo, new; and the French noir, black) is a type of motion picture that prominently utilizes elements of film noir, but with updated themes, content, style or visual elements that were absent in films noir of the 1940s and 50s. ... Psychological thriller is a specific sub-genre of the wide-ranging thriller genre. ... Memento is a neo-noir–psychological thriller film written and directed by Christopher Nolan, adapted from his brother Jonathans short story Memento Mori. ... Guy Pearce in Memento (2000). ... Carrie-Anne Moss (born August 21, 1967) is a Canadian actress best known for her role as Trinity in The Matrix trilogy. ... Joseph Peter Joe Pantoliano (born September 12, 1951) is an American actor. ... Guy Pearce in Memento (2000). ... The year 2003 in film involved some significant events. ... Finding Nemo is an Academy Award-winning computer-animated film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released to theaters by Walt Disney Pictures and Buena Vista Distribution. ... Ellen Lee DeGeneres (born January 26, 1958) is an American stand-up comedian, actress, and currently the Emmy Award-winning host of the syndicated talk show The Ellen DeGeneres Show. ... Species Zebrasoma desjardinii Zebrasoma flavescens Zebrasoma gemmatum Zebrasoma rostratum Zebrasoma scopas Zebrasoma veliferum Zebrasoma xanthurum Tangs are a kind of saltwater fish which inhabit shallow reefs and beds of seagrass from the east coast of Africa northward to the Red Sea, over the broad span of the Atlantic, Indo-Pacific... is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Twilight is an episode of the television series Star Trek: Enterprise. ... The starship Enterprise (NX-01) Star Trek: Enterprise is a science fiction television series set in the Star Trek universe. ... Jonathan Archer is a fictional character and the main character of the television series Star Trek: Enterprise. ... Scott Stewart Bakula (born October 9, 1954) is an American actor who played leading roles in two science fiction television series: Quantum Leap and Star Trek: Enterprise. ... The year 2004 in film involved some significant events. ... 50 First Dates is a 2004 romantic comedy starring Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore and directed by Peter Segal. ... Adam Richard Sandler (born September 9th, 1966) is an American comedian, actor, musician, screenwriter, and film producer. ... Drew Blyth Barrymore (born February 22, 1975) is an American actress and film producer, the youngest member of the Barrymore family of American actors. ... // Events Top grossing films North America Mary Poppins The Sound of Music, starring Julie Andrews Goldfinger My Fair Lady Whats New Pussycat? Shenandoah The Sandpiper Father Goose Academy Awards Best Picture: The Sound of Music - Argyle, Twentieth Century-Fox Best Actor: Lee Marvin - Cat Ballou Best Actress: Julie Christie... ISN show hosted by Cynthia Torqueman which spends 36 hours on location investigating a subject. ... James Garner (born April 7, 1928) is an American film and television actor. ... Eva Marie Saint (born July 4, 1924) is an Academy Award-winning American actress. ... Kingdom Hearts II ) is an action role-playing game developed by Square Enix Co. ... Oogie Boogie. ... Maleficent is the wicked dark fairy and main antagonist in Walt Disneys 1959 adaptation of Sleeping Beauty. ... A typical depiction of Santa Claus. ... A Fire Upon the Deep (1992) is a science fiction novel written by Vernor Vinge. ... Vernor Steffen Vinge (IPA: ) (born February 10, 1944) is a mathematician, computer scientist and science fiction author who is best known for his Hugo award-winning novels A Fire Upon the Deep and A Deepness in the Sky, as well as for his 1993 essay The Technological Singularity, in which... NAKAYUBI (ナカユビ; Middle Finger) Buster Zangai -Shape2- (残骸 -Shape2-; Wreck -Shape2-) Limbo Mona Lisa Girl (Shape 2) Sid Vicious on the Beach Black Cherry Genzai (原罪; Original Sin) Monster Ai no uta (愛ノ歌; Love Song Continuous Information Mona Lisa OVERDRIVE was named after the 1989 novel Mona Lisa Overdrive, by William Gibson. ... For other persons named William Gibson, see William Gibson (disambiguation). ... A relapse (etymologically, who falls again) occurs when a person is affected again by a condition that affected them in the past. ... Korsakoffs syndrome (Korsakoffs psychosis, amnesic-confabulatory syndrome), is a degenerative brain disorder caused by the lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the brain. ... Grand Theft Auto may refer to Motor vehicle theft, a crime in many jurisdictions Grand Theft Auto (film), a film directed by Ron Howard Grand Theft Auto (series), a computer and video game series Grand Theft Auto (video game), the first game in this series Category: ... Kimi ga Nozomu Eien (君が望む永遠, The Eternity You Desire and Rumbling Hearts in English, la Eternidad que Deseas in Spanish, Léternel que vous voulez in French, abbreviated as Kimibou or Kiminozo in Japan, KGNE by fansubbers) is a renai game released in 2001 for the PC by âge. ... Kimi ga Nozomu Eien lit. ...

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Drugs.com under "Halazepam," Benzodiazepines (Systemic), Side/Adverse effects. Accessed 5-20-2007.
2. ^ [1]
3. ^ SciFi.com

See also

• Retrograde amnesia

Retrograde amnesia is a form of amnesia where someone will be unable to recall events that occurred before the onset of amnesia. ...

External links

• Glossary description at memorylossonline.com
• What is anterograde amnesia? at health-cares.net