Anthony McLeod Kennedy
Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court
Incumbent
Assumed office  February 18, 1988
Nominated by	Ronald Reagan
Preceded by	Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr.
Succeeded by	Incumbent
Born	July 23, 1936 (1936-07-23) (age 71) Sacramento, California
Spouse	Mary Davis Kennedy
Alma mater	Stanford University
Religion	Roman Catholic

Anthony McLeod Kennedy (born July 23, 1936) has been an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court since 1988. Appointed by conservative President Ronald Reagan, he acts as the Court's swing vote in many cases, and as a result has held special prominence in many politically charged 5-4 decisions. Official language(s) None (English, de facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Area  Ranked 42nd  - Total 12,407 sq mi (32,133 km²)  - Width 101 miles (145 km)  - Length 249 miles (400 km)  - % water 21  - Latitude 37° 53′ N to 39° 43′ N  - Longitude 75° 03′ W to 79° 29... Anthony Kennedy Anthony Kennedy (b. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Anthony_Kennedy_Official. ... Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States. ... For the ecclesiastical office, see Incumbent (ecclesiastical). ... is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ... Ronald Wilson Reagan, (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981 – 1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967 – 1975). ... Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. ... is the 204th day of the year (205th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... “Sacramento” redirects here. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... “Stanford” redirects here. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... is the 204th day of the year (205th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States. ... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries  Atlas  Politics Portal      The Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym... Ronald Wilson Reagan, (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981 – 1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967 – 1975). ...

Personal history

Kennedy was born in Sacramento, California. Kennedy, a Roman Catholic, married Mary Davis, with whom he had three children. He is not related to the Kennedy family of American politics. “Sacramento” redirects here. ... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ... The Irish Catholic political dynasty, John, Robert, and Edward Kennedy The Kennedy family is a prominent Irish-American family in American politics and government descending from the marriage of Joseph P. and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. ...

He received his B.A. in Political Science from Stanford University in 1958. He also spent part of his undergraduate time at the London School of Economics before earning an LL.B from Harvard Law School in 1961. A B.A. issued from the University of Tennessee. ... The Politics series Politics Portal This box:      Political Science is the field concerning the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behaviour. ... “Stanford” redirects here. ... Mascot Beaver Affiliations University of London Russell Group EUA ACU CEMS APSIA Golden Triangle G5 Group Website http://www. ... The degree of Bachelor of Laws is the principal academic degree in law in the majority of common law countries other than the United States, where it has been replaced by the Juris Doctor degree. ... Harvard Law School (colloquially, Harvard Law or HLS) is one of the professional graduate schools of Harvard University. ...

Kennedy was in private practice in San Francisco, California from 1961-1963, where he took over his fathers firm, as well as in Sacramento, California from 1963-1975. From 1965 to 1988, he was a Professor of Constitutional Law at McGeorge School of Law, University of the Pacific, and currently continues teaching law students (including legal seminars during McGeorge's European summer sessions). “San Francisco” redirects here. ... McGeorge School of Law is a private, ABA-accredited law school in the Oak Park neighborhood of the city of Sacramento, California, commonly known as Pacific McGeorge as it is part of the University of the Pacific which is located in Stockton, California. ... Not to be confused with Pacific University. ...

Kennedy has served in numerous positions during his career, including the California Army National Guard in 1961 and the board of the Federal Judicial Center from 1987-1988. He also served on two committees of the Judicial Conference of the United States: the Advisory Panel on Financial Disclosure Reports and Judicial Activities (subsequently renamed the Advisory Committee on Codes of Conduct) from 1979-1987, and the Committee on Pacific Territories from 1979-1990, which he chaired from 1982-1990. He was appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit by President Gerald Ford in 1975. The United States Army is the largest and oldest branch of the armed forces of the United States. ... The Federal Judicial Center is the education and research agency of the United States federal courts. ... The Judicial Conference of the United States, formerly known as the Conference of Senior Circuit Judges, was created by the US Congress in 1922, with the principal objective of framing policy guidelines for administration of judicial courts in the United States of America. ... The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit is a federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts: District of Alaska District of Arizona Central District of California Eastern District of California Northern District of California Southern District of California District of Hawaii... Federal courts Supreme Court Circuit Courts of Appeal District Courts Elections Presidential elections Midterm elections Political Parties Democratic Republican Third parties State & Local government Governors Legislatures (List) State Courts Local Government Other countries Atlas  US Government Portal      For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). ... For other persons named Gerald Ford, see Gerald Ford (disambiguation). ...

Supreme Court tenure

In 1987, Associate Justice Lewis Powell retired. President Ronald Reagan first nominated Robert Bork to replace him. Bork was viewed as too conservative by members of the Senate, and he was not confirmed. Reagan then nominated Douglas H. Ginsburg, but Ginsburg withdrew his name amid reports of substantial prior marijuana use. Finally, Reagan nominated Kennedy, and after being confirmed 97-0 by the Senate he took his seat February 18, 1988. Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. ... Ronald Wilson Reagan, (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981 – 1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967 – 1975). ... Robert Heron Bork (born March 1, 1927) is a conservative American legal scholar who advocates the judicial philosophy of originalism. ... Ths article deals with conservatism as a political philosophy. ... Type Upper House President of the Senate Richard B. Cheney, R since January 20, 2001 President pro tempore Robert C. Byrd, D since January 4, 2007 Members 100 Political groups Democratic Party Republican Party Last elections November 7, 2006 Meeting place Senate Chamber United States Capitol Washington, DC United States... Douglas H. Ginsburg Douglas Howard Ginsburg (born May 25, 1946) is the Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. ... A Cannabis sativa plant The drug cannabis, also called marijuana, is produced from parts of the cannabis plant, primarily the cured flowers and gathered trichomes of the female plant. ... is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar). ...

Ideology

Although appointed by a President who was both Republican and conservative, Kennedy’s tenure on the Court has seen him take a somewhat mixed path. Kennedy's philosophy seems to be conservative and libertarian. While Kennedy has joined the conservative wing of the Court in most cases such as Stenberg v. Carhart, Bush v. Gore, United States v. Lopez, McConnell v. FEC, Gratz v. Bollinger and Grutter v. Bollinger, he voted with the liberal bloc in the cases of Romer v. Evans, Lawrence v. Texas, Ashcroft v. ACLU, Roper v. Simmons, Gonzales v. Raich, Kelo v. City of New London, Massachusetts v. EPA, and Gonzales v. Oregon. At the same time, he also frustrates some constitutional law scholars by often forgoing conventional methods of explaining his holding and instead relying on vivid prose and unusual philosophy. Decisions in which Kennedy has mentioned European law have been criticized by many [citation needed]. The Republican Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States of America, along with the Democratic Party. ... Ths article deals with conservatism as a political philosophy. ... See also Libertarianism and Libertarian Party Libertarian,is a term for person who has made a conscious and principled commitment, evidenced by a statement or Pledge, to forswear violating others rights and usually living in voluntary communities: thus in law no longer subject to government supervision. ... Holding Laws banning partial-birth abortion are unconstitutional if they do not make an exception for the womans health, or if they cannot be reasonably construed to apply only to the partial-birth abortion (intact D&X) procedure and not to other abortion methods. ... Holding In the circumstances of this case, any manual recount of votes seeking to meet the December 12 “safe harbor” deadline would be unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. ... Holding Possession of a gun near a school is not an economic activity that has a substantial effect on interstate commerce. ... McConnell v. ... Holding A state universitys admission policy violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment because its ranking system gave an automatic point increase to all racial minorities rather than making individual determinations. ... Holding University of Michigan Law School admissions program that gave special consideration for being a certain racial minority did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. ... Holding An amendment to the Colorado Constitution that allows discrimination against homosexuals and prevents the state from protecting them violated equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment, because it was not rationally related to a legitimate state interest, but instead was motivated by animus towards homosexuals. ... It has been suggested that Matthew Limon be merged into this article or section. ... ACLU v. ... Holding The Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments forbid imposition of the death penalty on offenders who were under the age of 18 when their crimes were committed. ... Holding Congress may ban the use of marijuana even where states approve its use for medicinal purposes. ... Holding The governmental taking of property from one private owner to give to another in furtherance of economic development constitutes a permissible public use under the Fifth Amendment. ... Holding Greenhouse gases are air pollutants, and the EPA may regulate their emission Court membership Chief Justice: John Roberts Associate Justices: John Paul Stevens, Antonin Scalia, Anthony Kennedy, David Souter, Clarence Thomas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, Samuel Alito Case opinions Majority by: Stevens Joined by: Kennedy, Souter, Ginsburg, Breyer... Holding The Controlled Substances Act does not give the U.S. Attorney General the authority to prohibit doctors from prescribing drugs for use in physician-assisted suicide permitted by state law. ...

Matthew J. Franck, professor and chairman of political science at Radford University in Virginia, considers the court's term that ended in late June 2007 to be "a period when Kennedy's long-running performance of Hamlet reached a kind of climax," and disputes the claim reported in the New York Times that Kennedy is to be considered "more of an idealist than a pragmatist."^[1] On the contrary, Prof. Franck asserts that Radford University is a public, state-funded, comprehensive university, located in the City of Radford, in Southwestern Virginia. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Hamlet and Ophelia, by Dante Gabriel Rossetti Prince Hamlet is the main character in Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet. ... The New York Times is an internationally known daily newspaper published in New York City and distributed in the United States and many other nations worldwide. ...

"...It would be more accurate to call Kennedy an impulsive sentimentalist. His prose style betrays (what passes for) his thinking, vibrating between the poles of maudlin hand-wringing and sanctimonious arrogance, but unusually vacant when it comes to reasoning about legal principles...."^[2]

All these factors considered, Kennedy will probably be remembered historically along with Sandra Day O'Connor as one of two swing voters in many 5-4 decisions during the Rehnquist Court. On issues of religion he holds to a far less separationist reading of the Establishment Clause than did Sandra Day O'Connor favoring a "Coercion Test" that he detailed in County of Allegheny v. ACLU. Sandra Day OConnor (born March 26, 1930) is an American jurist who served as the first female Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1981 to 2006. ... Sandra Day OConnor (born March 26, 1930) is an American jurist who served as the first female Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1981 to 2006. ... In County of Allegheny v. ...

On the Roberts Court, Kennedy is expected to continue to be a pivotal swing vote. Indeed, his swing role may be even more pronounced than it was on the Rehnquist Court if, as many expect, Chief Justice Roberts and Justice Alito join with Justices Scalia and Thomas to form a cohesive four-justice "conservative" voting bloc. On the other hand, either Chief Justice Roberts or Justice Alito could sometimes unite with Kennedy in order to form a conservative opinion with some moderate ground. On a few cases, Chief Justice Roberts was the swing vote while Kennedy sided with the conservatives. Alito has participated in too few cases this past term to label. This article is about the Chief Justice of the United States. ... Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr. ... Antonin Gregory Scalia (born March 11, 1936[1]) is an American jurist and the second most senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. ... Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an American jurist and has been an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States since 1991. ...

Kennedy supports a broad reading of the "liberty" protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which means he supports a constitutional right to abortion in principle, though he has voted to uphold several restrictions on that right, including laws to prohibit partial-birth abortions. He is "tough on crime" and opposes creating constitutional restrictions on the police, especially in Fourth Amendment cases involving searches for illegal drugs, although there are some exceptions, such as his concurrence in Ferguson v. City of Charleston. He opposes affirmative action as promoting stereotypes of minorities. He also takes a very broad view of constitutional protection for speech under the First Amendment, invalidating a congressional law prohibiting "virtual" child pornography in the 2002 decision, Ashcroft v. ACLU.^[3] In United States law, adopted from English Law, due process (more fully due process of law) is the principle that the government must normally respect all of a persons legal rights instead of just some or most of those legal rights when the government deprives a person of life... Amendment XIV in the National Archives The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments (known as the Reconstruction Amendments), first intended to secure rights for former slaves. ... Partial-birth abortion (PBA) is a non-medical term used to refer to some late-term abortion procedures. ... Get tough on crime (or simply tough on crime) is a slogan often used by supporters of law and order political platforms. ... The Fourth Amendment may refer to the: Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution - part of the Bill of Rights, it guards against unreasonable searches and seizures. ... Holding A state hospitals attempt to gather evidence of a patients criminal conduct for law enforcement purposes constitutes an unreasonable search unless the patient consents. ... Affirmative action refers to policies intended to promote access to education or employment aimed at a historically socio-politically non-dominant group (typically, minorities or women). ... ACLU v. ...

Abortion

In 1992, Kennedy joined O'Connor and David Souter to form the troika who delivered the plurality opinion in the case of Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), which re-affirmed in principle (though not in many details) the Roe v. Wade decision recognizing the right to abortion under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (Kennedy voted to uphold the restrictions on abortion at issue and considered going as far as to overturn Roe but switched that aspect of his vote during the consideration of Casey).^[4] The plurality opinion, signed jointly by three justices appointed by the anti-Roe presidential administrations of Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush, ignited a firestorm of criticism from conservatives. Kennedy, however, dissented in the 2000 decision of Stenberg v. Carhart, which struck down laws criminalizing partial-birth abortion. David Hackett Souter (born September 17, 1939) has been an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States since 1990. ... A plurality, relative majority or simple majority is the largest share of something, which may or may not be considered a majority, i. ... Holding A Pennsylvania law that required spousal notification prior to obtaining an abortion was invalid under the Fourteenth Amendment because it created an undue burden on married women seeking an abortion. ... Holding Texas law making it a crime to assist a woman to get an abortion violated her due process rights. ... In United States law, adopted from English Law, due process (more fully due process of law) is the principle that the government must normally respect all of a persons legal rights instead of just some or most of those legal rights when the government deprives a person of life... Amendment XIV in the National Archives The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments (known as the Reconstruction Amendments), first intended to secure rights for former slaves. ... Ronald Wilson Reagan, (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981 – 1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967 – 1975). ... Order: 41st President Vice President: Dan Quayle Term of office: January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 Preceded by: Ronald Reagan Succeeded by: Bill Clinton Date of birth: June 12, 1924 Place of birth: Milton, Massachusetts First Lady: Barbara Pierce Bush Political party: Republican George Herbert Walker Bush, KBE (born... Holding Laws banning partial-birth abortion are unconstitutional if they do not make an exception for the womans health, or if they cannot be reasonably construed to apply only to the partial-birth abortion (intact D&X) procedure and not to other abortion methods. ... Partial-birth abortion (PBA) is a non-medical term used to refer to some late-term abortion procedures. ...

Justice Kennedy wrote the majority opinion in 2007's Gonzales v. Carhart which held that a federal law criminalizing partial birth abortion did not violate the principles of Casey because it did not impose an "undue burden". The decision did not overrule Stenberg. [1] The majority of information on this page is speculative. ...

Gay rights

Kennedy has often taken a libertarian perspective in cases involving gay rights. He wrote the Court's opinion in the controversial 1996 case, Romer v. Evans, invalidating a provision in the Colorado Constitution denying homosexuals the right to bring local discrimination claims. In 2003, he authored the Court's opinion Lawrence v. Texas which invalidated criminal prohibitions against homosexual sodomy under the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution, overturning the Court's previous contrary ruling in 1986's Bowers v. Hardwick. In doing so, however, he was very careful to limit the extent of the opinion, declaring that the case did not involve whether the government must give formal recognition to any relationship that homosexual persons seek to enter. In both cases, he sided with the more liberal members of the Court. Lawrence also controversially referenced international law in justifying its result. On the other hand, he voted to uphold the Boy Scouts of America's ban on gay scoutmasters in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale in 2000. The gay rights movement is a collection of loosely aligned civil rights groups, human rights groups, support groups and political activists seeking acceptance, tolerance and equality for non-heterosexual, (homosexual, bisexual), and transgender people - despite the fact that it is typically referred to as the gay rights movement, members also... Holding An amendment to the Colorado Constitution that allows discrimination against homosexuals and prevents the state from protecting them violated equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment, because it was not rationally related to a legitimate state interest, but instead was motivated by animus towards homosexuals. ... Official language(s) English Capital Denver Largest city Denver Area  - Total  - Width  - Length  - % water  - Latitude  - Longitude Ranked 8th 269,837 km² 451 km 612 km 0. ... It has been suggested that Matthew Limon be merged into this article or section. ... Since its coinage, the word homosexuality has acquired multiple meanings. ... François Elluin, Sodomites provoking the wrath of God, from Le pot pourri de Loth (1781). ... In United States law, adopted from English Law, due process (more fully due process of law) is the principle that the government must normally respect all of a persons legal rights instead of just some or most of those legal rights when the government deprives a person of life... Wikisource has original text related to this article: The United States Constitution The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. ... Holding A Georgia law prohibiting sodomy was valid because there was no constitutionally protected right to engage in homosexual sodomy. ... “Leftism” redirects here. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... For the Boy Scouting program within the BSA, see Boy Scouting (Boy Scouts of America). ... Boy Scouts of America et al v. ...

Capital punishment

Kennedy has generally voted to restrict the use of the death penalty. With the Court's majority in Atkins v. Virginia and Roper v. Simmons he held unconstitutional the execution of the mentally ill and those under 18 at the time of the crime. However in Kansas v. Marsh, he declined to join the dissent, which questioned the overall "soundness" of the existing capital punishment system. His opinion for the Court in Roper, as in Lawrence, made extensive reference to international law, drawing the ire of then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay who called Kennedy's opinion "incredibly outrageous" but stopped short of calling for his impeachment. Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ... Holding A Virginia law allowing the execution of mentally handicapped individuals violated the Eighth Amendments prohibition of cruel and unusual punishments. ... Holding The Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments forbid imposition of the death penalty on offenders who were under the age of 18 when their crimes were committed. ... Holding The Eighth Amendment did not prohibit states from imposing the death penalty when mitigating and aggravating sentencing factors were in equipose. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... The Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives acts as the leader of the party that has a majority control of the seats in the house (at least 218 of the 435 seats). ... Thomas Dale DeLay (born April 8, 1947) is a former member of the United States House of Representatives from Sugar Land, Texas. ... Depiction of the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, then President of the United States, in 1868. ...

Other issues

On the other hand, Kennedy has joined with Court majorities in decisions favoring states' rights and capital punishment and invalidating federal and state affirmative action programs. Despite his views on states' right, he ruled with the majority in the controversial 2000 Bush v. Gore case that ceased continuing recounts in the 2000 presidential election and ensured the victory of President George W. Bush, a move that was considered conservative-leaning by some. States rights refers to the idea, in U.S. politics and constitutional law, that U.S. states possess certain rights and political powers in relation to the federal government. ... Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences. ... Affirmative action refers to policies intended to promote access to education or employment aimed at a historically socio-politically non-dominant group (typically, minorities or women). ... Holding In the circumstances of this case, any manual recount of votes seeking to meet the December 12 “safe harbor” deadline would be unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. ... Presidential electoral votes by state. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is the 43rd and current President of the United States, inaugurated on January 20, 2001. ... “Right wing” redirects here. ...

In the 2005 Gonzales v. Raich case, he joined the liberal members of the Court (along with conservative Justice Scalia) in permitting the federal government to prohibit the use of medical marijuana, even in states in which it is legal, thus invalidating a California law that made the use of medical marijuana legal. Several weeks later, in the controversial case of Kelo v. City of New London (2005), he joined the four more liberal justices in supporting the local government's power to take private property for economic development through the use of eminent domain. Holding Congress may ban the use of marijuana even where states approve its use for medicinal purposes. ... Cannabis sativa extract. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... Holding The governmental taking of property from one private owner to give to another in furtherance of economic development constitutes a permissible public use under the Fifth Amendment. ...

Kennedy has been active off of the bench as well, calling for reform of overcrowded American prisons in a speech before the American Bar Association. He spends his summers in Salzburg, Austria, where he teaches international and American law at the University of Salzburg for the McGeorge School of Law international program and often attends the large yearly international judges conference held there. Defending his use of international law, Kennedy told the September 12, 2005 issue of The New Yorker, "Why should world opinion care that the American Administration wants to bring freedom to oppressed peoples? Is that not because there’s some underlying common mutual interest, some underlying common shared idea, some underlying common shared aspiration, underlying unified concept of what human dignity means? I think that’s what we’re trying to tell the rest of the world, anyway.” Prisons in the United States are operated by both the federal and state governments as incarceration is a concurrent power under the Constitution of the United States. ... American Bar Associations Washington, DC office The American Bar Association (ABA) is a voluntary bar association of lawyers and law students, which is not specific to any jurisdiction in the United States. ...   (Austro-Bavarian: SÃ¥izburg) is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg. ... McGeorge School of Law is a private, ABA-accredited law school in the Oak Park neighborhood of the city of Sacramento, California, commonly known as Pacific McGeorge as it is part of the University of the Pacific which is located in Stockton, California. ... The New Yorker is an American magazine that publishes reportage, criticism, essays, cartoons, poetry and fiction. ...

References

1. ^ See Linda Greenhouse, "Clues to the New Dynamic on the Supreme Court", New York Times, July 3, 2007.
2. ^ Matthew J. Franck, "Can We Declare Independence from Anthony Kennedy?", "Bench Memos" Blog at National Review Online, July 4, 2007.
3. ^ http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=000&invol=03-218
4. ^ Charles Lane, "All Eyes on Kennedy in Court Debate On Abortion," Washington Post, Nov. 8, 2006.

National Review (NR) is a biweekly magazine of political opinion, founded by author William F. Buckley, Jr. ...

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Anthony Kennedy

• "Unenumerated Rights and the Dictates of Judicial Restraint". Address to the Canadian Institute for Advanced Legal Studies, Stanford University. Palo Alto, California. July 24 - Aug. 1, 1986.
• "Kennedy's Benchmarks" by Mark Trapp, American Spectator (July 14, 2004).
• Transcript of Senate Confirmation Hearing, 1987.
• Supreme Court Research Guide and Bibliography: Anthony M. Kennedy
• Collection of notable statements by Anthony Kennedy.
• Jonah Goldberg, "Justice Kennedy's Mind: Where the Constitution resides", 2005.
• Supreme court official bio (PDF)
• Jeffrey Toobin, "Swing Shift: How Anthony Kennedy’s passion for foreign law could change the Supreme Court", New Yorker (2005).

The Rehnquist Court
William Hubbs Rehnquist (1986–2005)
1988–1990:	Wm. J. Brennan | B. White | T. Marshall | H. Blackmun | J.P. Stevens | S.D. O'Connor | A. Scalia | A. Kennedy
1990–1991:	B. White | T. Marshall | H. Blackmun | J.P. Stevens | S.D. O'Connor | A. Scalia | A. Kennedy | D. Souter
1991–1993:	B. White | H. Blackmun | J.P. Stevens | S.D. O'Connor | A. Scalia | A. Kennedy | D. Souter | C. Thomas
1993–1994:	H. Blackmun | J.P. Stevens | S.D. O'Connor | A. Scalia | A. Kennedy | D. Souter | C. Thomas | R.B. Ginsburg
1994–2005:	J.P. Stevens | S.D. O'Connor | A. Scalia | A. Kennedy | D. Souter | C. Thomas | R.B. Ginsburg | S. Breyer
The Roberts Court
John Glover Roberts, Jr. (2005)
2005–2006:	J.P. Stevens | S.D. O'Connor | A. Scalia | A. Kennedy | D. Souter | C. Thomas | R.B. Ginsburg | S. Breyer
2006–present:	J.P. Stevens | A. Scalia | A. Kennedy | D. Souter | C. Thomas | R.B. Ginsburg | S. Breyer | S. Alito