Anthony William Gardiner (1820–1885) was the 9th President of Liberia from 1878 until 1883. He was the second member of the True Whig Party to hold that office, and the first of a series of True Whig presidents who held power uninterruptedly until 1980. Image File history File linksMetadata Gardiner2. ... The following is a list of Presidents of the Republic of Liberia, made up of the 24 heads of state in the history of Liberia. ... is the 7th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1883 (MDCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... James Spriggs Payne (Richmond, Virginia, December 19, 1819 – January 31, 1882 in Monrovia, Liberia) was the fourth and eighth president of Liberia, in office from 1868 to 1870 and 1876 to 1878. ... Alfred Francis Russell was born in Kentucky on August 25, 1817. ... is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Official language(s) English Capital Richmond Largest city Virginia Beach Area  Ranked 35th  - Total 42,774 sq mi (110,785 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 430 miles (690 km)  - % water 7. ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The True Whig Party, also known as Liberian Pumpkin Party, was Liberias only legal political party for over 100 years, from 1878 to the coup detat of 1980. ... The following is a list of Presidents of the Republic of Liberia, made up of the 24 heads of state in the history of Liberia. ... 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1883 (MDCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The True Whig, also known as Liberian Whig Party, was Liberias only legal political party for over 100 years, from 1878 to the coup detat of 1980. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ...

Biography

Gardiner was born in the state of Virginia in the United States. In 1831, when he was still a child, his family relocated to Liberia under the sponsorship of the American Colonization Society. Gardiner received his law degree in Liberia and, in 1847, he served as a delegate to the National Convention, which drafted Liberia's declaration of independence and constitution. He became Liberia's first attorney general and later served in the National Legislature from 1855 to 1871. This article contains a trivia section. ... Leopold I 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... The American Colonization Society (in full, The Society for the Colonization of Free People of Color of America) founded Liberia, a colony on the coast of West Africa in 1817 and transported free blacks there, in an effort to remove them from the United States. ... 1847 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... In most common law jurisdictions, the Attorney General is the main legal adviser to the government, and in some jurisdictions may in addition have executive responsibility for law enforcement or responsibility for public prosecutions. ... Year 1855 (MDCCCLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1871, Gardiner became vice-president of Liberia following the coup d'état against President Edward Roye. He was then elected vice-president twice, serving until 1876. During the incapacitation of President J. J. Roberts from 1875 until early 1876, Gardiner was also acting president. 1871 (MDCCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... // A coup dÉtat (pronounced ), or simply coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, often through illegal means by a part of the state establishment — mostly replacing just the high-level figures. ... 1876 (MDCCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Joseph Jenkins Roberts (March 15, 1809 â€“ February 24, 1876) was the first President of Liberia (1848–1856, 1872–1876). ... 1875 (MDCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1876 (MDCCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ...

Less than two years after leaving office as acting president, Gardiner won election to the presidency, taking office in 1878. In the same election, the True Whig Party won a massive victory and proceeded to dominate Liberian politics until the beginning of the Civil War in 1980. Gardiner himself was re-elected to two further two-year terms. As president, he called for increased trade with and investment from outside countries, improved public education, and closer relations with Liberia's native peoples. However, his domestic policies were to be overshadowed by the ramifications of the European powers' "scramble for Africa". 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... Politics of Liberia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President is the head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... Year 1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar). ... // Public education is education mandated for the children of the general public by the government, whether national, regional, or local, provided by an institution of civil government, and paid for, in whole or in part, by taxes. ... World map showing the location of Europe. ... Cecil Rhodes: Cape-Cairo railway project. ...

During Gardiner's administration difficulties with the British Empire and with Germany reached a crisis. Liberia was drawn into a border conflict with the British Empire over the Gallinas territory, lying between the Sewa River and the Manno River—territory which now forms the extreme eastern part of Sierra Leone. The British made a formal show of force at Monrovia in a mission led by Sir Arthur Havelock; meanwhile, the looting of a German vessel along the Kru Coast and personal indignities inflicted by the natives upon the shipwrecked Germans, led to the bombardment of Nana Kru by a German warship and the presentation at Monrovia of a claim for damages, payment of which was forced by the threat of the bombardment of the capital. President Gardiner resigned on January 20, 1883, due to a serious illness. He was succeeded by the vice-president, Alfred F. Russell. Two months later, the Gallinas territory was formally incorporated into Sierra Leone by the British. The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. ... Monrovia in the 1800s. ... Arthur Havelock James Doyle (February 21, 1858 – February 19, 1948) was a career British colonial governor, serving as Governor of Sierra Leone from 1880, of Natal, of Madras, of Ceylon from 1890 to 1895, and of Tasmania from 1901 to 1904. ... KRU is a popular Malaysian singing group that formed in the 1990s. ... January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1883 (MDCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Alfred Francis Russell was born in Kentucky on August 25, 1817. ...

References

• Brawley, Benjamin (1921, 1971). A Social History of The American Negro, Being a History of the Negro Problem in the United States. Including A History And Study Of The Republic Of Liberia. New York, AMS Press. ISBN 0-404-00138-6. 

This article incorporates public domain text from Brawley, A Social History of The American Negro, retrieved from Project Gutenberg[1] The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive, and distribute cultural works. ...

External links

• Liberia Past and Present: Anthony W. Gardiner
• The True Whig Ascendancy

Presidents of Liberia

Joseph J. Roberts • Stephen Allen Benson • Daniel Bashiel Warner • James Spriggs Payne • Edward J. Roye • James Skivring Smith • Joseph J. Roberts • James Spriggs Payne • Anthony W. Gardiner • Alfred Francis Russell • Hilary R. W. Johnson • Joseph James Cheeseman • William D. Coleman • Garretson W. Gibson • Arthur Barclay • Daniel Edward Howard • Charles D. B. King • Edwin Barclay • William Tubman • William R. Tolbert, Jr. • Samuel Doe • Amos Sawyer† • David D. Kpormakpor† • Wilton G. S. Sankawulo† • Ruth Perry† • Charles G. Taylor • Moses Blah • Gyude Bryant† • Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf  † denotes non-presidential head of state