Anthraquinone (9,10-dioxoanthracene) is an aromatic organic compound whose structure is shown to the right. It is a derivative of anthracene. It has the appearance of yellow or light gray to gray-green solid crystalline powder. Its chemical formula is C₁₄H₈O₂. Anthraquinone chemical structure. ... An aromatic hydrocarbon (abbreviated as AH), or arene is a hydrocarbon, the molecular structure of which incorporates one or more planar sets of six carbon atoms that are connected by delocalised electrons numbering the same as if they consisted of alternating single and double covalent bonds. ... An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon, with the exception of carbides, carbonates, carbon oxides and gases containing carbon. ... In chemistry, anthracene is a solid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of three benzene rings derived from coal-tar. ... General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Atomic mass 12. ... General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series Chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 15. ...

Its CAS number is 84-65-1[1] and its SMILES structure is O=C2c1ccccc1 C(c3c2cccc3)=O. Its EINECS number is 201-549-0. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... The simplified molecular input line entry specification or SMILES is a specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. ... The simplified molecular input line entry specification or SMILES is a specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. ... The EINECS number (for European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances) is a registry number given to each chemical substance commercially available in the European Union between 1 January 1971 and 18 September 1981. ...

Its other names are 9,10-anthracenedione, anthradione, 9,10-anthrachinon, anthracene-9,10-quinone, 9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxoanthracene, and trade names Hoelite, Morkit, Corbit, and others.

Physical properties

Anthraquinone melts at 286°C, boils at 379.8°C. It is insoluble in water or alcohol, but dissolves in nitrobenzene and aniline. It is chemically fairly stable under normal conditions. The degree Celsius (°C) is a unit of temperature named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who first proposed a similar system in 1742. ... A substance is soluble in a fluid if it dissolves in that fluid. ... Water (from the Old English word wæter; c. ... In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-kukhÅ«l الكحول = the spirit, the chemical.) refers almost always to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, and often to any beverage that contains ethanol (see alcoholic beverage). ... Nitrobenzene, also known as nitrobenzol or oil of mirbane, is a poisonous organic compound with an almond odor and chemical formula C6H5NO2. ... R-phrases , , , , , , S-phrases , , , , , , , Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...

Natural occurrences

Anthraquinone naturally occurs in some plants (eg. aloe, senna, rhubarb, and Cascara buckthorn), fungi, lichens, and insects, where it serves as a basic skeleton for their pigments. Natural anthraquinone derivates tend to have laxative effects. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Senna is the common name for many species in the genera Senna and Cassia, both in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae. ... Species See text Rhubarb is a perennial plant that grows from thick short rhizomes, comprising the genus Rheum. ... Species See text The Buckthorns Rhamnus are a genus (or two genera, if Frangula is treated as distinct) of about 100 species of shrubs or small trees from 1-10 m tall (rarely to 15 m), in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae. ... Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ... Crustose and foliose lichens on a wall A foliose lichen on basalt. ... Classes & Orders Subclass: Apterygota Orders Archaeognatha (Bristletails) Thysanura (Silverfish) Monura - extinct Subclass: Pterygota Infraclass: Paleoptera (paraphyletic) Orders Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Palaeodictyoptera - extinct Megasecoptera - extinct Archodonata - extinct Diaphanopterodea - extinct Protodonata - extinct Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass: Neoptera Orders Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Dermaptera (earwigs) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Protorthoptera - extinct Orthoptera (grasshoppers... A laxative is a preparation used for encouraging defecation, or the elimination of feces. ...

Obtaining anthraquinone

There are several ways to obtain anthraquinone:

• Oxidation of anthracene
• Condensation of benzene with phthalic anhydride in presence of AlCl₃ (Friedel-Crafts substitution). The resulting o-benzoylbenzoic acid then undergoes cyclization, forming anthraquinone.
• Diels-Alder reaction (from naphthoquinone and a 1,3-diene)

In chemistry, anthracene is a solid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of three benzene rings derived from coal-tar. ... Benzene, also known as C6H6, PhH, and benzol, is an organic chemical compound which is a colorless and flammable liquid with a pleasant, sweet smell. ... Phthalic anhydride Phthalic anhydride is the anhydride of phthalic acid. ... The Friedel-Crafts reactions are a set of reactions developed by Charles Friedel and James Crafts in 1877. ... The Diels-Alder reaction is an organic chemical reaction (specifically, a cycloaddition) between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene, commonly termed the dienophile to form a substituted cyclohexene system. ... This article describes the biomolecule known as Vitamin K. For the unrelated drug sometimes referred to in slang as Vitamin K, see Ketamine. ...

Industrial applications

Anthraquinone is used in production of dyes, such as alizarin. Many natural pigments are derivatives of anthraquinone. Anthraquinone is also used as a catalyst in production of wood pulp in pulp and paper industry. Another use is as a bird repellant on seeds. A dye can generally be described as a coloured substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. ... Molecular structure of alizarin Alizarin, or 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone or mordant red, is the red dye originally derived from the root of the madder plant. ... In biology, pigment is any material resulting in color in plant or animal cells which is the result of selective absorption. ... Wood pulp is the most common material used to make paper. ... An International Paper mill in South Carolina The global pulp and paper industry is dominated by North American (United States, Canada), northern European (Sweden, Finland) and East Asian countries (such as Japan). ...

Its risk and safety phrases are R36/37/38.