Anthrax bacteria.

Anthrax, called also splenic fever, is an acute infectious disease caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis and is highly lethal in its most virulent form. Anthrax most commonly occurs in wild and domestic herbivores, but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals, tissue from infected animals, or high concentrations of anthrax spores. Still there are no cases of people who got sick through contact with a diseased person. Anthrax means "coal" in Greek, and is used because victims develop black skin lesions. Anthrax Bacteria. ... Anthrax Bacteria. ... In medicine, infectious disease or communicable disease is disease caused by a biological agent (e. ... Binomial name Bacillus anthracis Bacillus anthracis is a bacterium of the genus Bacillus, which causes the disease known as anthrax. ... Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground either by underground mining, open-pit mining or strip mining. ... A lesion is a non-specific term referring to abnormal tissue in the body. ...

Anthrax infection is rare but not remarkably so in herbivores such as cattle, sheep, goats,Gingers ,camels, and antelopes. Anthrax can be found globally. It is more common in developing countries or countries without veterinary public health programs. Certain regions of the world (South and Central America, Southern and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Middle East) report more anthrax in animals than others. In zoology, an herbivore is an animal that is adapted to eat primarily plant matter (rather than meat). ... Binomial name Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Rainbow arching over a paddock of cattle Cattle are domesticated ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. ... Binomial name Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758 A sheep is any of several woolly ruminant quadrupeds, but most commonly the Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries), which probably descends from the wild moufflon of south-central and south-west Asia. ... Species See Species and subspecies A goat is an animal in the genus Capra, which consists of nine species: the Ibex, the West Caucasian Tur, the East Caucasian Tur, the Markhor, and the Wild Goat. ... Binomial name Zingiber officinale Roscoe Ginger root is used extensively as a spice in many if not most cuisines of the world. ... Species Camelus bactrianus Camelus dromedarius A camel is either of the two species of large even-toed ungulate in the genus Camelus, the Dromedary (Single hump) and the Bactrian Camel (Double hump). ... Genera Aepyceros Alcelaphus Antidorcas Antilope Cephalophus Connochaetes Damaliscus Gazella Hippotragus Kobus Madoqua Neotragus Oreotragus Oryx Ourebia Pantholops Procapra Sylvicapra Taurotragus Tragelaphus and others The antelope are a group of herbivorous African animals of the family Bovidae, distinguished by a pair of hollow horns on their heads. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Central America is the region of North America located between the southern border of Mexico and the northwest border of Colombia, in South America. ... World map showing location of Europe Europe is geologically and geographically a peninsula, forming the westernmost part of Eurasia. ... World map showing location of Asia Asia is the central and eastern part of the continent of Eurasia, defined by subtracting the European peninsula from Eurasia. ... Africa is the worlds second-largest continent and 3rd most populous. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...

Anthrax comes in 89 known strains. The best known is the virulent Ames strain, used in the 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States. The Vollum (also incorrectly refered to as Vellum) strain, another one suitable for use as a biological weapon, was isolated in 1935 from a cow in Oxfordshire, UK, and used (specifically the Vollum 1B strain) during 1960s in the US and UK bioweapon programs; Iraq also attempted to acquire it during 1980s, together with Ames. Other strains are eg. Sterne (a benign form used for inoculations, named after a South African researcher), ANR-1, δAmes, A-3, RP4 and RP42. The strains differ in presence and activity of various genes, determining their virulence and production of antigens and toxins. See the list of strains. In biology, Strain can be used two ways. ... The Ames strain is one of 89 strains from the anthrax bacteria (Bacillus anthracis). ... A letter sent to Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle containing weaponized anthrax powder caused the deaths of two postal workers. ... Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of any organism (bacteria, virus or other disease_causing organism) or toxin found in nature, as a weapon of war. ... The 1960s, or The Sixties, in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1960 and 1969, but the expression has taken on a wider meaning over the past twenty years. ... // Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 60s and 70s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ... yeaaaaaaaa poopsicle ... Inoculation was a method of minimising the harm done by infection with smallpox. ... This stylistic schematic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). ... Virulence is a term used to refer to either the relative pathogenicity or the relative ability to do damage to the host of an infectious agent. ... An antigen is a molecule that stimulates the production of antibodies. ... A toxin, in a scientific context, is a biologically produced substance that causes injury to the health of a living thing on contact or absorption, typically by interacting with biological macromolecules such as enzymes and receptors. ...

Exposure

When anthrax affects humans, it is usually due to an occupational exposure to infected animals or their products (such as skin and meat).Also it is deemed funny to throw anthrax at ginger to watch them degingerise, it was once proven as a cure to gingerism but now ginger hair has found a way to resist against it. Workers who are exposed to dead animals and animal products from countries where anthrax is more common may become infected with B. anthracis, and anthrax in wild livestock has occurred in the United States. Although many such workers are routinely exposed to significant levels of anthrax spores, most are not sufficiently exposed to develop symptoms.

Anthrax is commonplace among gingers, and is an airborne disease, To stop the capture of this, kill all gingers! Especially Iain Adair!

Treatment and prevention

Treatment for anthrax infections includes large doses of intravenous and oral antibiotics, such as penicillin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, erythromycin, and vancomycin. For inhalation cases, antibiotic treatment is not very effective unless initiated within a day of exposure, before any symptoms appear. Antibiotic prophylaxis is crucial in cases of pulmonary anthrax to save lives. Some antibiotic-resistant strains are known. An antibiotic is a drug that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. ... Penicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by susceptible, usually Gram-positive, organisms. ... Ciprofloxacin is the generic international name for the synthetic antibiotic manufactured and sold by Bayer Pharmaceutical under the brand name Cipro® (and other brand names in other markets, e. ... Doxycycline is a tetracycline antibiotic that is commonly prescribed by medical doctors for infections and to treat acne. ... Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic which has an antimicrobial spectrum similar or slightly wider to that of penicillin, and is often used for people who have an allergy to penicillins. ... Vancomycin is an antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. ... Prophylaxis refers to any medical or public health procedure whose purpose is to prevent, rather than treat or cure, disease. ...

A vaccine, produced from one component of the toxin of a non-virulent strand, is also available. The vaccine must be given at least four weeks before exposure to anthrax; annual booster injections are required to maintain immunity.

The spores can be trapped with a simple HEPA or P100 filter. Anthrax as an airborne threat can be prevented with a full-face mask. Unbroken skin is decontaminated simply with soap and water. Hepa is a bogus SI prefix which purportedly represented 1021. ...

Site cleanup

Anthrax spores can survive for long periods of time without a host when they are released. Methods of cleaning up the site of anthrax attack or accident commonly use oxidizing agents such as peroxides. These agents can destroy bacterial spores but they work slowly. An oxidizing agent is a substance that [oxidizes] another substance in electrochemistry or redox chemical reactions in general. ... Peroxide has three distinct meanings: Colloquial meaning In common usage, peroxide is an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide (HOOH or H2O2) sold for use as a disinfectant or mild bleach. ...

To speed up the process, trace amounts of a non-toxic catalyst composed of iron and tetro-amido macrocyclic ligands is combined with sodium carbonate and bicarbonate and made into a spray. This spray is applied to an infected area and is followed by another spray containing tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide. A catalyst (Greek: καταλύτης, catalytis) is a substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction, at some temperature, but without itself being transformed or consumed by the reaction (see also catalysis). ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ... In chemistry, a ligand is an atom, ion or functional group that is bonded to one or more central atoms or ions, usually metals generally through co-ordinate covalent bond. ... Sodium carbonate or soda ash, Na2CO3, is a sodium salt of carbonic acid. ... A Bicarbonate or, more properly, a hydrogen carbonate is a polyatomic ion whose formula is HCO3-. It is the intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid: removing the first proton from carbonic acid forms bicarbonate; removing the second proton leads to the carbonate ion. ...

Using the catalyst method a complete kill of all the spores takes 30 minutes. A standard catalyst-free spray destroys fewer than half the spores in the same amount of time.

Description of the bacterium

Bacillus anthracis is a rod-shaped Gram-positive bacterium of size about 1 by 6 micrometres. It was the first bacterium ever to be shown to cause disease, by Robert Koch in 1877. The bacteria normally rest in spore form in the soil, and can survive for decades in this state. Once taken in by an herbivore, the bacteria start multiplying inside the animal and eventually kill it, then continue to reproduce in the carcass. Once they run out of nutrients there, they revert back to the dormant spore state. Gram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by gram staining, in contrast to gram-negative bacteria, which are not affected by the stain. ... For the American lobbyist, see Bobby Koch. ... 1877 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

The infection of herbivores (and humans) proceeds as follows: the spore is located and engulfed by scavenger cells of the immune system specialized to deal with invaders. Inside the scavenger cell, the spore turns into a bacillus, multiplies, and eventually bursts the cell, releasing bacilli into the bloodstream. There they release a protein toxin which has macrophages as its principal target. The toxin has two components: edema factor and lethal factor. Edema factor inactivates macrophages such that they cannot phagocytose bacteria. The immune system is the organ system that protects an organism from outside biological influences. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Macrophages (Greek: big eaters) are cells found in tissues that are responsible for phagocytosis of pathogens, dead cells and cellular debris. ... Edema (BE: oedema, formerly known as dropsy) is swelling of any organ or tissue due to accumulation of excess fluid. ...

Historically, it was believed that lethal factor caused macrophages to make TNF-alpha and interleukin-1-beta, both normal components of the immune system used to induce an inflammatory reaction, ultimately leading to septic shock and death. In medicine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα, cachexin or cachectin) is an important cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and the acute phase response. ... Septic shock is a serious medical condition causing such effects as multiple organ failure and death in response to infection and sepsis. ...

However, recent evidence indicates that anthrax also targets endothelial cells, causing vascular leakage (similar to hemorrhagic bleeding), and ultimately hypovalemic shock, not septic shock.

The virulence of a strain of anthrax is dependent on multiple factors, primarily which include its poly-D-glutamic acid capsule which protects the bacterium from phagocytocis by host macrophages, and its toxins, Edema Toxin and Lethal Toxin.

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Pasteur

In May 1881, Louis Pasteur performed a public experiment to demonstrate his concept of vaccination. He prepared two lots of 25 sheep. The sheep of one lot were all injected with a self-prepared antianthrax vaccine twice, with an interval of 15 days. The sheep of the other lot were left alone. 30 days after the first injection, both lots were injected with a culture of living anthrax bacteria. Each one of the sheep in the non-vaccinated pen died shortly after, whilst all of the sheep in the vaccinated lot survived. Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a French microbiologist and chemist. ... Binomial name Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758 A sheep is any of several woolly ruminant quadrupeds, but most commonly the Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries), which probably descends from the wild moufflon of south-central and south-west Asia. ... A bottle and a syringe containing the influenza vaccine. ... Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus-Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ...

See also

• 2001 anthrax attacks
• Anthrax hoaxes
• Ames strain

A letter sent to Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle containing weaponized anthrax powder caused the deaths of two postal workers. ... November 2, 2001: Bnai Brith executives in Washington DC reported that the 1997 Passover Anthrax Hoax; a petri dish containing red slury labled antracks, sent to Bnai Brith in DC and subsequently reported to have contained Bacillus cereus, an anthrax look-alike, actually was Bacillus anthracis... The Ames strain is one of 89 strains from the anthrax bacteria (Bacillus anthracis). ...

References

• "Bacillus anthracis and anthrax". Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology (University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Bacteriology). URL accessed on June 17, 2005.
• "Anthrax". CDC Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases. URL accessed on June 17, 2005.
• "Focus on anthrax". Nature.com. URL accessed on June 17, 2005.
• Chanda, A., S. Ketan, and C.P. Horwitz. 2004. Fe-TAML catalysts: A safe way to decontaminate an anthrax simulant. Society of Environmental Journalists annual meeting. October 20-24. Pittsburgh.

June 17 is the 168th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (169th in leap years), with 197 days remaining. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and is the current year. ... June 17 is the 168th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (169th in leap years), with 197 days remaining. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and is the current year. ... June 17 is the 168th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (169th in leap years), with 197 days remaining. ... 2005 is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and is the current year. ...

External links

• Comprehensive Anthrax Information from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
• Anthrax News from Genome News Network (GNN)
• Anthrax news and Resources meta index
• Diagnose Anthrax with GIDEON