Illustration from "The Speaking Portrait" (Pearson's Magazine, Vol XI, January to June 1901) demonstrating the principles of Bertillon's anthropometry. Anthropometry (Greek ανθρωπος, man, and μετρον, measure, literally meaning "measurement of humans"), in physical anthropology, refers to the measurement of living human individuals for the purposes of understanding human physical variation. Download high resolution version (1584x626, 225 KB)Illustration from The Speaking Portrait, an article from Pearsons Magazine, 1901, illustrating the principles of Alphonse Bertillons anthropometry. ...
Download high resolution version (1584x626, 225 KB)Illustration from The Speaking Portrait, an article from Pearsons Magazine, 1901, illustrating the principles of Alphonse Bertillons anthropometry. ...
Physical anthropology, often called biological anthropology, studies the mechanisms of biological evolution, genetic inheritance, human adaptability and variation, primatology, primate morphology, and the fossil record of human evolution. ...
Today, anthropometry plays an important role in industrial design, clothing design, ergonomics, and architecture, where statistical data about the distribution of body dimensions in the population are used to optimize products. Changes in life styles, nutrition and ethnic composition of populations lead to changes in the distribution of body dimensions (e.g., the obesity epidemic), and require regular updating of anthropometric data collections. Industrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of products may be improved for marketability and production. ...
Clothing protects the vulnerable nude human body from the extremes of weather, other features of our environment, and for safety reasons. ...
Ergonomics (or human factors) is the application of scientific information concerning humans to the design of objects, systems and environment for human use (definition adopted by the International Ergonomics Association in 2007). ...
This article is about building architecture. ...
History
Bertillon, Galton, and criminology
 Anthropometry demonstrated in an exhibit from a 1921 eugenics conference. The French savant, Alphonse Bertillon (b. 1853), gave this name in 1883 to a system of identification depending on the unchanging character of certain measurements of parts of the human frame. He found by patient inquiry that several physical features and the dimensions of certain bones or bony structures in the body remain practically constant during adult life. He concluded from this that when these measurements were made and recorded systematically every single individual would be found to be perfectly distinguishable from others. The system was soon adapted to police methods, as the immense value of being able to fix a person's identity was fully realized, both in preventing false personation and in bringing home to any one charged with an offence his responsibility for previous wrongdoing. "Bertillonage," as it was called, became widely popular, and after its introduction into France in 1883, where it was soon credited with highly gratifying results, was applied to the administration of justice in most civilized countries. England followed tardily, and it was not until 1894 that an investigation of the methods used and results obtained was made by a special committee sent to Paris for the purpose. It reported favourably, especially on the use of the measurements for primary classification, but recommended also the adoption in part of a system of "finger prints" as suggested by Francis Galton, and already practised in Bengal. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Eugenics is the self-direction of human evolution: Logo from the Second International Congress of Eugenics, 1921, depicting it as a tree which unites a variety of different fields. ...
Look up savant in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Alphonse Bertillon (April 23, 1853—February 13, 1914) was a French law enforcement officer and biometrics researcher, who created anthropometry, an identification system based on physical measurements. ...
Year 1883 (MDCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
Year 1883 (MDCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...
Classification may refer to: Taxonomic classification See also class (philosophy) Statistical classification Security classification Hint: Language use may refer to a taxonomic classification that is used for statistical purposes also as a statistical classification (like International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems). ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
 A chart from Bertillon's Identification anthropométrique (1893), demonstrating how to take measurements for his identification system. There were eleven measurements: Image File history File links Download high resolution version (918x1457, 137 KB) Summary Frontisepiece from Alphonse Bertillons (d. ...
Image File history File links Download high resolution version (918x1457, 137 KB) Summary Frontisepiece from Alphonse Bertillons (d. ...
- Height
- Stretch: Length of body from left shoulder to right middle finger when arm is raised
- Bust: Length of torso from head to seat, taken when seated
- Length of head: Crown to forehead
- Width of head: Temple to temple
- Length of right ear
- Length of left foot
- Length of left middle finger
- Length of left cubit: Elbow to tip of middle finger
- Width of cheeks
- Length of left little finger
From this great mass of details, soon represented in Paris by the collection of some 100,000 cards, it was possible, proceeding by exhaustion, to sift and sort down the cards till a small bundle of half a dozen produced the combined facts of the measurements of the individual last sought. The whole of the information is easily contained in one cabinet of very ordinary dimensions, and most ingeniously contrived so as to make the most of the space and facilitate the search. The whole of the record is independent of names, and the final identification is by means of the photograph which lies with the individual's card of measurements. This article is about the body part. ...
This article is about the vulgar gesture. ...
A bust can be one of: Bust (sculpture), a sculpture depicting a persons chest, shoulders, and head, usually supported by a stand. ...
The human torso Torso is an anatomical term for the greater part of the human body without the head and limbs. ...
For other uses, see Ear (disambiguation). ...
For other uses, see Foot (disambiguation). ...
This article is about the vulgar gesture. ...
Cubit is the name for any one of many units of measure used by various ancient peoples. ...
The word cheek can mean several things. ...
The little finger, often called the pinky in American English and pinkie in Scottish English (from the Dutch word pink, meaning little finger), is the most ulnar and usually smallest finger of the human hand, opposite the thumb, next to the ring finger. ...
Anthropometrics was first used in the 19th and early 20th century in criminalistics, to identifying criminals by facial characteristics. Francis Galton was a key contributor as well, and it was in showing the redundancy of Bertillon's measurements that he developed the statistical concept of correlation. Bertillon's system originally measured variables he thought were independent—such as forearm length and leg length—but Galton had realized were both the result of a single causal variable (in this case, stature). Forensics or forensic science is the application of science to questions which are of interest to the legal system as well as social sciences such as archaeology. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Positive linear correlations between 1000 pairs of numbers. ...
 A Bertillon record for Francis Galton, from a visit to Bertillon's laboratory in 1893. Bertillon's goal was to use anthropometry as a way of identifying recidivists—what we would today call "repeat-offense" criminals. Previously, police could only record general descriptions and names, and criminals were fond of using alternative identities. As such, it was a difficult job to identify whether or not certain individuals arrested were "first offenders" or life-long criminals. Photography of criminals had become commonplace but it had proven ungainly, as there was no coherent way to arrange visually the many thousands of photographs in a fashion which would allow easy use (an officer would have to sort through them all with the hope of finding one). Bertillon's hope was that through the use of measurements of the body, all information about the individual criminal could be reduced to a set of identifying numbers which could be entered into a large filing system. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1493x1485, 780 KB) Photograph and Bertillon record of Francis Galton (age 73) created upon Galtons visit to Bertillons laboratory in 1893. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1493x1485, 780 KB) Photograph and Bertillon record of Francis Galton (age 73) created upon Galtons visit to Bertillons laboratory in 1893. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
This article is about recidivism in criminology and penology. ...
Bertillon also envisioned the system as being organized in such a way that even if the number of measurements was limited the system could drastically reduce the number of potential matches, through an easy system of body parts and characteristics being labeled as "small", "medium", or "large". For example, if the length of the arm was measured and judged to be within the "medium" range, and the size of the foot was known, this would drastically reduce the number of potential records to compare against. With more measurements of hopefully independent variables, a more precise identification could be achieved, which could then be matched against photographic evidence. Certain aspects of this philosophy would also go into Galton's development of fingerprint identification as well. A macro shot of a palm and the base of several fingers; as seen here, debris can gather between the ridges. ...
Anthropometry, however, gradually fell into disfavour, and it has been generally supplanted by the superior system of finger prints. Bertillonage exhibited certain defects which were first brought to light in Bengal. The objections raised were A macro shot of a palm and the base of several fingers; as seen here, debris can gather between the ridges. ...
- the costliness of the instruments employed and their liability to become out of order;
- the need for specially instructed measurers, men of superior education;
- the errors that frequently crept in when carrying out the processes and were all but irremediable.
Measures inaccurately taken, or wrongly read off, could seldom, if ever, be corrected, and these persistent errors defeated all chance of successful search. The process was slow, as it was necessary to repeat it three times so as to arrive at a mean result. In Bengal, measurements were already abandoned by 1897, when the finger print system was adopted throughout British India. Three years later England followed suit; and as the result of a fresh inquiry ordered by the Home Office, finger prints were alone relied upon for identification.
Anthropology and anthropometry - Further information: Scientific racism
[[Image:Head-Measurer of Tremearne (side view).jpg|right|thumb|250px|A "head-measurer" tool designed for anthropological research in the early 1910s.] During the early 20th century, anthropometry was used extensively by anthropologists in the United States and Europe. One of its primary uses became the attempted differentiation between differences in the races of man, and it was often employed to show ways in which races were "inferior" to others. The wide application of intelligence testing also became incorporated into a general anthropometric approach, and many forms of anthropometry were used for the advocacy of eugenics policies. During the 1920s and 1930s, though, members of the school of cultural anthropology of Franz Boas also began to use anthropometric approaches to discredit the concept of fixed biological race. Anthropometric approaches to these types of problems became abandoned in the years after the Holocaust in Nazi Germany, who also famously relied on anthropometric measurements to distinguish Aryans from Jews. This school of physical anthropology generally went into decline during the 1940s. Scientific racism is a term that describes either obsolete scientific theories of the 19th century or historical and contemporary racist propaganda disguised as scientific research. ...
For other uses, see Race (disambiguation). ...
...
Eugenics is the self-direction of human evolution: Logo from the Second International Congress of Eugenics, 1921, depicting it as a tree which unites a variety of different fields. ...
This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...
Franz Boas Franz Boas (July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942[1]) was one of the pioneers of modern anthropology and is often called the Father of American Anthropology. Born in Germany, Boas worked for most of his life in North America. ...
For other uses, see Holocaust (disambiguation) and Shoah (disambiguation). ...
Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...
Aryan (/eÉ™rjÉ™n/ or /É‘ËrjÉ™n/, Sanskrit: ) is a Sanskrit and Avestan word meaning noble/spiritual one. ...
During the 1940s anthropometry was used by William Sheldon when evaluating his somatotypes, according to which characteristics of the body can be translated into characteristics of the mind. Inspired by Cesare Lombroso's criminal anthropology, he also believed that criminality could be predicted according to the body type. This use of anthropometry is today also outdated. Because of his extensive reliance on photographs of nude Ivy League students for his work, Sheldon ran into considerable controversy when his work became public. William Sheldon assinged people to three categories based on their body builds: endomorphic, mesomorphic, and ectomorphic. ...
The three somatotypes—endomorphic, mesomorphic, and ectomorphic—are basic classifications of animal body types according to the prominence of different basic tissues types, roughly: digestive, muscular, and nervous tissues. ...
Cesare Lombroso Cesare Lombroso (Verona, November 6, 1835 - Turin, October 19, 1909) was a historical figure in modern criminology, and the founder of the Italian Positivist School of criminology. ...
It has been suggested that Race and crime be merged into this article or section. ...
for other uses please see Crime (disambiguation) A crime is an act that violates a political or moral law. ...
For other uses, see Ivy League (disambiguation). ...
Modern Anthropometry and Biometrics Anthropometric studies are today conducted for numerous different purposes. Academic anthropologists investigate the evolutionary significance of differences in body proportion between populations whose ancestors lived in different environmental settings. Human populations exhibit similar climatic variation patterns to other large-bodied mammals, following Bergmann's rule, which states that individuals in cold climates will tend to be larger than ones in warm climates, and Allen's rule, which states that individuals in cold climates will tend to have shorter, stubbier limbs than those in warm climates. On a microevolutionary level, anthropologists use anthropometric variation to reconstruct small-scale population history. For instance, John Relethford's studies of early twentieth-century anthropometric data from Ireland show that the geographical patterning of body proportions still exhibits traces of the invasions by the English and Norse centuries ago. At Walt Disney World, biometric measurements are taken from the fingers of guests to ensure that the persons ticket is used by the same person from day to day For the use of statistics in biology, see Biostatistics. ...
The large size of a polar bear allows it to radiate less heat in a cold climate. ...
Allens rule is a biological rule posited by Joel Asaph Allen in 1877. ...
Outside academia, scientists working for private companies and government agencies conduct anthropometric studies to determine what range of sizes clothing and other items need to be manufactured in. A basically anthropometric division of body types into the categories endomorphic, ectomorphic and mesomorphic derived from Sheldon's somatotype theories is today popular among people doing weight training. Body type has several meanings A description of any kind of human body shape: slim, fat, tall, petite, wide-shouldered, pear shaped etcetera. ...
Endomorph, endomorphic, and endomorphism can refer to: A somatotype, or animal body-type, that contains high body fat, and that experiences difficulties losing weight Endomorphism can also refer to a mathematical concept: In category theory, something pertaining to or related by an endomorphism Category: ...
Ectomorphic is one of the three classic somatotypes or body types created by William Sheldon. ...
Mesomorphic is one of the three classic somatotypes or body types created by William Sheldon. ...
The three somatotypes—endomorphic, mesomorphic, and ectomorphic—are basic classifications of animal body types according to the prominence of different basic tissues types, roughly: digestive, muscular, and nervous tissues. ...
This article is about strength training using weight (gravity) to generate resistance to contraction. ...
The US Military has conducted over 40 anthropometric surveys of U.S. Military personnel between 1945 and 1988, including the 1988 Army Anthropometric Survey (ANSUR) of men and women with its 240 measures. Statistical data from these surveys, which encompassed over 75,000 individuals, can be found in [1].
Today people are performing anthropometry with three-dimensional scanners. The subject has a three-dimensional scan taken of their body, and the anthropometrist extracts measurements from the scan rather than directly from the individual. This is beneficial for the anthropometrist in that they can use this scan to extract any measurement at any time and the individual does not have to wait for each measurement to be taken separately.
A global collaborative study to examine the uses of three-dimensional scanners for healthcare was launched in March 2007. The Body Benchmark Study [2] will investigate the use of three-dimensional scanners to calculate volumes and segmental volumes of an individual body scan. The aim is to establish whether The Body Volume Index has the potential to be used as a long-term computer based anthropometric measurement for healthcare. More conventional anthropometric measurements also have uses in medical anthropology and epidemiology, for example in helping to determine the relationship between various body measurements (height, weight, percentage body fat, etc.) and medical outcomes. Body Volume Index (BVI) has recently been proposed as an alternative to Body Mass Index (BMI). ...
Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations, and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine. ...
Notes and references - [3], Anthropometry of US Military Personnel (1991)
- ISO 7250: Basic human body measurements for technological design, International Organization for Standardization, 1998.
- ISO 8559: Garment construction and anthropometric surveys — Body dimensions, International Organization for Standardization, 1989.
- ISO 15535: General requirements for establishing anthropometric databases, International Organization for Standardization, 2000.
- ISO 15537: Principles for selecting and using test persons for testing anthropometric aspects of industrial products and designs, International Organization for Standardization, 2003.
- ISO 20685: 3-D scanning methodologies for internationally compatible anthropometric databases, International Organization for Standardization, 2005.
“ISO†redirects here. ...
“ISO†redirects here. ...
“ISO†redirects here. ...
“ISO†redirects here. ...
“ISO†redirects here. ...
Historic references - Lombroso, Antropometria di 400 delinquenti (1872)
- Roberts, Manual of Anthropometry (1878)
- Ferri, Studi comparati di antropometria (2 vols., 1881-1882)
- Lombroso, Rughe anomale speciali ai criminali (1890)
- Bertillon, Instructions signalétiques pour l'identification anthropométrique (1893)
- Livi, Anthropometria (Milan, 1900)
- Fürst, Indextabellen zum anthropometrischen Gebrauch (Jena, 1902)
- Report of Home Office Committee on the Best Means of Identifying Habitual Criminals (1893-1894)
See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Anthropometry Look up Anthropometry in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. Image File history File links Commons-logo. ...
Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...
Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 150 languages. ...
This article does not cite its references or sources. ...
Criminology is the scientific study of crime as an individual and social phenomenon. ...
Dermatoglyphics (from ancient Greek derma = skin, glyph = carving) is the scientific study of fingerprints. ...
The digit ratio is the ratio of the lengths of different digits, fingers or toes, typically as measured from the bottom crease where the finger joins the hand to the tip of the finger. ...
Ergonomics (or human factors) is the application of scientific information concerning humans to the design of objects, systems and environment for human use (definition adopted by the International Ergonomics Association in 2007). ...
This article is about human fingerprints. ...
Genetic fingerprinting, DNA testing, DNA typing, and DNA profiling are techniques used to distinguish between individuals of the same species using only samples of their DNA. Its invention by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester was announced in 1985. ...
Human factors is an umbrella term for several areas of research that include human performance, technology, design, and human-computer interaction. ...
Stature redirects here. ...
Weight, in the context of human body weight measurements in the medical sciences and in sports is a measurement of mass, and is thus expressed in units of mass, such as kilograms (kg), or units of force such as pounds (lb). ...
Osteometry is the study and measurement of the human skeleton, especially in an anthropological or archaeological context. ...
A 19th century phrenology chart. ...
Encyclopædia Britannica, the eleventh edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ...
The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...
In art Yves Klein termed anthropometries his performance paintings where he covered nude women with paint, and used their bodies as paintbrushes. Yves Klein (28 April 1928 - 6 June 1962) was a French artist and is considered an important figure in post-war European neo-Dadaism. ...
Resources - Pheasant, Stephen (1986). Bodyspace : anthropometry, ergonomics, and design. London; Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0850663520. (A classic review of human body sizes.)
External links - Ergonomics research: Anthropometrics, ergonomic tools, product design, etc.
- ANTHROPOMETRY AND BIOMECHANICS according to NASA
- Anthropometric Measurements of High School Basketball Players
- Anthropometry data at faculty of Industrial Design Engineering at Delft University of Technology
- Forensic Anthropometry Anthropometry in Forensics
|
Feeds |
Contact