The Anti Revolutionary Party (in Dutch: Anti Revolutionaire Partij, ARP) was a Dutch Protestant Christian democratic political party. The ARP is one of the predecessors of the Christian Democratic Appeal. Although after 1917 the party never received more than twenty percent of the vote, its influence was far greater. Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... Christian Democracy is a diverse political ideology and movement. ... // Political scientists have developed concepts of different ideal types of political parties in order to better compare them with each other. ... The Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) (Dutch: Christen Democratisch Appèl) is a Dutch Christian-democratic political party. ...

Party history

History before 1879

The anti-revolutionary parliamentary caucus had existed since the 1840s. It represented orthodox tendencies within the Dutch Reformed Church. Under the leadership of Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer they became a real political force, which opposed the liberal tendencies within the Dutch Reformed Church and the liberal tendencies within Dutch politics. The three values of the anti-revolutionaries were "God, the Netherlands, and the House of Orange". At the time the anti-revolutionary ideal was a Protestant theocracy in which Catholics and Jews were second-class citizens. The word orthodoxy, from the Greek ortho (right, correct) and doxa (thought, teaching, glorification), is typically used to refer to the correct theological or doctrinal observance of religion, as determined by some overseeing body. ... The Dutch Reformed village church of St. ... Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer (August 21, 1801 - May 19, 1876), Dutch politician and historian, was born at Voorburg, near the Hague. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Look up liberal on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Liberal may refer to: Politics: Liberalism American liberalism, a political trend in the USA Political progressivism, a political ideology that is for change, often associated with liberal movements Liberty, the condition of being free from control or restrictions Liberal Party, members of... This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... The Principality of Orange The title originally referred to the sovereign principality of Orange in southern France, which was a property of the House of Orange (from 1702 Orange-Nassau). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

An important issue was public education, which in the view of the anti-revolutionairies should be Protestant-Christian in nature. The anti-revolutionaries had ties with the April movement, which opposed the official re-establishment of Roman-Catholic bishoprics, and a mixed relationship with (liberal-)conservatives in the Tweede Kamer, who also opposed reforms to the social and political system but often on basis of a mix of liberal Protestantism and secular humanism. During the 1860s Groen van Prinsterer became more isolated from his conservative allies. He also began to reformulate his Protestant-Christian ideals, and began to plead for "souvereiniteit in eigen kring" (sphere sovereignty) instead of theocracy. This meant that instead of one Protestant-Christian society, Groen van Prinsterer wanted a Protestant society within a pluriform society. Orthodox Protestants would have their own churches, schools, papers, political parties and sport clubs. This laid the basis for pillarization, which was to dominate Dutch society between 1880 and 1960. // Public education is education mandated for the children of the general public by the government, whether national, regional, or local, provided by an institution of civil government, and paid for, in whole or in part, by taxes. ... In some Christian churches, the diocese is an administrative territorial unit governed by a bishop, sometimes also referred to as a bishopric or episcopal see, though more often the term episcopal see means the office held by the bishop. ... The Tweede Kamer (second chamber) is the lower house of the Staten-Generaal, the parliament in the Netherlands. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In Neo-Calvinism, the idea of sphere sovereignty insists that created boundaries should be affirmed and respected. ... Pillarization is a term used to describe the way their dutch and belgians dealt with the multicultural societies. ...

In 1864 Groen van Prinsterer began to correspond with a young Dutch Reformed theologian named Abraham Kuyper. Kuyper was heavily influenced by Groen van Prinsterer's ideals and began to put the latter's ideal of an orthodox Protestant society within Dutch society into practice. Portrait of Abraham Kuyper by Jan Veth Abraham Kuyper (1837-1920) was born in the town of Maassluis and was a Dutch Calvinist theologian, scholar, and statesman. ...

Foundation

On April 3, 1879 Abraham Kuyper founded the ARP, as part of the larger separate orthodox Protestant society within society. It was the first nationally organized political party in the Netherlands. An 1878 petition for equal payment for religious schools became one of the catalysts for the foundation of the political movement. In 1877 Kuyper had already written "Our Program" in which the political ideals of the ARP were written down (see below). Around the ARP the separate Protestant society began to grow: many Protestant schools were founded, a Protestant university (the Free University was founded in 1880), and a paper (De Standaard). In 1886 Kuyper broke free from the liberal Dutch Reformed Church (in Dutch: Nederlands-Hervormde Kerk) to founded the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands in 1892 (in Dutch: Gerformeerde Kerken Nederland). April 3 is the 93rd day of the year (94th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 272 days remaining. ... 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... There are several terms used in Dutch politics which are not easily translated into English. ... The Vrije Universiteit is a university in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ... 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ... The Dutch Reformed village church of St. ... The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Dutch: Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland, in short Gereformeerde kerk) was the second largest protestant church in the Netherlands until it merged into the Protestant Church in the Netherlands in 2004. ...

The ARP had one practical political goal: equalization of payment between public and religious schools. It had one political strategy: the anti-thesis between religious and non-religious parties, which meant that he sought to break the cooperation between liberals and Catholics and to create an alliance between Catholics and Protestants. There are several terms used in Dutch politics which are not easily translated into English. ...

1879-1917

Portrait of Abraham Kuyper by Jan Veth

In 1879 13 (out of 100) anti-revolutionaries were in the Tweede Kamer, although not all were member of the ARP. During the period 1879-1883 their number slowly grows, peaking at 19. After the 1884 election they have 21 members parliament. In 1886 they win their first seat in the Eerste Kamer. Image File history File links Portrait of Abraham Kuyper by Jan Veth (1900). ... Image File history File links Portrait of Abraham Kuyper by Jan Veth (1900). ... The Tweede Kamer (second chamber) is the lower house of the Staten-Generaal, the parliament in the Netherlands. ... The Eerste Kamer (literally First Chamber in Dutch) is the Upper House or Senate of the Netherlands parliament, the States-General. ...

In the 1888 election the ARP wins 31.4% of the vote and 27 seats. A confessional cabinet is formed led by the anti-revolutionary Aeneas baron Mackay: it combines anti-revolutionary and Catholic ministers, joined by two conservative independents. Because the liberals still control the Eerste Kamer many of the cabinet's proposals meet resistance there and the cabinet falls before the end of its four year term. National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Liberal Union (Liberale Unie) Social Democratic League (Sociaal-Democratische Bond) Categories: Elections in the Netherlands | 1888 ... There are several terms used in Dutch politics which are not easily translated into English. ... Æneas baron Mackay Jr. ...

In the 1891 election the ARP loses 2% of its votes, but 6 of its seats. The confessional parties also lost their majority. A liberal cabinet, led by Van Tienhoven is formed. It proposed drastic changes to the census, which would result practically in universal male suffrage, proposed by minister Tak. The ARP is divided on the issue, Kuyper and a majority of the parliamentary party vote in favour of the law, while Alexander de Savorin-Lohman vehemently opposes it. Kuyper has tactical reasons to support enlarged franchise, these 'kleine luyden' (middle class) which would be allowed to vote, often supported the ARP, De Savorin-Lohman opposes the law because it would imply some form of popular sovereignty instead of divine sovereignty. In 1894 this results in a split between the ARP and the group around De Savorin-Lohman. Party discipline also plays a role in the conflict between Kuyper and De Savorin-Lohman: Kuyper, the party leader, favours strong party discipline, while De Savorin Lohman opposes strong parties. The split results in the foundation of the Free Anti Revolutionary Party in 1898, which would become the Christian Historical Union in 1904. With Savorin Lohman a group of prominent party politicians leaves the party, this includes many of its aristocratic members (who like De Savorin-Lohman have double names). The CHU continues its opposition against universal suffrage and is more anti-papist than the ARP. National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Liberal Union (Liberale Unie) Categories: Elections in the Netherlands | 1891 ... Categories: Politics stubs | Liberal related stubs | Historical liberal parties | Netherlands political parties ... Gijsbert van Tienhoven (12 February 1841-10 October 1914) was prime minister of the Netherlands from 21 August 1891 until 8 May 1894. ... Householder Franchise or census suffrage is where a homeowner has the right to vote in an election. ... Poplar sovereignty is the doctrine that the state is created by and subject to the will of the people, who are the source of all political power. ... The Divine Right of Kings is a European political and religious doctrine of political absolutism. ... Party discipline is the ability of a political party to get its members to support the policies of the party leadership. ... The Free Anti Revolutionary Party (in Dutch: Vrij-Antirevolutionaire Partij, VAR) is a dutch conservative Reformed political party. ... The Christian-Historical Union (CHU) was a Dutch Protestant political party. ... Anti-Catholicism is opposition to the Roman Catholic Church or to Catholics, often employing mischaracterizations, stereotypes and negative prejudices. ...

In the 1894 elections the ARP loses almost half of its vote and six of its twenty-one seats. The Catholics break their alliance with the ARP and support a conservative cabinet. In the 1897 elections the ARP wins back some ground: it is supported by 26% of the electorate and wins seventeen seats. The group around De Savorin Lohman, wins 11% of the vote and six seats. A liberal cabinet is formed and the ARP is confined to opposition. National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Liberal Union (Liberale Unie) Radical League (Radicale Bond), party formation of the Radicals Categories: Elections in the Netherlands | 1894 ... National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Christian Historical Voters League (Christelijke-Historische Kiezersbond) Free Anti Revolutionary Party (Vrije Anti-Revolutionaire Partij), offshoot of the Anti Revolutionary Party Free Socialists (Vrije Socialisten) League of Free Liberals (Bond van Vrije Liberalen) Liberal Union (Liberale Unie) Radical League (Radicale Bond...

In 1901 the ARP wins a decisive victory. It wins 27.4% of the vote and twenty-three seats. A cabinet is formed out of the ARP, the Catholics and the group around De Savorin-Lohman, now called the Christian Historical Party. The cabinet is led by Kuyper. It is characterized by Kuypers' authoritarian leadership. He is the first person to formally lead the cabinet for four years. This can best be seen by the railway strike of 1903, in which Kuyper showed no mercy to the strikers and instead pushed several particular harsh anti-strike laws through parliament. After the Eerste Kamer, where there was a liberal majority, rejected Kuypers' law on higher education, which sought to bring equal titles for alumni of the Free University, which Kuyper himself founded, Kuyper calls new elections for the Eerste Kamer. With a confessional majority in the Eerste Kamer, the law is pushed through. National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Christian Democratic Party (Christen-Democratische Partij) Christian Historical Voters League (Christelijke-Historische Kiezersbond) Free Anti Revolutionary Party (Vrije Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Freethinking Democratic League (Vrijzinnig Democratische Bond), merger of the Radical League with an offshoot of the Liberal Union Free Socialists... The Christian Historical Party (in Dutch: Christelijk Historische Partij, CHP) is a dutch conservative Reformed political party. ... The prime minister of the Netherlands is the head of the cabinet, and, as such, coordinates the policy of the government. ... 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Friday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ...

In the 1905 elections the ARP loses only 3% of vote, but eight seats, although it is able to strengthen its position in the Eerste Kamer. Kuyper, the party's leader, loses his own seat in Amsterdam to a progressive liberal. Theo Heemskerk leads the anti-revolutionary parliamentary party. A minority liberal cabinet is formed. Former anti-revolutionary MP Staalman leaves ARP and founds the Christian Democratic Party, which later become the Christian Democratic Union, which would play a minor role in the interbellum political landscape. National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Christian Historical Voters League (Christelijke-Historische Kiezersbond) Free Anti Revolutionary Party (Vrije Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Freethinking Democratic League (Vrijzinnig Democratische Bond) Free Socialists (Vrije Socialisten) Frisian Christian Historical Union (Friese Christelijk-Historische Unie) League of Free Liberals (Bond van Vrije Liberalen... Categories: Politics stubs | Liberal related stubs | Historical liberal parties | Netherlands political parties ... Theodorus Heemskerk (Amsterdam, July 20, 1852- Utrecht, June 12, 1932), son of Jan Heemskerk, was a Dutch politician of the party ARP. From 1908 to 1913 Heemskerk was minister of the Interior and president of the Council of Ministers (a post later dubbed Prime Minister). ... There are several terms used in Dutch politics which are not easily translated into English. ... The Christian-Democratic Union (in Dutch: Christelijk-Democratische Unie) was a minor christian left party in the Netherlands in the interbellum. ...

In a 1908 Kuyper returns to the Tweede Kamer. After crisis in the liberal cabinet Theo Heemskerk is given the chance to form a new cabinet. A minority confessional cabinet is formed. In the 1909 elections the ARP wins 3% of vote and twenty-five seats. The Heemskerk cabinet continues. National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Christian Historical Union (Christelijke-Historische Unie), merger of the Free Anti Revolutionary Party, the Christian Historical Voters League and the Frisian Christian Historical Union Freethinking Democratic League (Vrijzinnig Democratische Bond) League of Free Liberals (Bond van Vrije Liberalen) Liberal Union (Liberale...

In 1912 Kuyper leaves national politics because of health reasons, and in 1913 he is elected into the Eerste Kamer. In the 1913 election the ARP loses 6% of the votes, but loses more than half of its seats and it is left with 11 seats. Another minority liberal cabinet is formed. The leadership of the ARP lies in the hands of less prominent politicians. Although a relatively small opposition party the ARP plays an important role in Dutch politics. The liberal minority cabinet, led by Cort van der Linden seeks to resolve two important issues in Dutch politics: the conflict over the equalization of payment for religious schools and universal suffrage. In the constitution change of 1918 both items are resolved. The ARP is given equal payment for religious schools, but it has to accept female suffrage and proportional representation. National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Christian Historical Union (Christelijke-Historische Unie) Freethinking Democratic League (Vrijzinnig Democratische Bond) League of Free Liberals (Bond van Vrije Liberalen) Liberal Union (Liberale Unie) Roman Catholic League of Electoral Associations (Roomsch-Katholieke Bond van Kiesverenigingen) Social Democratic Workers Party (Sociaal-Democratische... Pieter Willem Adriaan Cort van der Linden (1846 - 1935) was a Dutch political figure. ... There are several terms used in Dutch politics which are not easily translated into English. ... Proportional representation (sometimes referred to as full representation, or PR), is a category of electoral formula aiming at a close match between the percentage of votes that groups of candidates (grouped by a certain measure) obtain in elections and the percentage of seats they receive (usually in legislative assemblies). ...

1917-1945

1925 election poster depicting prime minister Colijn. It reads "the country's helmsman, vote Colijn.

The 1918 elections provide a decisive test for the party, the party wins two additional seats. The three confessional parties wins 50 seats. The confessional parties form a new cabinet, led by the Catholic Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck. The ARP supplies three ministers and former prime-minister Theo Heemskerk becomes minister of Justice. A group of concerned anti-revolutionaries, led by Gerrit Kersten, founded the Political Reformed Party, which opposed universal suffrage and cooperation with the Catholics. The electorate of the ARP changes in the interbellum, the difference between lower class Protestants who vote ARP and middle class Protestant Protestants who vote CHU begins to disappear, instead religious differences between the Dutch Reformed Church (CHU) and the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (ARP) become more important. Image File history File links ARP-1925. ... Image File history File links ARP-1925. ... Introduction The 1918 elections were the first elections under universal male suffrage and proportional representation. ... Jhr. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... The Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij (SGP, literally Constitutional Reformed Party) is a Dutch constitutional theocratic political party following conservative Christian principles, in the tradition of the Dutch Reformed Church. ... The Dutch Reformed village church of St. ... The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Dutch: Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland, in short Gereformeerde kerk) was the second largest protestant church in the Netherlands until it merged into the Protestant Church in the Netherlands in 2004. ...

In the 1922 elections former minister of war Hendrikus Colijn becomes the leader of the ARP. He emphasized defense and fiscal conservatism as core issues of the party. With him the ARP gets sixteen seats in the Tweede Kamer and fifteen in the Eerste Kamer. He becomes minister of Finance in the second cabinet of Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck. He leads the party in the 1925 elections and loses three seats. The ARP continues to govern with Jan Donner as minister of Justice. After the 1929 elections, in which the ARP loses another seat. The confessional parties continue to govern. Introduction The 1922 elections were the first elections under universal suffrage National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Agrarians League (Plattelandersbond) Christian Historical Union (Christelijke-Historische Unie) Communist Party of Holland (Communistische Partij Holland), continuation of Social Democratic Party Freedom League, merger of Liberal Union, League of Free... Hendrikus Colijn (1869–1944), was a successful Dutch soldier, businessman and politician. ... In military science, defense (or defence) is the art of preventing an enemy from conquering territory. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The finance minister is a cabinet position in a government. ... National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Agrarians League (Plattelandersbond) Christian Historical Union (Christelijke-Historische Unie) Communist Party of Holland (Communistische Partij Holland), continuation of Social Democratic Party Freedom League (Vrijheidsbond) Freethinking Democratic League (Vrijzinnig Democratische Bond) Political Reformed Party (Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij), offshoot of the Anti Revolutionary... National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Agrarians League (Plattelandersbond) Centre Party for City and Country (Middenpartij voor Stad en Land) Christian Historical Union (Christelijke-Historische Unie) Communist Party of Holland (Communistische Partij Holland) Communist Party of Holland-Central Committee (Communistische Partij Holland-Centraal Comité), offshoot of the...

In the 1930s with the growing international political and economic crisis, the ARP begins to regain its popularity, under the leadership of Colijn. In 1933 the ARP wins two seats and Colijn forms of a broad cabinet comprising of the RKSP, CHU, ARP, LSP and VDB. Jan Schouten leads the party's parliamentary party. Between 1933 and 1939 Colijn leads several parliamentary and extra-parliamentary cabinets with changing composition, although the CHU, ARP and RKSP continue to form the core of the cabinet. Colijn keeps to classical economic policies, refuses to devaluate the guilder and is unable to resolve the economic crisis. In 1937 the ARP wins three seats and reaches a historic seventeen seats. Colijn continues to govern. In 1939 his fifth cabinet falls and Colijn is succeeded by Dirk Jan de Geer. Pieter Gerbrandy joins the cabinet without support of his parliamentary party. The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known in Europe as the World Depression. ... Totalitarianism is a term employed by political scientists, especially those in the field of comparative politics, to describe modern regimes in which the state regulates nearly every aspect of public and private behavior. ... The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn which started in October of 1929 and lasted through most of the 1930s. ... National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Agrarians League (Plattelandersbond) Centre Party for City and Country (Middenpartij voor Stad en Land) Christian Democratic Union (Christen-Democratische Unie) Christian Historical Union (Christelijke-Historische Unie) Communist Party of Holland (Communistische Partij Holland) League for National Recovery (Verbond voor Nationaal Herstel... Roman-Catholic Political Party (Rooms-Katholieke Staatspartij, RKSP) was a Dutch Catholic Christian-Democratic political party. ... The Christian-Historical Union (CHU) was a Dutch Protestant party. ... Categories: Politics stubs | Liberal related stubs | Historical liberal parties | Netherlands political parties ... Categories: Politics stubs | Liberal related stubs | Historical liberal parties | Netherlands political parties ... Jan Arnoldus Schouten (August 28, 1883 - January 20, 1971) was a Dutch mathematician. ... There are several terms used in Dutch politics which are not easily translated into English. ... Devaluation is a reduction in the value of a currency with respect to other monetary units. ... The gulden (sometimes called guilder in English), represented by the symbol ƒ or fl. ... National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Christian Democratic Union (Christen-Democratische Unie) Christian Historical Union (Christelijke-Historische Unie) Communist Party of Holland (Communistische Partij Holland) Freethinking Democratic League (Vrijzinnig Democratische Bond) League for National Recovery (Verbond voor Nationaal Herstel) Liberal State Party (Liberale Staatspartij) National Socialist Movement... Jhr. ... Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy (13 April 1885 – 7 September 1961) Dutch politician, born near Sneek, in The Netherlands. ...

In the Second World War members of the ARP play a role in both the governments in exile, of which many were led by Pieter Gerbrandy and the resistance movements. The resistance paper Trouw was founded by ARP'ers. Many future ARP MPs began their political career in the Dutch resistance. // In World War I the Netherlands succeeded in remaining neutral, although the sympathies were clearly more on the German side than on the British. ... Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy (13 April 1885 – 7 September 1961) Dutch politician, born near Sneek, in The Netherlands. ... Members of the Dutch Eindhoven Resistance with troops of the US 101st Airborne in front of the Eindhoven cathedral during Operation Market Garden in September 1944. ... Trouw is a Dutch newspaper. ...

1945-1980

1946 election poster depicting a dike standing against a communist storm. It reads "Strengthen the Dike"

After the Second World War the ARP returned to Dutch politics. The anti-revolutionary Jo Meynen was minister of War, without support of his parliamentary party though. Image File history File links ARP-1946. ... Image File history File links ARP-1946. ...

In the 1946 elections Jan Schouten led the party. It lost four seats. During the formation in became clear that the ARP could not govern: it was heavily opposed to decolonization of the Dutch Indies. It saw the Dutch colonial empire as one of the conditions for continued wealth and power for the Netherlands. The social-democrats and the Catholics did favour decolonization, under heavy pressure of the United States. For six years the ARP was relatively isolated. In 1948 a theological conflict within the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands led to a break between the Reformed Church and the Reformed Churches (liberated). This also had political repercussions, Reformed Political Alliance was set up by members of the liberated churches. They were unable to win seats until 1959. The party remained stable in the 1948 elections and remained in opposition. Introduction After the German occupation, the party system changed by mergers and reorganisations National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Christian Historical Union (Christelijke-Historische Unie) Communist Party of the Netherlands (Communistische Partij Nederland), a continuation of the Communist Party of Holland Freedom party (Partij voor de Vrijheid... Jan Arnoldus Schouten (August 28, 1883 - January 20, 1971) was a Dutch mathematician. ... The Dutch East Indies, or Netherlands East Indies, (Dutch: Nederlands Indië) was the name of the colonies set up by the Dutch East India Company, which came under administration of the Netherlands during the 19th century (see Indonesia). ... For the Belgian political party of the same name, see Partij van de Arbeid (Belgium). ... The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Dutch: Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland, in short Gereformeerde kerk) was the second largest protestant church in the Netherlands until it merged into the Protestant Church in the Netherlands in 2004. ... The Gereformeerd Politiek Verbond was a political party in the Netherlands. ... Elections in the Netherlands for the Tweede Kamer of Parliament National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Catholic National Party (Katholieke Nationale Partij) Catholic Peoples Party (Katholieke Volkspartij) Christian Historical Union (Christelijke-Historische Unie) Communist Party of the Netherlands (Communistische Partij Nederland) Labour Party (Partij van de...

1959 election poster depicting Zijlstra.

After the 1952 elections the ARP returned to the cabinet, which was consisted out of the confessional ARP, CHU, KVP and the social-democratic PvdA, led by the social-democrat Drees. Jelle Zijlstra became minister of economic affairs. In the 1956 elections in which Jelle Zijlstra becomes political leader the ARP kept its 10% of the vote, but due to the expansion of the Tweede Kamer it got 15 seats. A conflict between the PvdA and the KVP causes the early downfall of the cabinet. The ARP remains part of the care-taker cabinet led by Louis Beel. In the 1959 elections the ARP loses another seat. It continues to be part of the cabinet, now led by Jan de Quay. The three confessional parties are joined by the conservative liberal VVD. After the 1963 elections the cabinet continues, now led by Victor Marijnen. The new anti-revolutionary leader Barend Biesheuvel becomes Minister of Agriculture. In 1965 this cabinet falls over a conflict between the liberals and the confessionals. The PvdA joins the ARP and the KVP in a new cabinet, led by Jo Cals. This cabinet falls after one year, over conflict between the KVP and PvdA over government spending. The ARP joins the PvdA on its plea for more government spending. A care-taker government is formed by KVP and ARP. It is led by former ARP-leader Jelle Zijlstra. In the 1967 election campaign the ARP, CHU and KVP declare that will continue to govern together. This leads to considerable conflict with the KVP, which also spills over the ARP. The younger generation wants to govern with the PvdA. The ARP wins two seats, but the KVP loses eight seats. A new liberal/confessional cabinet is formed. Biesheuvel does not enter government but instead chooses to remain in parliament. Image File history File links ARP-1959. ... Image File history File links ARP-1959. ... National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Catholic National Party (Katholieke Nationale Partij) Catholic Peoples Party (Katholieke Volkspartij) Christian Historical Union (Christelijke-Historische Unie) Communist Party of the Netherlands (Communistische Partij Nederland) Labour Party (Partij van de Arbeid) Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy (Volkspartij voor... Prime Minister of the Netherlands Willem Drees (July 5, 1886-May 14, 1988) was a Dutch politician, prime minister of the Netherlands from 1948 until 1958, as a member of the social-democratic Dutch Labour Party (PvdA). ... Jelle Zijlstra (August 27, 1918-December 23, 2001) was a Dutch politician, prime minister of the Netherlands for an intermediary cabinet from 1966 until 1967, as a member of the Protestant ARP party. ... The number of seats in the Tweede Kamer was shortly after the elections enlarged to 150 seats National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Catholic Peoples Party (Katholieke Volkspartij) Christian Historical Union (Christelijke-Historische Unie) Communist Party of the Netherlands (Communistische Partij Nederland) Labour Party (Partij van... Prime Minister of the Netherlands Louis Joseph Maria Beel (April 12, 1902 - February 11, 1977) was Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1946 to 1948 and again from 1958 to 1959. ... National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Catholic Peoples Party (Katholieke Volkspartij) Christian Historical Union (Christelijke-Historische Unie) Communist Party of the Netherlands (Communistische Partij Nederland) Labour Party (Partij van de Arbeid) Pacifist Socialist Party (Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij) Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy (Volkspartij voor... Prime Minister of the Netherlands Jan Eduard de Quay (August 26, 1901 - July 4, 1985) was a Dutch political figure. ... The Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie (VVD), literally Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy, is a free market liberal party in the Netherlands. ... National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Catholic Peoples Party (Katholieke Volkspartij) Christian Historical Union (Christelijke-Historische Unie) Communist Party of the Netherlands (Communistische Partij Nederland) FarmersParty (Boerenpartij) Labour Party (Partij van de Arbeid) Pacifist Socialist Party (Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij) Peoples Party for Freedom and... Barend Willem Biesheuvel (April 5, 1920_April 29, 2001) was a Dutch politician, prime minister of the Netherlands from 1971 until 1973, as a member of the Protestant ARP party. ... The Minister of Agriculture is a position in several cabinet governments. ... Jozef Maria Laurens Theo Jo Cals (July 18, 1914-December 30, 1971) was a Dutch politician. ... National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Catholic Peoples Party (Katholieke Volkspartij) Christian Historical Union (Christelijke-Historische Unie) Communist Party of the Netherlands (Communistische Partij Nederland) Democrats 66 (Democraten 66) Farmers Party (Boerenpartij) Labour Party (Partij van de Arbeid) Pacifist Socialist Party (Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij), secession of...

1971 election poster depicting Biesheuvel.

In the 1971 elections the ARP loses two seats, and its confessional allies (KVP and CHU) lose seven and three seats respectively. They get competition from the leftwing christian PPR, which is formed by former KVP'ers joined by some prominent anti-revolutionaries, including Bas de Gaay Fortman, son of Wilhelm de Gaay Fortman, one of the party's ministers. The liberal/confessional cabinet loses its majority. A new government is formed comprising of liberals and confessionals, now joined by moderate social-democrats, who left the "radicalizing" PvdA. This cabinet is led by Barend Biesheuvel. Willem Aantjes becomes the chair of the party's parliamentary party. Under his leadership the ARP fashions itself a new leftwing radical evangelical image, while the CHU retains its conservative image. The cabinet does not hold long: the moderate social-democrats are unable to agree with budget cuts, and the cabinet falls. In the subsequent elections the ARP wins one seat. After long coalition talks several prominent anti-revolutionaries, including Wilhelm de Gaay Fortman, join the progressive cabinet led by Joop den Uyl. The cabinet is ridden with conflicts between the confessional politicians and the progressive politicians. Image File history File links ARP-1971. ... Image File history File links ARP-1971. ... National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Catholic Peoples Party (Katholieke Volkspartij) Christian Historical Union (Christelijke-Historische Unie) Communist Party of the Netherlands (Communistische Partij Nederland) Ducth Middle Class Party (Nederlandse Middenstandspartij) Democratic Socialist 1970 (Democratisch Socialisten 1970), secession of the Labour Party Democrats 66 (Democraten 66... The Christian Left or Religious Left are terms used to describe those who hold a strong Christian belief and share left-wing, liberal, or socialist ideals. ... The Political Party of Radicals (PPR) was dutch leftwing political party. ... Bastian (Bas) de Gaay Fortman (born November 6, 1937, the Hague) is a dutch politician and scholar. ... National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Catholic Peoples Party (Katholieke Volkspartij) Christian Historical Union (Christelijke-Historische Unie) Communist Party of the Netherlands (Communistische Partij Nederland) Democratic Socialist 1970 (Democratisch Socialisten 1970) Democrats 66 (Democraten 66) Farmers Party (Boerenpartij) Labour Party (Partij van de Arbeid) Pacifist Socialist... Prime Minister of the Netherlands Dr. Johannes Marten Joop den Uyl (August 9, 1919 - December 24, 1987) was a Dutch politician, prime minister of the Netherlands from 1973 until 1977, as a member of the socialist PvdA party. ...

Dissolution

Meanwhile a process of merger has started between the KVP, ARP and CHU. In 1974 they found a federation called the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). In the formation of a common Christian-democratic identity anti-revolutionary Aantjes plays a decisive role: he orients the party towards the sermon on the Mount where Christ says that Christians should clothe the naked and feed the hungry. In the 1977 elections they campaign together under the name of the CDA. Some prominent anti-revolutionaries, like Aantjes did not agree the CDA/VVD cabinet that is formed after the elections, and wanted to continue with the PvdA, politically they support the cabinet however. A group of these anti-revolutionaries leaves the CDA in 1981 to found the left-wing Christian Evangelical People's Party. The Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) (Dutch: Christen Democratisch Appèl) is a Dutch Christian-democratic political party. ... The Sermon on the Mount was, according to the Gospel of Matthew 5-7, a particular sermon given by Jesus of Nazareth (estimated around AD 30) on a mountainside to his disciples and a large crowd. ... The Evangelical Peoples Party (Dutch: Evangelische Volkspartij) was a party of the Christian Left in the Netherlands. ...

The power of anti-revolutionaries within the CDA is still large. The current prime minister of the Netherlands, Jan Peter Balkenende comes from an anti-revolutionary family. His colleague Piet Hein Donner comes from a prominent anti-revolutionary family, who also brought forth minister Jan Donner. Dr. Jan Peter Balkenende   (born on 7 May 1956), has served as Prime Minister of The Netherlands since 22 July 2002. ... Jan Pieter Hendrik Donner (born 20 October 1948 in Amsterdam) was Dutch Minister of Justice in the third Balkenende cabinet as member of the Dutch Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). ...

Name

The ARP derived its name "Anti Revolutionary Party" from its opposition to the ideals of the liberal French Revolution (and certiantly against those of marxists). The label conservative was already taken by a parliamentary group of monarchists and colonialists, who fell from favour during the late 1800s. In its early years the terms anti-revolutionary and Christian-historical were used interchangeable. With the split between the ARP and the Christian Historical Union the terms began to gain their own separate meanings. i heart kate young The French Revolution was a period of major political and social change in the political history of France and Europe as a whole, during which the French governmental structure, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy, underwent radical change to... Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment, preservation, or restoration of a monarchy. ... Colonialism is a system in which a state claims sovereignty over territory and people outside its own boundaries, often to facilitate economic domination over their resources, labor, and often markets. ... The Christian-Historical Union (CHU) was a Dutch Protestant political party. ...

Ideology & Issues

The ARP started out as an orthodox Protestant party, heavily opposed to the ideals of the French revolution. Against the revolution, they put the Bible: instead of liberty, it favoured divine providence, instead of equality it favoured hierarchy and instead of brotherhood it favoured sovereignty in its own circle. Its ideals could be summed up in the trio "God, the Netherlands and the House of Orange". For most of its history it had this conservative Protestant image. In the 1960s and 1970s the party began to create a more leftwing radical evangelical image. Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... Liberty is generally considered a concept of political philosophy and identifies the condition in which an individual has immunity from the arbitrary exercise of authority. ... In theology, Divine Providence, or simply Providence, is the sovereignty, superintendence, or agency of God over events in peoples lives and throughout history. ... Social equality is a social state of affairs in which certain different people have the same status in a certain respect, minimally at least in voting rights, freedom of speech and assembly, and property rights. ... A hierarchy (in Greek: , it is derived from -hieros, sacred, and -arkho, rule) is a system of ranking and organizing things or people, where each element of the system (except for the top element) is subordinate to a single other element. ... Look up brotherhood in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Pillarization is a term used to describe the way their dutch and belgians dealt with the multicultural societies. ... This article discusses the term God in the context of monotheism and henotheism. ... The Principality of Orange The title originally referred to the sovereign principality of Orange in southern France, which was a property of the House of Orange (from 1702 Orange-Nassau). ... Conservatism is a political philosophy that usually favors traditional values and strong foreign defense. ...

God

The ARP was a confessional Protestant party which based its politics on the bible and opposed the concept of popular sovereignty. Poplar sovereignty is the doctrine that the state is created by and subject to the will of the people, who are the source of all political power. ...

The concept of sphere sovereignty was very important for the party. It wanted to create an independent Protestant society within the Dutch society, with its own schools, papers, hospitals etc. It sought equal government finances for its own institutions. Societies should care for their own, therefore they opposed a large role for the state in social-economic policy. In Neo-Calvinism, the idea of sphere sovereignty insists that created boundaries should be affirmed and respected. ... There are several terms used in Dutch politics which are not easily translated into English. ...

The ARP saw an important role for the state in upholding the values of the Dutch people. It was socially conservative: it opposed co-education, mandatory vaccination, divorce, pornography, euthanasia, abortion etc. It also favoured the death penalty SoCon redirects here, for the athletic conference see: Southern Conference // Social conservatism, is a political philosophy that supports what its adherents believe to be traditional morality. They are not opposed to social change per se, but believe that any changes should be directed in such a way as to prohibit...

The Netherlands

The party can be seen as rather nationalist. It favoured a strong defense to retain Dutch neutrality. It opposed decolonization. It saw the colonies in Indonesia, as vital for the continued wealth and influence for the Dutch people. It also wanted to enlighten the native population with Christian values. A neutral country takes no side in a war between other parties, and in return hopes to avoid being attacked by either of them. ...

Orange

The ARP favoured monarchy, and saw the House of Orange as historically and religiously linked to the Dutch people. It opposed changes to Dutch political system, it wanted to retain bicameralism, opposed popular referenda etc. Its commitment to universal suffrage was only tactical the ARP expected that it would be able to gain more seats this way. Principally it wanted Householder Franchise where fathers of each family would vote for his family. The bicameral legislature of the United States is housed in a capitol building with two wings. ... A referendum (plural: referendums or referenda) or plebiscite is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. ... Universal suffrage (also general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to all adults, without distinction as to race, sex, belief, or economic or social status. ... Householder Franchise or census suffrage is where a homeowner has the right to vote in an election. ...

The party was fiscally conservative: the Dutch government should be like a good father: it should not spend more than it got through taxes. This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

Christian Radicalism

In the 1960s and 1970s the party became more leftwing on many issues. Social justice became an important ideal of the party, both nationally, where it began to favour a stronger welfare state, and internationally, where development aid became an important issue. It has been suggested that Welfare capitalism be merged into this article or section. ... It has been suggested that Official Development Assistance, Foreign aid, Tied aid, Aid effectiveness, Output-based aid be merged into this article or section. ...

Representation

In this table the election results of the ARP in Tweede Kamer and Eerste Kamer elections is represented, as well as the party's political leadership: the fractievoorzitter, is the chair of the parliamentary party and the lijsttrekker is the party's top candidate in the general election, these posts are normally taken by the party's leader. If the party is in government, a high ranking minister, often the prime minister can also be party leader. If the high ranking minister is the Prime Minister, this can be seen by the "PM" behind his name. If he is in the cabinet without support of his party his is listed as "independent". The party's membership is also presented in this figure.

Barend Willem Biesheuvel (April 5, 1920_April 29, 2001) was a Dutch politician, prime minister of the Netherlands from 1971 until 1973, as a member of the Protestant ARP party. ... National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Catholic Peoples Party (Katholieke Volkspartij) Christian Historical Union (Christelijke-Historische Unie) Communist Party of the Netherlands (Communistische Partij Nederland) Democrats 66 (Democraten 66) Farmers Party (Boerenpartij) Labour Party (Partij van de Arbeid) Pacifist Socialist Party (Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij), secession of... National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Catholic Peoples Party (Katholieke Volkspartij) Christian Historical Union (Christelijke-Historische Unie) Communist Party of the Netherlands (Communistische Partij Nederland) Ducth Middle Class Party (Nederlandse Middenstandspartij) Democratic Socialist 1970 (Democratisch Socialisten 1970), secession of the Labour Party Democrats 66 (Democraten 66... National summary Parties Anti Revolutionary Party (Anti-Revolutionaire Partij) Catholic Peoples Party (Katholieke Volkspartij) Christian Historical Union (Christelijke-Historische Unie) Communist Party of the Netherlands (Communistische Partij Nederland) Democratic Socialist 1970 (Democratisch Socialisten 1970) Democrats 66 (Democraten 66) Farmers Party (Boerenpartij) Labour Party (Partij van de Arbeid) Pacifist Socialist...

Municipal and Provincial Government

The party was particularly strong in rural municipal and provincial governments. Especially in Friesland, Overijssel, Zeeland and the Veluwe the party was particularly strong. There are several terms used in Dutch politics which are not easily translated into English. ... There are several terms used in Dutch politics which are not easily translated into English. ... Capital Leeuwarden Queens Commissioner drs. ... Flag of Overijssel Overijssel is a province of the Netherlands, located in the central eastern part of the country. ... Capital Middelburg Queens Commissioner drs. ... A forest on the Veluwe The Veluwe is a forest-rich ridge of hills in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands. ...

Electorate

The electorate of the ARP has seen three decisive shifts, especially in its relation with the CHU, the other Protestant party. Although dates are given here, the changes were gradual

• Between 1879 and 1917 the ARP appealed to "kleine luyden" (Dutch for the little people), the middle class, farmers, and workers, as a confessional party that favoured universal suffrage.
• Between 1917 and 1967 the ARP appealed to members of the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands.
• Between 1967 and 1977, in the time of secularization and depillarization the party was able to appeal to younger generations, as the more leftwing confessional party.

Universal suffrage (also general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to all adults, without distinction as to race, sex, belief, or economic or social status. ... The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Dutch: Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland, in short Gereformeerde kerk) was the second largest protestant church in the Netherlands until it merged into the Protestant Church in the Netherlands in 2004. ... Pillarization is a term used to describe the way their dutch and belgians dealt with the multicultural societies. ...

Organization

National Organization

The party's national secretariat was long housed in the Kuyper House in The Hague. It now houses the national secretariat of the CDA Arms of The Hague Flag of The city of The Hague. ... The Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) (Dutch: Christen Democratisch Appèl) is a Dutch Christian-democratic political party. ...

Linked organisations

The party published the magazine "Nederlandse Gedachten" ("Dutch Thoughts"). Its youth organization was the Anti-Revolutionaire Jongeren Studieclubs (Anti-Revolutionary Youth Studyclubs). Its scientific institute was the Dr. A. Kuyper foundation.

International organisations

Internationally the ARP was a relatively isolated party. In the European Parliament its members sat in the Christian Democratic faction. 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... EPP-ED logo The European Peoples Party - European Democrats is a group in the European Parliament. ...

Pillarized organisations

The party had close ties to many Protestant organizations, such as the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, the Protestant broadcaster NCRV, the employers' organization NCW, the trade union CNV, and the paper De Standaard and after the Second World War, the Trouw. Together these organizations formed the Protestant pillar. The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Dutch: Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland, in short Gereformeerde kerk) was the second largest protestant church in the Netherlands until it merged into the Protestant Church in the Netherlands in 2004. ... NCRV or Nederlandse Christelijke Radio Vereniging (Dutch Christian Radio Association) is a radio and television broadcaster in the Netherlands, mostly transmitting over Nederland 1. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... Christelijk Nationaal Vakverbond (CNV, Christian National Trade Union) is a federation of trade unions of the Netherlands. ... De Standaard (The Standard) is a Flemish daily newspaper with a circulation of 80,696 [1]. The first edition appeared on 4 December 1918. ... Trouw is a Dutch newspaper. ... Pillarization is a term used to describe the way their dutch and belgians dealt with the multicultural societies. ...

Relationships to other parties

Because of the philosophy of anti-thesis it has strong links with the Catholic parties (General League/RKSP/KVP and the CHU. In the period 1879 to 1917 it saw the liberal LU as its main opponent. After 1917 it saw the social democratic SDAP as its main opponent, and it formed several governments with liberals. There are several terms used in Dutch politics which are not easily translated into English. ... The Algemeene Bond van RK-kiesverenigingen (General League of Roman-Catholic Caucasuses, informally called General League) was a Dutch Catholic Chrisitian-democratic political party. ... Roman-Catholic Political Party (Rooms-Katholieke Staatspartij, RKSP) was a Dutch Catholic Christian-Democratic political party. ... The Katholieke Volkspartij (in English: Catholic Peoples Party; abbreviated as KVP) was a Catholic Christian-democratic Dutch political party. ... The Christian-Historical Union (CHU) was a Dutch Protestant political party. ... Categories: Politics stubs | Liberal related stubs | Historical liberal parties | Netherlands political parties ... The Social Democratic Workers Party (in Dutch: Sociaal Democratische Arbeiders Partij, SDAP) was a Dutch socialist political party and a predecessor of the social-democratic PvdA. // Party History 1893-1904 The SDAP was founded by members of the Sociaal-Democratische Bond (SDB) after a conflict between anarchist and reformist factions. ...

After the Second World War, the ARP became more isolated because of its position on the decolonization of the Dutch Indies. After Indonesia became independent, it joined the PvdA, KVP and the CHU in the cabinet. Links with the KVP were exceptionally good and it governed with the KVP and either the CHU and the PvdA. After the 1960s calls to govern with the PvdA became stronger. The Dutch East Indies, or Netherlands East Indies, (Dutch: Nederlands Indië) was the name of the colonies set up by the Dutch East India Company, which came under administration of the Netherlands during the 19th century (see Indonesia). ... For the Belgian political party of the same name, see Partij van de Arbeid (Belgium). ... The Katholieke Volkspartij (in English: Catholic Peoples Party; abbreviated as KVP) was a Catholic Christian-democratic Dutch political party. ... Chu could refer to: The Chu river valley in modern Kyrgyzstan. ...

International Comparison

Internationally the ARP is very similar to the Scandinavian Christian Democrats (such as the Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and the Finnish Christian Democrats), they are all socially and fiscally conservative, with a social heart. All have their roots in orthodox tendencies within the national church. It also shared similarities in its conservative policy with the UK Conservatives and the US Republicans. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Republican Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States; the other being the Democratic Party. ...