Germans execute Poles against a prison wall, Leszno, Poland, October 1939.

Anti-Polonism (alternatively spelled antipolonism; also, Polonophobia) is a term denoting hostility toward Poles, or more precisely an irrational or malicious hostility toward Poles as a nation or as a cultural community. Anti-Polonism has been prominent in some countries during certain periods in history. It has manifested in individual behaviors as well as in institutionalized prejudice and persecution. It is often associated with a Polish "black legend" and a belief that almost any evil or folly may be laid at the doorstep of the Poles. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Coat of Arms of Leszno Leszno (pronunciation) is a town in central Poland with 63,300 inhabitants (2001). ... October is the tenth month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... 1939 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... For publications of this name, see also Nation (disambiguation) The most popular modern ethical and philosophical doctrines state that all humans are divided into groups called nations. ... The word culture comes from the Latin root colere (to inhabit, to cultivate, or to honor). ... A Community is an amalgamation of living things that share an environment. ... The Black Legend (in Spanish, leyenda negra) is the depiction of Spain and the Spaniards as bloodthirsty and cruel, greedy and fanatical, in excess of reality. ...

Germany concentration camp badge: required wear for Polish inmates.

It should be noted that the term anti-Polonism has not found wide currency in the English language. It does not appear in major English-language dictionaries, and LexisNexis shows it to have been used rarely in English-language dailies or magazines within the past 10 years. It has, however, appeared in some scholarly works ([1]). To the extent that people believe that Poles, Polonia and Poland continue to be treated as objects of ridicule, discrimination and exploitation, "anti-Polonism" and the kindred term "Polonophobia" may enter more widespread use. author emax File links The following pages link to this file: Anti-Polonism ... author emax File links The following pages link to this file: Anti-Polonism ... A concentration camp is a large detention center created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... ... LexisNexis is a popular searchable archive of content from newspapers, magazines, legal documents and other printed sources. ... A day is any of several different units of time. ... A collection of magazines A magazine is a periodical publication containing a variety of articles on various subjects. ... Polonia is the Latin, Italian, Spanish name for Poland. ...

Hostility toward Poles—analogously to other ethnic phobias—has been used as a tool by demagogues seeking their own personal, or their own ethnic group's, aggrandizement at the expense of a disparaged, demonized or dehumanized people. This article or section should be merged with ethnic group Ethnicity is the cultural characteristics that connect a particular group or groups of people to each other. ... The term phobia, which comes from the Greek word for fear (φόβος, fobos), denotes a number of psychological and physiological conditions that can range from serious disabilities to common fears to minor quirks. ... Demagogy is the set of methods used by demagogues. ...

Poles awaiting deportation to slave labor in Germany during WW II.

Forms of hostility toward Poles have included: This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... German soldiers at the Battle of Stalingrad World War II was the most extensive and costly armed conflict in the history of the world, involving the great majority of the worlds nations, being fought simultaneously in several major theatres, and costing tens of millions of lives. ...

• Racist hostility, a variety of xenophobia;
• cultural hostility: a strong prejudice against Poles and Polish-speaking persons;
• organized persecution of Poles as an ethnic or cultural group, often based on a belief that Polish culture or interests are a threat to one's own national aspirations.

An African-American drinks out of a water cooler designated for use by colored patrons in 1939 at a streetcar terminal in Oklahoma City. ... Xenophobia denotes fear of strangers or of the unknown and comes from the Greek words ξένος (xenos), meaning foreigner, stranger, and φόβος (phobos), meaning fear.The term is typically used to describe fear or dislike of foreigners, but racism in general is sometimes described as a form of xenophobia. ...

Organized persecution of ethnic Poles (to 1918)

When the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth totally lost its independence in 1795 and remained partitioned for 123 years, ethnic Poles were subjected to Germanization under Prussian and later under German rule, and to Russification in areas annexed by Imperial Russia. In Russian-occupied areas, many thousands of Poles who advocated Polish independence were exiled to Siberia. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... 1795 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Partitions of Poland ( Polish Rozbiór or Rozbiory Polski) happened in the 18th century and ended the existence of a sovereign state of Poland (or more correctly the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). ... The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 The word Prussia (German: Preußen or Preussen, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian: Prūsai, Latin: Borussia) has had various (often contradictory) meanings: The land of the Baltic Prussians (in what is now parts of southern Lithuania, the Kaliningrad exclave of Russia and... This article is about the political term. ... Imperial Russia is the term used to cover the period of Russian history from the expansion of Russia under Peter the Great, through the expansion of the Russian Empire from the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, to the deposal of Nicholas II of Russia, the last tsar, at the start... Exile is a form of punishment. ... Siberia Siberia (Russian: Сиби́рь, common English transliterations: Sibir, Sibir; possibly from the Mongolian for the calm land) is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting almost all of northern Asia. ...

Organized persecution of ethnic Poles (1918-1939)

German soldiers executing 15 inhabitants of Kórnik, in western Poland, October 20, 1939.

After Poland regained her independence following the First World War as the Second Republic of Poland, the question of her borders was not settled. Poles were persecuted in the disputed territories, especially in Silesia, where this led to the Silesian Uprisings. During the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-21, many Polish prisoners of war were summarily executed by the Red Army. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... October 20 is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 72 days remaining. ... 1939 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... World War I After World War I and the collapse of the Russian, German and Austro-Hungarian Empires, Poland became an independent republic. ... Silesia (Polish ÅšlÄ…sk, German Schlesien, Czech Slezsko) is a historical region in central Europe. ... The Silesian Uprisings (Polish: Powstania śląskie) was a series of three military insurections (1919-1921) of the Polish people in the Upper Silesia region against the German/Prussian forces in order to force them out the region and join it with Poland, that regained her independence after the World War... Polish-Bolshevik War Conflict Polish-Bolshevik War Date 1919–1921 Place Central and Eastern Europe Result Polish victory The Polish-Soviet War was the war (February 1919 – March 1921) that determined the borders between the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic and Second Polish Republic. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... Red Army flag The short forms Red Army and RKKA refer to the Workers and Peasants Red Army, (Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия - Raboche-Krestyanskaya Krasnaya Armiya in Russian), the armed forces organised by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918. ...

The aftermath of the Polish-Ukrainian War (1918-19), the Polish-Soviet War (1919-21) and the Treaty of Riga (1921), coupled with Soviet propaganda, led to growing tensions between Poles and Ukrainians in eastern Poland. Orlęta, a 1926 painting by Wojciech Kossak The Polish-Ukrainian War of 1918 and 1919 was a conflict between the forces of Poland and Western-Ukrainian Peoples Republic for the control over the Eastern Galicia after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary. ... The Peace of Riga (also known as the Treaty of Riga, Polish: Traktat Ryski) signed on 18th March 1921 between Poland and Soviet Russia ended the Polish-Bolshevik War. ... North Korean propaganda showing a soldier destroying the United States Capitol building. ...

Genocide against Poles (1939-1945)

Four Polish children tied to a tree with barbed wire at the village of Łobozowa (Tarnopol County), part of large-scale massacres of Poles in Volhynia (prewar southeastern Poland) by Ukrainians in 1943.

Mass graves of murdered Polish military officers at Katyń Wood, near Smolensk in western Russia.

Hostility toward Poles reached a particular peak during World War II, when all of Polish society was an object of German genocidal policies. Poland lost approximately a third of her population. Millions of Poles died in German concentration camps such as Auschwitz, where Poles were the second most numerous victims after the Jews. Four children tied to a tree with barbed wire Village of Łobozowa (powiat of Tarnopol) Massacre of Poles in Volhynia, 1943 File links The following pages link to this file: Massacres of Poles in Volhynia Anti-Polonism Categories: Pre-1994 Poland images ... Four children tied to a tree with barbed wire Village of Łobozowa (powiat of Tarnopol) Massacre of Poles in Volhynia, 1943 File links The following pages link to this file: Massacres of Poles in Volhynia Anti-Polonism Categories: Pre-1994 Poland images ... Modern barbed wire Barbed wire is a type of fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points arranged at intervals along the strand(s). ... Ternopil (Тернопіль in Ukrainian, Tarnopol in Polish, Ternopol in Russian) is a city in Western Ukraine, located at the banks of the Seret river. ... The Massacre of Poles in Volhynia refers to the action of ethnic cleansing of the area of Volhynia (Polish Wołyń) by forces of Ukrainian nationalists. ... 1943 is a common year starting on Friday. ... Katyn Massacre, picture published by German propaganda during the World War II, author unknown. ... Katyn Massacre, picture published by German propaganda during the World War II, author unknown. ... The Katyń Forest Massacre, also known as the Katyn massacre, was the mass execution of Polish citizens by the Soviet Union during World War II. Initially, the expression referred to the massacre of the Polish officers from the Kozielsk POW camp in Katyn forest near the village of Gnezdovo, a... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km (over 11 miles) into the air. ... Look up Genocide in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Genocide has been defined as the deliberate killing of people based on their ethnicity, nationality, race, religion, or (sometimes) politics, as well as other deliberate action(s)leading to the physical elimination of any of the above categories. ... A concentration camp is a large detention center created for political opponents, aliens, specific ethnic or religious groups, civilians of a critical war-zone, or other groups of people, often during a war. ... Auschwitz, in English, commonly refers to the Auschwitz concentration camp complex built near the town of Oświęcim, by Nazi Germany during World War II. Rarely, it may refer to the Polish town of Oświęcim (called by the Germans Auschwitz) itself. ...

"No Poles allowed": sign, in German, outside [Woodrow] Wilson Park, Poznań, Poland, 1941.

The Soviet occupation of Polish territories during World War II was also extremely brutal. Polish prisoners of war were executed in the infamous Katyn Massacre and at other sites, and thousands of Polish intelligentsia, including academics and priests, were sent to labor camps (GuLags). This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... No Poles allowed: sign, in German, outside [Woodrow] Wilson Park, PoznaÅ„, Poland, 1941. ... The Poznan is also a breed of horse. ... 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Katyń Forest Massacre, also known as the Katyn massacre, was the mass execution of Polish citizens by the Soviet Union during World War II. Initially, the expression referred to the massacre of the Polish officers from the Kozielsk POW camp in Katyn forest near the village of Gnezdovo, a... The intelligentsia is a social class of intellectuals and social groups close to them (e. ... Gulag (Russian: ГУЛАГ  listen?, an acronym for Главное Управление Исправительно— Трудовых Лагерей и колонии, Glavnoye Upravleniye Ispravitelno-trudovykh Lagerey i kolonii, The Chief Directorate [or Administration] of Corrective Labour Camps and Colonies) was the branch of the Soviet internal police and security service that operated the penal system of forced labour camps and associated detention and transit camps...

With the conclusion of the Second World War, Nazi atrocities perforce ended. Soviet atrocities, however, continued. Soldiers of Poland's Home Army (Armia Krajowa) and returned veterans of the Polish Armed Forces that had served with the Western Allies were persecuted, imprisoned and often executed following staged trials (as in the case of Witold Pilecki, organizer of Auschwitz resistance). For other meanings of Home Army see: Home Army (disambiguation) The Armia Krajowa or AK (Home Army) functioned as the pre-eminent underground military organization in German-occupied Poland, which functioned in all areas of the country from September 1939 until its disbanding in January 1945. ... The Armia Krajowa or AK (Home Army) functioned as the pre-eminent underground military organization in German-occupied Poland, which was active in all areas of the country from September 1939 until its disbanding in January 1945. ... The term show trial serves most commonly to label a type of public trial in which the judicial authorities have already determined the guilt of the accused: the actual trial has as its only goal to present the accusation and the verdict to the public as an impressive example and... Witold Pilecki (May 13, 1901 – May 25, 1948; pronounced [vitɔld pileʦki]; codenames Roman Jezierski, Tomasz Serafiński, Druh, Witold) was a soldier of the Second Polish Republic, founder of the resistance movement Secret Polish Army (Tajna Armia Polska) and member of the Home Army (Armia Krajowa). ...

Persistent prejudices against Poles (1945 to present)

German police action against Poles in Krzesiny on November 23, 1941.

More recent, "milder" forms of hostility toward Poles have included disparaging "Polish jokes" and libelous references to World War II-era "Polish death camps" (actually German concentration camps, on occupied Polish territory, whose victims included millions of Poles). Only slightly less obnoxious are the persistent German canards, dating back to World War II and meant to illustrate Polish stupidity or incompetence, that Polish cavalry "bravely but futilely" charged German tanks, and that the Polish Air Force was wiped out on the ground on the opening day of the war. Neither of those are true, as discussed at Myths of the Polish September Campaign. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ... 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... See also the related article on Nazi concentration camps The following is a list of German concentration camps during World War II. are marked with pink, while major concentration camps of are marked with blue. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Flag of the Polish Air Force Polish Air Force (Siły Powietrzne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, Sily Powietrzne RP) - the Air Force of Poland. ... Polish September Campaign Conflict World War II Date 1 September - 6 October 1939 Place Poland Result Decisive German and Soviet victory The Polish September Campaign — also known as Polish-German War of 1939, in Poland often as Wojna obronna 1939 roku (Defensive War of 1939), in Germany as Polish Campaign...

Polish minority rights are increasingly abused in totalitarian regime of Alexander Lukashenko of Belarus, where approximately 0,5 million of Poles live. The Belarussian authorities claim that their pro-western Polish neighbours are trying to destabiise the regime, and see the Polish minority as a fifth column. In May and June they have expelled a Polish diplomat, closed a Polish-language newspaper and replaced the democratically elected leadership of a local Polish organisation, the Union of Poles in Belarus (UPB), with their own nominees. Source. The concept of Totalitarianism is a typology or ideal-type used by some political scientists to encapsulate the characteristics of a number of twentieth century regimes that mobilized entire populations in support of the state or an ideology. ... Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko (Lukashenka) (Russian: Алекса́ндр Григо́рьевич Лукаше́нко, Belarusian: Алякса́ндр Рыго́равіч Лукашэ́нка, Alaksandar Ryhoravič Lukašenka) (born August 30, 1954) is the current President of Belarus. ...

See also

Hanging of 3 Poles by Germans in Kutno on June 9, 1941.

• Anglophobia
• Anti-Semitism
• Lebensraum
• List of Polish Martyrdom sites
• Massacre of Lwów professors
• Nur für Deutsche
• -phobia
• Racism
• Western betrayal
• Xenophobia

This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Kutno is a town in central Poland with 51,000 inhabitants (1995). ... June 9 is the 160th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (161st in leap years), with 205 days remaining. ... 1941 was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Anglophobia is the fear or hatred of England, particularly its inhabitants or anything of its origin. ... Anti-Semitism (alternatively spelled antisemitism) is hostility towards Jews (not: Semites - see the Misnomer section further on). ... Lebensraum (from the German for living space) is an idea that was used to justify the expansionist politics of Nazi Germany. ... List of Polish Martyrology sites lists the sites, where Poles were detained, imprisoned, forced to slave labor and exterminated. ... The murder of Lwów professors was the mass execution of approximately 45 Polish professors of the University of Lwów, their families and guests, committed in July 1941 in Lwów. ... No Poles allowed: sign, in German, outside [Woodrow] Wilson Park, PoznaÅ„, Poland, 1941. ... The English suffix -phobia is technically used to describe irrational, disabling fear as a mental disorder, and commonly misused to describe hatred of a particular thing or subject. ... An African-American drinks out of a water cooler designated for use by colored patrons in 1939 at a streetcar terminal in Oklahoma City. ... Western betrayal is a concept, particularly popular among several Central European nations (including Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia). ... Xenophobia denotes fear of strangers or of the unknown and comes from the Greek words ξένος (xenos), meaning foreigner, stranger, and φόβος (phobos), meaning fear.The term is typically used to describe fear or dislike of foreigners, but racism in general is sometimes described as a form of xenophobia. ...

External links

• THE CRYSTALLIZATION OF ETHNIC IDENITY IN THE PROCESS OF MASS ETHNOPHOBIAS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE (The Second Half of the 19th Century) DOC format
• The Civic Identity of Russifying Officials in the Empire’s Northwestern Region after 1863