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An anticoagulant is a substance that prevents coagulation; that is, it stops blood from clotting. A group of pharmaceuticals called anticoagulants can be used in vivo as a medication for thrombotic disorders. Some chemical compounds are used in medical equipment, such as test tubes, blood transfusion bags, and renal dialysis equipment. They also have military applications, whereby their introduction into the wounds of enemy soldiers will make their treatment significantly more difficult. Coagulation is the thickening or congealing of any liquid into solid clots. ...
Human blood smear: a - erythrocytes; b - neutrophil; c - eosinophil; d - lymphocyte. ...
Thrombosis is the formation of a clot or thrombus inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. ...
A test tube (Sometimes culture tube) is a kind of laboratory glassware, composed of a fingerlike length of glass tubing, open at the top, sometimes with a rounded lip at the top, and a rounded U shaped bottom. ...
Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into the circulatory system of another. ...
This article is about clinical dialysis; for the laboratory technique, see Dialysis (biochemistry) In medicine, dialysis is a method for removing waste such as urea from the blood when the kidneys are incapable of this, i. ...
As medications
Anticoagulants are given to people to stop thrombosis (blood clotting inappropriately in the blood vessels). This is useful in primary and secondary prevention of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarctions and strokes in those who are predisposed. This article is about Deep-vein thrombosis. ...
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI or MI), more commonly known as a heart attack, is a disease state that occurs when the blood supply to a part of the heart is interrupted. ...
For other uses, see Stroke (disambiguation). ...
Vitamin K antagonists The oral anticoagulants are a class of pharmaceuticals that act by antagonizing the effects of vitamin K. Examples include warfarin. It is important to note that they take at least 48 to 72 hours for the anticoagulant effect to develop fully. In cases when any immediate effect is required, heparin must be given concomitantly. Generally, these anticoagulants are used to treat patients with deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, atrial fibrillation, and mechanical prosthetic heart valves. Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmakon (φάÏμακον) meaning drug, and lego (λÎγω) to tell (about)) is the study of how drugs interact with living organisms to produce a change in function. ...
Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone). ...
Warfarin (also known under the brand names of Coumadin, Jantoven, Marevan, and Waran) is an anticoagulant medication that is administered orally or, very rarely, by injection. ...
Heparin, a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan is widely used as an injectable anticoagulant and has the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule. ...
DVT can also refer to Driving Van Trailer Deep venous thrombosis (or DVT) is the occlusion of a deep vein by a blood clot (thrombus). It generally affects the leg veins, such as the femoral vein or the popliteal vein, or occasionally the veins of the arm (Paget-von Schroetter...
Atrial fibrillation (AF or afib) is a cardiac arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm) that involves the two upper chambers (atria) of the heart. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Heart valve prosthesis. ...
Adverse effects Patients aged 80 years or more may be especially susceptible to bleeding complications with a rate of 13 bleeds per 100 person-years.[1]
These oral anticoagulants are used widely as poisons for mammalian pests, especially rodents. (For details, see rodenticide and warfarin.) Families Many, see text The order Rodentia is the most numerous of all the branches on the mammal family tree. ...
Rat poisons are a category of pest control chemicals intended to kill rats. ...
Warfarin (also known under the brand names of Coumadin, Jantoven, Marevan, and Waran) is an anticoagulant medication that is administered orally or, very rarely, by injection. ...
Available agents The most important oral anticoagulants are: Warfarin (also known under the brand names of Coumadin, Jantoven, Marevan, and Waran) is an anticoagulant medication that is administered orally or, very rarely, by injection. ...
Acenocoumarol is a anticoagulant that functions as a vitamin K antagonist (like warfarin). ...
Phenprocoumon is an anticoagulant, functioning as a Vitamin K antagonist. ...
Phenindione is an anticoagulant which functions as a Vitamin K antagonist. ...
Heparin and derivative substances Heparin is a biological substance, usually made from pig intestines. It works by activating antithrombin III, which blocks thrombin from clotting blood. Heparin can be used in vivo (by injection), and also in vitro to prevent blood or plasma clotting in or on medical devices. Vacutainer brand test tubes containing heparin are usually colored green. Heparin, a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan is widely used as an injectable anticoagulant and has the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule. ...
For other uses, see Pig (disambiguation). ...
Antithrombin is a small molecule that inactivates several enzymes of the coagulation system. ...
In vivo (Latin for (with)in the living). ...
Wiktionary has a definition of: In vitro In vitro (Latin: within glass) means within a test tube, or, more generally, outside a living organism or cell. ...
Low molecular weight heparin Low molecular weight heparin is a more highly processed product that is useful as it does not require monitoring of the APTT coagulation parameter (it has more predictable plasma levels) and has fewer side effects. In medicine, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is a class of medication used as an anticoagulant in diseases that feature thrombosis, as well as for prophylaxis in situations that lead to a high risk of thrombosis. ...
The partial thromboplastin time (PTT) or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is a commonly performed test for the system of coagulation, especially its intrinsic pathway. ...
Coagulation is a complex process by which blood forms solid clots. ...
Synthetic pentasaccharide inhibitors of factor Xa - Fondaparinux is a synthetic sugar composed of the five sugars (pentasaccharide) in heparin that bind to antithrombin. It is a smaller molecule than low molecular weight heparin.
- Idraparinux
Fondaparinux (Arixtra) is an anticoagulant medication. ...
Direct thrombin inhibitors -
Another type of anticoagulant is the direct thrombin inhibitor.[2] Current members of this class include argatroban, lepirudin, and bivalirudin. An oral direct thrombin inhibitor, ximelagatran (Exanta®) was denied approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in September 2004 [1] and was pulled from the market entirely in February 2006 after reports of severe liver damage and heart attacks. [2] Direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) are a class of medication that act as anticoagulants (delaying blood clotting) by directly inhibiting the enzyme thrombin. ...
Direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) are a class of medication that act as anticoagulants (delaying blood clotting) by directly inhibiting the enzyme thrombin. ...
Argatroban is a small molecule direct thrombin inhibitor. ...
Lepirudin is an anticoagulant which functions as a direct thrombin inhibitor. ...
Basic Chemical and Pharmacological Properties Bivalirudin is an anticoagulant and acts as direct thrombin antagonist. ...
Ximelagatran (Exanta®, H 376/95) is an anticoagulant that has been investigated extensively but is awaiting approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). ...
hi “FDA†redirects here. ...
Anticoagulants outside the body Laboratory instruments, test tubes, blood transfusion bags, and medical and surgical equipment will get clogged up and become nonoperational if blood is allowed to clot. Chemicals can be added to stop blood clotting. Apart from heparin, most of these chemicals work by binding calcium ions, preventing the coagulation proteins from using them. A medical laboratory or clinical laboratory is a laboratory where tests are done on biological specimens in order to get information about the health of a patient. ...
Chelation (from Greek χηλή, chelè, meaning claw) is the process of reversible binding (complexation) of a ligand - the chelant, chelator, chelating agent, sequestering agent, or complexing agent - to a metal ion, forming a metal complex, the chelate. ...
General Name, Symbol, Number calcium, Ca, 20 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 4, s Appearance silvery white Standard atomic weight 40. ...
Coagulation is a complex process by which blood forms solid clots. ...
- EDTA is denoted by mauve or purple caps on Vacutainer brand test tubes. This chemical strongly and irreversibly binds calcium. It is in a powdered form.
- Citrate is usually in blue Vacutainer tube. It is in liquid form in the tube and is used for coagulation tests, as well as in blood transfusion bags. It gets rid of the calcium, but not as strongly as EDTA. Correct proportion of this anticoagulant to blood is crucial because of the dilution. It can be in the form of sodium citrate or ACD.
- Oxalate has a similar mechanism to citrate. It is the anticoagulant used in fluoride (grey top) tubes.
For the meaning of more colors, see Vacutainer#including coagulants. EDTA is a widely-used acronym for the chemical compound ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (and many other names, see table). ...
Chemical strucutre of citric acid. ...
Sodium citrate is the sodium salt of citric acid with the chemical formula of Na3C6H5O7. ...
Acid Citrate Dextrose Solution (sometimes called Anticoagulant Citrate Dextrose Solution) is a solution of citric acid, sodium citrate and dextrose in water. ...
An oxalate (called also: ethanedioate) is a salt or ester of oxalic acid. ...
Fluoride is the ionic form of fluorine. ...
A range of Vacutainer tubes containing blood. ...
References - ^ Hylek EM, Evans-Molina C, Shea C, Henault LE, Regan S (2007). "Major hemorrhage and tolerability of warfarin in the first year of therapy among elderly patients with atrial fibrillation". Circulation 115 (21): 2689-96. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.653048. PMID 17515465.
- ^ Di Nisio M, Middeldorp S, Büller HR (2005). "Direct thrombin inhibitors". N. Engl. J. Med. 353 (10): 1028-40. DOI:10.1056/NEJMra044440. PMID 16148288.
A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...
A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...
Interesting Links - Software for Managing Anticoagulation Patients
See also | Antithrombotics (thrombolytics, anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs) (B01) | | Vitamin K antagonists | Acenocoumarol • Clorindione • Coumatetralyl • Dicumarol (Dicoumarol) • Diphenadione • Ethyl biscoumacetate • Phenprocoumon • Phenindione • Tioclomarol • Warfarin | | Heparin group | Antithrombin III • Danaparoid • Heparin • Sulodexide • low molecular weight heparin (Bemiparin, Dalteparin, Enoxaparin, Nadroparin, Parnaparin, Reviparin, Tinzaparin) | | Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors | Abciximab • Eptifibatide • Tirofiban | Other platelet
aggregation inhibitors | Acetylsalicylic acid/Aspirin • Aloxiprin • Ditazole • Carbasalate calcium • Cloricromen • Clopidogrel • Dipyridamole • Indobufen • Picotamide • Prasugrel • Ticlopidine • Triflusal • prostaglandin analogue (Beraprost, Prostacyclin, Iloprost, Treprostinil) | | Enzymes | plasminogen activators (Alteplase/Reteplase/Tenecteplase, Streptokinase, Urokinase/Saruplase, Anistreplase) • other serine endopeptidases (Ancrod, Drotrecogin alfa/Protein C, Fibrinolysin) • Brinase | | Direct thrombin inhibitors | Argatroban • Bivalirudin • Dabigatran • Desirudin • Hirudin • Lepirudin • Melagatran • Ximelagatran | | Other antithrombotics | Defibrotide • Dermatan sulfate • Fondaparinux • Rivaroxaban | | Non-medicinal | Citrate • EDTA • Oxalate | |
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