Antimatter or contra-terrene matter is matter that is composed of the antiparticles of those that constitute normal matter. If a particle and its antiparticle come in contact with each other, the two annihilate and produce a burst of energy, which results in the production of other particles and antiparticles or electromagnetic radiation. In these reactions, rest mass is not conserved, although (as in any other reaction) energy (E=mc²) is conserved. Annihilation is defined as total destruction or complete obliteration of a particular object. ... A 1960s single stage 2MeV linear Van de Graaff accelerator, here opened for maintenance A particle accelerator is a device which uses electric and/or magnetic fields to propel electrically charged particles to high speeds. ... Penning traps are devices for the storage of charged particles using a constant magnetic field and a constant electric field. ... Corresponding to each kind of particle, there is an associated antiparticle with the same mass and spin. ... The first detection of the positron in 1932 by Carl D. Anderson The positron is the antiparticle or the antimatter counterpart of the electron. ... The antiproton (aka pbar) is the antiparticle of the proton. ... The antineutron is the antiparticle of the neutron. ... An antimuon is the antiparticle of the muon. ... An antitauon is the antiparticle of the tauon. ... An antineutrino is the antimatter equivalent particle of the neutrino. ... An antineutrino is the antimatter equivalent particle of the neutrino. ... An antineutrino is the antimatter equivalent particle of the neutrino. ... Image of a typical positron emission tomography (PET) facility Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine medical imaging technique which produces a three dimensional image or map of functional processes in the body. ... An antimatter weapon would use antimatter as a power source, a propellant, or an explosive for a weapon. ... CERN logo CERN is the European Council for Nuclear Research (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire), the worlds largest particle physics laboratory, situated on the border between France and Switzerland, just west of Geneva. ... The ATRAP collaboration at CERN developed out of TRAP, a collaboration whose members pioneered cold antiprotons, cold positrons, and first made the ingredients of cold antihydrogen to interact. ... Athena from the east pediment of the Afea temple in Aegina After a sculpture of Athena at the Louvre. ... Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM (IPA: [dɪræk]) (August 8, 1902 – October 20, 1984) was a British theoretical physicist and a founder of the field of quantum physics. ... Carl Anderson (February 27, 1945 - February 23, 2004) was a singer and actor best known for portrayal of Judas Iscariot in the rock opera by Andrew Lloyd-Webber, Jesus Christ Superstar. ... Matter is commonly referred to as the substance of which physical objects are composed. ... Corresponding to each kind of particle, there is an associated antiparticle with the same mass and spin. ... Annihilation is defined as total destruction or complete obliteration of a particular object. ... Electromagnetic radiation can be conceptualized as a self propagating transverse oscillating wave of electric and magnetic fields. ... The term mass in special relativity is used in a couple of different ways, occasionally leading to a great deal of confusion. ... The theoretical physics equation E = mc2 states a relationship between energy (E), in whatever form, and mass (m). ...

History

In 1928 Paul Dirac developed a relativistic equation for the electron, now known as the Dirac equation. Curiously, the equation was found to have negative energy solutions in addition to the normal positive ones. This presented a problem, as electrons tend toward the lowest possible energy level; energies of negative infinity are nonsensical. As a way of getting around this, Dirac proposed that the vacuum can be considered a "sea" of negative energy, the Dirac sea. Any electrons would therefore have to sit on top of the sea. Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM (IPA: [dɪræk]) (August 8, 1902 – October 20, 1984) was a British theoretical physicist and a founder of the field of quantum physics. ... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Properties The electron is a fundamental subatomic particle which carries a negative electric charge. ... In physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic quantum mechanical wave equation formulated by Paul Dirac in 1928 and provides a description of elementary spin-½ particles, such as electrons, consistent with both the principles of quantum mechanics and the theory of special relativity. ... The Dirac sea is a theoretical model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles possessing negative energy. ...

Thinking further, Dirac found that a "hole" in the sea would have a positive charge. At first he thought that this was the proton, but Hermann Weyl pointed out the hole should have the same mass as the electron. The existence of this particle, the positron, was confirmed experimentally in 1932 by Carl D. Anderson. Properties In physics, the proton (Greek proton = first) is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of one positive fundamental unit (1. ... Hermann Weyl Hermann Weyl (November 9, 1885 - December 8, 1955) was a German mathematician. ... The first detection of the positron in 1932 by Carl D. Anderson The positron is the antiparticle or the antimatter counterpart of the electron. ... Carl David Anderson (3 September 1905 – 11 January 1991) was a U.S. experimental physicist. ...

Today's standard model shows that every particle has an antiparticle, for which each additive quantum number has the negative of the value it has for the normal matter particle. The sign reversal applies only to quantum numbers (properties) which are additive, such as charge, but not to mass, for example. The positron has the opposite charge but the same mass as the electron. An atom of antihydrogen is composed of a negatively-charged antiproton being orbited by a positively-charged positron . The Standard Model of Fundamental Particles and Interactions The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory which describes the strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental forces, as well as the fundamental particles that make up all matter. ... A quantum number is any one of a set of numbers used to specify the full quantum state of any system in quantum mechanics. ... Charge is a word with many different meanings. ... Mass is a property of physical objects that, roughly speaking, measures the amount of matter they contain. ... The first detection of the positron in 1932 by Carl D. Anderson The positron is the antiparticle or the antimatter counterpart of the electron. ... Properties An atom (Greek άτομον from ά: non and τομον: divisible) is a submicroscopic structure found in all ordinary matter. ... Antihydrogen is the antimatter counterpart of hydrogen. ... The antiproton (aka pbar) is the antiparticle of the proton. ... Electron atomic and molecular orbitals A less formal description of the electrons in atoms can be found at Electron configuration. ... The first detection of the positron in 1932 by Carl D. Anderson The positron is the antiparticle or the antimatter counterpart of the electron. ...

Antimatter production

Scientists in 1995 succeeded in producing antiatoms of hydrogen, and also antideuterium nuclei, made out of an antiproton and an antineutron, but no antiatom more complex than antideuterium has been created yet. In principle, antiatoms of any element could be built from readily available sources of antiparticles. Such antiatoms would have exactly the same properties as their normal-matter counterparts. The production of antielements in bulk quantities seems unlikely to ever become achievable, however. General Name, Symbol, Number hydrogen, H, 1 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 1, 1, s Appearance colorless Atomic mass 1. ... Antideuterium is the antimatter equivalent of deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen. ... A stylized representation of a lithium atom. ... The antiproton (aka pbar) is the antiparticle of the proton. ... The antineutron is the antiparticle of the neutron. ...

Positrons and antiprotons can individually be stored in a device called a Penning trap, which uses a combination of magnetic field and electric fields to hold charged particles in a vacuum. Two international collaborations, ATRAP and ATHENA, used these devices to store thousands of slowly moving antihydrogen atoms in 2002. It is the goal of these collaborations to probe the energy level structure of antihydrogen to compare it with that of hydrogen as a test of the CPT theorem. One way to do this is to confine the antiatoms in an inhomogenous magnetic field (one cannot use electric fields since the antiatoms are neutral) and interrogate them with lasers. If the anti-atoms have too much kinetic energy they will be able to escape the magnetic trap, and it is therefore essential that the anti-atoms be produced with as little energy as possible. This is the key difference between the antihydrogen that ATRAP and ATHENA produced, which was made at very low temperatures, and the antihydrogen produced in 1995 which was moving at a speed close to the speed of light. Penning traps are devices for the storage of charged particles using a constant magnetic field and a constant electric field. ... In physics, magnetism is a phenomenon by which materials exert an attractive or repulsive force on other materials. ... In physics, an electric field or E-field is an effect produced by an electric charge (or a time-varying magnetic field) that exerts a force on charged objects in the field. ... For other uses, see vacuum cleaner and Vacuum (musical group). ... The ATRAP collaboration at CERN developed out of TRAP, a collaboration whose members pioneered cold antiprotons, cold positrons, and first made the ingredients of cold antihydrogen to interact. ... Athena from the east pediment of the Afea temple in Aegina After a sculpture of Athena at the Louvre. ... Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule or other body. ... CPT-symmetry is a fundamental symmetry of physical laws under transformations that involve the inversions of charge, parity and time simultaneously. ... The range of sizes in which lasers exist is immense, extending from microscopic diode lasers (top) to football field sized neodymium glass lasers (bottom) used for inertial confinement fusion. ... Kinetic energy is energy that a body has as a result of its speed. ... The ATRAP collaboration at CERN developed out of TRAP, a collaboration whose members pioneered cold antiprotons, cold positrons, and first made the ingredients of cold antihydrogen to interact. ... Athena from the east pediment of the Afea temple in Aegina After a sculpture of Athena at the Louvre. ... Temperature is the physical property of a system which underlies the common notions of hot and cold; the material with the higher temperature is said to be hotter. ... Cherenkov effect in a swimming pool nuclear reactor. ...

Antimatter/matter reactions have practical applications in medical imaging, such as positron emission tomography (PET). In some kinds of beta decay, a nuclide loses surplus positive charge by emitting a positron (in the same event, a proton becomes a neutron, and neutrinos are also given off). Nuclides with surplus positive charge are easily made in a cyclotron and are widely generated for medical use. Image of a typical positron emission tomography (PET) facility Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine medical imaging technique which produces a three dimensional image or map of functional processes in the body. ... In nuclear physics, beta decay (sometimes called neutron decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted. ... The neutrino is an elementary particle. ... 60-inch cyclotron, circa 1939, showing beam of accelerated ions (perhaps protons or deuterons) escaping the accelerator and ionizing the surrounding air causing a blue glow. ...

Antiparticles are created everywhere in the universe where high-energy particle collisions take place, such as in the center of our galaxy, but none have been detected that are residual from the Big Bang, as most normal matter is.^[1] The unequal distribution between matter and antimatter in the universe has long been a mystery. The solution likely lies in the violation of CP-symmetry by the laws of nature; see baryogenesis. The deepest visible-light image of the cosmos. ... A NASA artists conception of what the Milky Way would look like if seen off-axis. ... According to the Big Bang theory, the Universe originated in an extremely dense and hot state (bottom). ... Look up distribution in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... CP-symmetry is a symmetry obtained by a combination of the C-symmetry and the P-symmetry. ... Baryogenesis is the generic designation for the physical processes that generate matter (more specifically, a class of fundamental particle called baryon) from an otherwise matter-empty state (such as it is generally believed to be the state of the Universe at its onset, the so-called Big Bang). ...

Notation

Physicists need a notation to distinguish particles from antiparticles. One way is to denote an antiparticle by adding a bar (or macron) over the symbol for the particle. For example, the proton and antiproton are denoted as and , respectively. A macron (from Gr. ...

Another convention is to distinguish particles by their electric charge. Thus, the electron and positron are denoted simply as e⁻ and e⁺. Adding a bar over the e⁺ symbol would be redundant and is not done. Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interactions. ...

Antimatter as fuel

In antimatter-matter collisions, the entire rest mass of the particles is converted to energy. The energy per unit mass is about 10 orders of magnitude greater than chemical energy, and about 2 orders of magnitude greater than nuclear energy that can be liberated today using chemical reactions or nuclear fission/fusion. The reaction of 1 kg of antimatter with 1 kg of matter would produce 1.8×10¹⁷ J (180 petajoules) of energy (by the equation E=mc²). In contrast, burning a kilogram of gasoline produces 4.2×10⁷ J, and nuclear fusion of a kilogram of hydrogen would produce 2.6×10¹⁵ J. Not all of that energy can be utilized by any realistic technology, because as much as 50% of energy produced in reactions between nucleons and antinucleons is carried away by neutrinos, so, for all intents and purposes, it can be considered lost.^[2] Mass is a property of physical objects that, roughly speaking, measures the amount of matter they contain. ... The fuel value or relative energy density is the quantity of potential energy in fuel, food or other substance. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... The joule (symbol: J) is the SI unit of energy, or work. ... The theoretical physics equation E = mc2 states a relationship between energy (E), in whatever form, and mass (m). ... Gasoline, as it is known in North America, or petrol, in many Commonwealth countries (sometimes also called motor spirit) is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture consisting primarily of hydrocarbons, used as fuel in internal combustion engines. ... The deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion reaction is considered the most promising for producing fusion power. ... The neutrino is an elementary particle. ...

The scarcity of antimatter means that it is not readily available to be used as fuel, although it could be used in antimatter catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion. Generating a single antiproton is immensely difficult and requires particle accelerators and vast amounts of energy—millions of times more than is released after it is annihilated with ordinary matter, due to inefficiencies in the process. Known methods of producing antimatter from energy also produce an equal amount of normal matter, so the theoretical limit is that half of the input energy is converted to antimatter. Counterbalancing this, when antimatter annihilates with ordinary matter, energy equal to twice the mass of the antimatter is liberated—so energy storage in the form of antimatter could (in theory) be 100% efficient. Antimatter production is currently very limited, but has been growing at a nearly geometric rate since the discovery of the first antiproton in 1955.^[3] The current antimatter production rate is between 1 and 10 nanograms per year, and this is expected to increase dramatically with new facilities at CERN and Fermilab. With current technology, it is considered possible to attain antimatter for US$25 million per gram by optimizing the collision and collection parameters (given current electricity generation costs). Antimatter production costs, in mass production, are almost linearly tied in with electricity costs, so economical pure-antimatter thrust applications are unlikely to come online without the advent of such technologies as deuterium-tritium fusion power. Several NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts-funded studies are exploring whether the antimatter that occurs naturally in the Van Allen belts of Earth, and ultimately, the gas giants like Jupiter, might be able to be collected with magnetic scoops, at hopefully a lower cost per gram.^[4] Antimatter catalysed nuclear pulse propulsion is a variation of nuclear pulse propulsion based upon the injection of antimatter into a mass of nuclear fuel which normally would not be useful in propulsion. ... CERN logo CERN is the European Council for Nuclear Research (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire), the worlds largest particle physics laboratory, situated on the border between France and Switzerland, just west of Geneva. ... Fermilab Robert Rathbun Wilson Hall Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), located in Batavia near Chicago, Illinois, is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory specializing in high-energy particle physics, operated for the Department of Energy by the Universities Research Association (URA). ... This article is about general United States currency. ... Deuterium, also called heavy hydrogen, is a stable isotope of hydrogen with a natural abundance of one atom in 6500 of hydrogen. ... NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts is apparently an organisation within NASA that funds research on advanced concepts, that is, not some boring present day concepts, but exciting future technologies. ... Van Allen belts The Van Allen radiation belt is a torus of energetic charged particles around Earth, trapped by Earths magnetic field. ... Adjective Jovian Atmospheric characteristics Atmospheric pressure 70 kPa Hydrogen ~86% Helium ~14% Methane 0. ...

Since the energy density is vastly higher than these other forms, the thrust to weight equation used in antimatter rocketry and spacecraft would be very different. In fact, the energy in a few grams of antimatter is enough to transport an unmanned spacecraft to Mars in about a month—the Mars Global Surveyor took eleven months to reach Mars. It is hoped that antimatter could be used as fuel for interplanetary travel or possibly interstellar travel, but it is also feared that if humanity ever gets the capabilities to do so, there could be the construction of antimatter weapons. An antimatter rocket is a proposed type of rocket that uses antimatter as its power source. ... Ariane 5 lifts off with the Rosetta space probe on March 2, 2004. ... For the Roman god, see Mars (god). ... Computer generated image of Global Surveyor spacecraft (NASA) The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) is an American spacecraft. ... For the workstation, see SGI Fuel. ... By definition, interplanetary travel is travel between bodies in a given star system. ... Interstellar space travel is unmanned or manned travel between stars, though the term usually denotes the latter. ... An antimatter weapon is a hypothetical device using antimatter as a power source, a propellant, or an explosive for a weapon. ...

The Antiuniverse

Dirac himself was the first to consider the existence of antimatter in an astronomical scale. But it was only after the confirmation of his theory, with the discovery of the positron, antiproton and antineutron that real speculation began on the possible existence of an antiuniverse. In the following years, motivated by basic symmetry principles, it was believed that the universe must consist of both matter and antimatter in equal amounts. If, however there were an isolated system of antimatter in the universe, free from interaction with ordinary matter, no earthbound observation could distinguish its true content, as photons (being their own antiparticle) are the same whether they are in a “universe” or an “antiuniverse”. Square with symmetry group D4 Symmetry is a characteristic of geometrical shapes, equations, and other objects; we say that such an object is symmetric with respect to a given operation if this operation, when applied to the object, does not appear to change it. ... The deepest visible-light image of the cosmos. ...

But assuming large zones of antimatter exist, there must be some boundary where antimatter atoms from the antimatter galaxies or stars will come into contact with normal atoms. In those regions a powerful flux of gamma rays would be produced. This has never been observed despite deployment of very sensitive instruments in space to detect them. This article is about a celestial body. ... For alternate meanings see star (disambiguation) Hundreds of stars are visible in this image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope of the Sagittarius Star Cloud in the Milky Way Galaxy. ... This article is about electromagnetic radiation. ...

It is now thought that symmetry was broken in the early universe when charge and parity symmetry was violated (CP-violation). Standard Big Bang cosmology tells us that the universe initially contained equal amounts of matter and antimatter: however particles and antiparticles evolved slightly differently. It was found that a particular heavy unstable particle, which is its own antiparticle, decays slightly more often to positrons (e⁺) than to electrons (e^-). How this accounts for the preponderance of matter over antimatter has not been completely explained. The Standard Model of particle physics does have a way of accommodating a difference between the evolution of matter and antimatter, but it falls short of explaining the net excess of matter in the universe by about 10 orders of magnitude. Charge is a word with many different meanings. ... Look up Parity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Parity is a concept of equality of status or functional equivalence. ... According to the Big Bang theory, the Universe originated in an extremely dense and hot state (bottom). ... Corresponding to each kind of particle, there is an associated antiparticle with the same mass and spin. ... The Standard Model of Fundamental Particles and Interactions The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory which describes the strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental forces, as well as the fundamental particles that make up all matter. ... Particles erupt from the collision point of two relativistic (100GeV) gold ions in the STAR detector of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. ...

After Dirac, the sci-fi writers had a field day with visions of antiworlds, antistars and antiuniverses, all made of antimatter, and it is still a common plot device, however suppositions of the existence a coeval, antimatter duplicate of this universe are not taken seriously in modern cosmology. A plot device is a person or an object introduced to a story to affect or advance the plot. ... Cosmology, from the Greek: κοσμολογία (cosmologia, κόσμος (cosmos) world + λογια (logia) discourse) is the study of the universe in its totality and by extension mans place in it. ...

See also: What is direct CP-violation?

Antimatter in popular culture

• A famous fictional example of antimatter in action is in the science fiction franchise Star Trek, where it is a common energy source for starships.
• Antimatter engines also appear in various books of the Dragonriders of Pern series by Anne McCaffrey.
• In Niven's Ringworld series, antimatter appears as a weapon useful against even the super-dense matter scrith.
• Dan Brown explores the use of antimatter as a weapon in his novel Angels and Demons, where terrorists threaten to destroy the Vatican with potentially unstable antimatter stolen from CERN.
• In The Night's Dawn Trilogy by Peter F. Hamilton, antimatter is characterized as the most dangerous substance imaginable and outlawed across the Galaxy.
• Antimatter is briefly referenced in the 1966 movie "Batman: The Movie," (several evil henchmen are turned into antimatter when they are revived using "heavy water" from the batcave), but the concept remains completely unexplained in this example.
• In the episode of Doctor Who, "The Planet of Evil", the scientist Dr Sorenson is transformed into an 'antiman' due to exposure to antimatter.
• In comic books produced by DC Comics, the notion of an antiuniverse, or in DC's parlance Anti-Matter Universe, was first utilized in the Green Lantern series in the 1960s. The Anti-Matter Universe contains a world known as Qward, home to the Green Lantern Corps' sworn enemies, the Weaponers of Qward.
• In the City of Heroes comic book, the superhero Positron is capable of generating anti-matter, and utilizing it as a weapon.
• In 1985, a powerful, twisted denizen of the Anti-Matter Universe known as the Anti-Monitor succeeded in destroying most of the DC Multiverse during the events of the twelve-issue limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths.

Science fiction is a form of speculative fiction principally dealing with the impact of imagined science and technology, or both, upon society and persons as individuals. ... Star Trek collectively refers to a science-fiction franchise spanning six unique television series, 726 episodes and ten motion pictures in addition to hundreds of novels, video games, and other works of fiction all set within the same fictional universe created by Gene Roddenberry in the mid-1960s. ... This article is about the vehicle for interstellar travel. ... The Dragonriders of Pern books are written by Anne McCaffrey. ... At the 63rd World Science Fiction Convention in Glasgow, August 2005 Anne Inez McCaffrey (born April 1, 1926) is an American science fiction author best known for her Dragonriders of Pern series. ... Larry Niven Laurence van Cott Niven (born April 30, 1938) is a US science fiction author. ... Larry Nivens Ringworld, seen from space. ... Scrith, usually written italicized as scrith, is a fictional substance conceived by Larry Niven. ... Dan Brown (born June 22, 1964, in Exeter, New Hampshire) is an American author of thriller fiction. ... The bayonet, still used in war as both knife and spearpoint. ... The neutrality of this article is disputed. ... CERN logo CERN is the European Council for Nuclear Research (Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire), the worlds largest particle physics laboratory, situated on the border between France and Switzerland, just west of Geneva. ... Author Peter F. Hamiltons The Nights Dawn Trilogy consists of three epic science fiction novels: The Reality Dysfunction (1996), The Neutronium Alchemist (1997), and The Naked God (1999). ... Peter F. Hamilton Peter F. Hamilton Peter F. Hamilton (born 1960, Rutland, England), is a British science fiction author. ... Directed by Leslie H. Martinson, the 1966 film Batman: The Movie was based on the Batman comics and the contemporary TV series, and written by Lorenzo Semple Jr. ... The Doctor Who 2005 television series logo. ... A comic book is a magazine or book containing the art form of comics. ... The current DC Comics logo, adopted in May 2005. ... Cover to Green Lantern: Rebirth #6, art by Ethan Van Sciver. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969, inclusive. ... Qward is a fictional world existing within an antimatter universe that is part of the DC Comics universe. ... The Green Lantern Corps The Green Lantern Corps is a fictional, intergalactic police force of Green Lanterns that existed in the pages of DC Comics, chosen to patrol the vast reaches of the Universe, fighting evil wherever it could be found. ... City of Heroes (CoH) is a massively multiplayer online role-playing computer game based on the superhero comic book genre, developed by Cryptic Studios and published by NCSoft. ... Spider-Man, one of the best-known superheroes. ... Positron (Dr. Keyes) is a fictional superhero from the City of Heroes backstory. ... The Anti-Monitor is the supervillain of the DC Comics mini-series Crisis on Infinite Earths. ... A multiverse (or meta-universe) is the hypothetical set of multiple possible universes, including the observable universe, which comprise the whole of physical reality. ... In comic books (primarily American comic books), a limited series is a title given to a comic book series which in intended from the outset to have a finite length. ... Cover to Crisis on Infinite Earths #1. ...

See also

• Gravitational interaction of antimatter
• Elementary particle
• Positron

This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... In particle physics, an elementary particle is a particle of which other, larger particles are composed. ... The first detection of the positron in 1932 by Carl D. Anderson The positron is the antiparticle or the antimatter counterpart of the electron. ...

References

• [[|Tipler, Paul]], Ralph Llewellyn () ( 2002). ""  [ Modern Physics], , 4th ed., , : W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0716743450..

Footnotes

1. ^  (2000). "What's the Matter with Antimatter?. NASA Science News. URL accessed on January 3, 2006.
2. ^  Stanley K. Borowski (1987). Comparison of Fusion/Antiproton Propulsion Systems for Interplanetary Travel. (PDF) National Aeronautics and Space Administration. URL accessed on December 7, 2005.
3. ^  Tyler Freeman (2003). The History of Antimatter. Antimatter: The Science Fact. URL accessed on December 7, 2005.
4. ^  Jim Bickford. Extraction of Antiparticles in Planetary Magnetic Fields. (PDF) NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts. URL accessed on December 7, 2005.

January 3 is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... NASA Logo Listen to this article · (info) This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-09-01, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... December 7 is the 341st day (342nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 7 is the 341st day (342nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... December 7 is the 341st day (342nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links and references

• CERN Webcasts (Realplayer required)
• What is Antimatter? (from the Frequently Asked Questions at the Center for Antimatter-Matter Studies)
• Some interesting FAQs from CERN that contain lots of information about antimatter aimed at the general reader