NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Antimetabolite

An antimetabolite is a chemical with a similar structure to a substance (a metabolite) required for normal biochemical reactions, yet different enough to interfere with the normal functions of cells, including cell division. A metabolite is the product of metabolism. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Function

Cancer treatment

Antimetabolites can be used in cancer treatment, as they interfere with DNA production and therefore cell division and the growth of tumors. Because cancer cells spend more time dividing than other cells, inhibiting cell division harms tumor cells more than other cells. Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion, or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis (where cancer cells are transported through the bloodstream or lymphatic system). ...

Anti-metabolites masquerade as purine (azathioprine, mercaptopurine) or pyrimidine - which become the building blocks of DNA. They prevent these substances becoming incorporated in to DNA during the S phase (of the cell cycle), stopping normal development and division. Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. ... Azathioprine is a chemotherapy drug, now rarely used for chemotherapy but more for immunosuppression in organ transplantation, autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohns disease. ... Mercaptopurine: chemical structure Mercaptopurine (also called 6-MP or by its brand name PurinetholÂ®) is an immunosuppressive drug used to treat leukemia. ... Pyrimidine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound similar to benzene and pyridine, containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-member ring [1]. It is isomeric with two other forms of diazine. ... DNA replication. ... The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in an eukaryotic cell between its formation and the moment it replicates itself. ...

They also affect RNA synthesis. However, because thymidine is used in DNA but not in RNA (where uracil is used instead), inhibition of thymidine sythesis via thymidylate synthase selectively inhibits DNA synthesis over RNA synthesis. The chemical structure of deoxythymidine Thymidine (more precisely called deoxythymidine can also be labelled deoxyribosylthymine, and thymine deoxyriboside) is a chemical compound, more precisely a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside. ... Uracil is a pyrimidine which is common and naturally occurring. ... Thymidylate synthase is the enzyme used to generate thymidine monophosphate (dTMP), which is subsequently phosphorylated to thymidine triphosphate for use in DNA synthesis. ...

Due to their efficiency, these drugs are the most widely used cytostatics. Chemotherapy is the use of chemical substances to treat disease. ...

In the ATC system, they are classified under L01B. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ...

Antibiotics

Antimetabolites may also be antibiotics, such as sulfanilamide drugs, which inhibit dihydrofolate synthesis in bacteria by competing with para-aminobenzoic acid.^[1] An antibiotic is a drug that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. ... Sulfonamides, also known as sulfa drugs, are synthetic antimicrobial agents derived from sulfonic acid. ... Dihydrofolic acid is a folic acid derivative acted upon by dihydrofolate reductase. ... Para-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) is a chemical used in sunscreen that is an essential nutrient for some bacteria. ...

Types

Folic acid analogues

Purine analogues

Pyrimidine analogues

See also

A base analog is a chemical that can substitute a normal nucleobase in nucleic acids. ...

External links

Seal of the University of Nebraska The University of Nebraska is one of two public university systems in the state of Nebraska, USA. The system has four universities and a technical college: University of Nebraska-Lincoln University of Nebraska at Omaha University of Nebraska at Kearney University of Nebraska Medical...

References

Category: Metabolism Chemotherapy is the use of chemical substances to treat disease. ... A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ... An alkylating antineoplastic agent is an alkylating agent that attaches an alkyl group to DNA. Since cancer cells generally divide more rapidly than do healthy cells they are more sensitive to DNA damage, and alkylating agents are used clinically to treat a variety of tumours. ... The nitrogen mustards are cytotoxic chemotherapy agents similar to mustard gas. ... Chlorambucil (marketed as Leukeran by GlaxoSmithKline) is a chemotherapy drug that has been mainly used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. ... Mechlorethamine also known as chlormethine, mustine, nitrogen mustard and HN2 and sold under the brand name Mustargen, is the prototype anticancer chemotherapeutic drug. ... Cyclophosphamide (the generic name for Cytoxan, Neosar) is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent, used to treat various types of cancer and some autoimmune disorders. ... Ifosfamide (MitoxanaÂ®) Ifosfamide (pronounced i fos fa mide) is chemotherapy that is given as a treatment for many different types of cancer. ... Melphalan hydrochloride ( AlkeranÂ®) is a chemotherapy drug belonging to the class of nitrogen mustard alkylating agents. ... Urea streptozotocin ENU Nitrosourea compounds are compounds that include a nitroso (R-NO) group and a urea. ... Carmustine is an nitrosourea compound used as an alkylating agent in chemotherapy. ... Fotemustine is a nitrosourea alkylating agent. ... Lomustine (or CCNU) is an alkylating nitrosourea compound used in chemotherapy. ... Streptozotocin (STZ, Zanosar) is a drug used in treating cancer of the pancreas. ... General Name, Symbol, Number platinum, Pt, 77 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 10, 6, d Appearance grayish white Standard atomic weight 195. ... Carboplatin is a chemotherapy drug used against some forms of cancer. ... Cisplatin, cisplatinum or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP) is a platinum-based chemotherapy drug used to treat various types of cancers, including sarcomas, some carcinomas (e. ... Oxaliplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapy drug in the same family as cisplatin and carboplatin. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Busulfan is a chemotherapy drug that is an alkylating agent (slows the growth of cancer cells). ... Dacarbazine (da-KAR-ba-zeen) (brand names DTIC, DTIC-Dome; also known as DIC or Imidazole Carboxamide) is an antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used in the treatment of various cancers, among them malignant melanoma (a form of skin cancer which can spread to other parts of the body). ... Mechloretamine: chemical structure Mechlorethamine also known as nitrogen mustard and HN2 and sold under the brand name Mustargen, is the first anticancer drug to be widely used clinically. ... Procarbazine (MatulaneÂ® (US), Natulan (Canada)) is an antineoplastic chemotherapy drug for the treatment of Hodgkins lymphoma and certain brain cancers (such as Glioblastoma multiforme). ... Temozolomide (brand name TemodarÂ® Schering-Plough Corporation) is an oral alkylating agent used for the treatment of refractory anaplastic astrocytoma -- a type of cancerous brain tumor. ... N,NN-triethylenethiophosphoramide (ThioTEPA) is a cancer chemotherapeutic member of the alkylating agent group, now in use for over 50 years. ... Uracil mustard or uramustine is a chemotherapy drug which belongs to the class of alkylating agents. ... Folic acid and folate (the anion form) are forms of the water-soluble Vitamin B9. ... Aminopterin (4-aminopteroic acid), a 4-amino analog of folic acid, is an antineoplastic drug with immunosuppressive properties used in chemotherapy. ... Methotrexate (rINN) (IPA: ), abbreviated MTX and formerly known as amethopterin, is an antimetabolite drug used in treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. ... Pemetrexed chemical structure Pemetrexed (brand name Alimta) is a chemotherapy drug. ... Raltitrexed (brand name TomudexÂ®) is a chemotherapy drug manufactured AstraZeneca Company, is an antimetabolite used in chemotherapy. ... Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. ... Cladribine is a drug used to treat hairy cell leukemia (leukemic reticuloendotheliosis). ... Clofarabine: chemical structure Clofarabine is a substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. ... Fludarabine is a chemotherapy drug used in the firstline treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. ... Mercaptopurine: chemical structure Mercaptopurine (also called 6-MP or by its brand name PurinetholÂ®) is an immunosuppressive drug used to treat leukemia. ... Pentostatin (Deoxycoformycin) is an anticancer chemotherapeutic drug. ... Tioguanine (INN), formerly Thioguanine (BAN), is a drug that is used in the treatment of cancer. ... Pyrimidine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound similar to benzene and pyridine, containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 of the six-member ring [1]. It is isomeric with two other forms of diazine. ... Xeloda Logo Capecitabine (brand name: XelodaÂ®) is an orally-administered chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of metastatic breast and colorectal cancers. ... Cytarabine is a shortened form of cytosine arabinoside, a commonly used chemotherapy agent used mainly in the treatment of leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. ... Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a drug that is used in the treatment of cancer. ... Floxuridine is an oncology drug that belongs to the class known as antimetabolites. ... Gemcitabine is a nucleoside used as chemotherapy. ... These poisons disrupt cellular reproduction by affecting the protein threads which connect the centromere regions of chromosomes, known as spindles. ... The taxanes are NOT alkaloids (not every molecule coming from a plant and bearing a nitrogen is an alkaloid!). They are diterpenes produced by the plants of the genus Taxus (yews). ... Docetaxel chemical structure Docetaxel is a chemotherapy drug used in the treatment of cancer. ... Paclitaxel is a drug used in the treatment of cancer. ... Vinca is Vinca, a botanical genus; see Periwinkle (plant). ... Vinblastine is a drug used to treat certain kinds of cancer, including Hodgkins lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer and breast cancer or testicular cancer. ... Vincristine (OncovinÂ®) is a vinca alkaloid from the Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus, formerly Vinca rosea and hence its name). ... Vindesine is a vinca alkaloid used in chemotherapy. ... Vinorelbine (Navelbine) is a chemotherapy drug that is given as a treatment for some types of cancer including breast cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer. ... herbs that have the specific action of inhibiting and combating the development of tumors. ... Anthracycline - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Daunorubicin is chemotherapy that is given as a treatment for some types of cancer. ... Doxorubicin or AdriamycinÂ® or hydroxyldaunorubicin is a DNA-interacting drug widely used in chemotherapy. ... Epirubicin (marketed by Pfizer under the trade name EllenceÂ®) is an anthracycline drug used for chemotherapy. ... Idarubicin chemical structure Idarubicin or 4-demethoxydaunorubicin is an anthracycline drug that is used in the treatment of cancer. ... Mitoxantrone belongs to the general group of medicines known as antineoplastics, specifically the anthracycline class. ... Valrubicin chemical structure Valrubicin (N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate, ValstarÂ®) is a chemotherapy drug used to treat bladder cancer. ... Bleomycin is an anti-cancer agent. ... Hydroxyurea chemical structure Hydroxyurea or hydroxycarbamide (rINN), (brand names include HydreaÂ®) is an antineoplastic drug used in hematological malignancies. ... Mitomycin or mitomycin C is a form of chemotherapy given intravenously to treat upper gastro-intestinal (e. ... Actinomycin is any of a class of polypeptide antibiotics isolated from soil bacteria of the genus Streptomyces. ... Topoisomerase inhibitors are chemotherapy agents designed to interfere with the action of topoisomerase enzymes (topoisomerase I and II), which are enzymes that control the changes in DNA structure by catalyzing the breaking and rejoining of the phosphodiester backbone of DNA strands during the normal cell cycle. ... Species Camptotheca acuminata - Happy tree Camptotheca lowreyana The Happy tree, Camptotheca acuminata, is a medium-sized deciduous tree native to central China, usually included in the tupelo family Nyssaceae, but sometimes included (with the tupelos) in the dogwood family Cornaceae. ... Camptothecin is an anti-cancer agent that damages DNA, leading to the destruction of the cell. ... Topotecan (HycamtinÂ®) is a chemotherapy agent that is a topoisomerase 1 inhibitor. ... Irinotecan is a chemotherapy agent that is a topoisomerase 1 inhibitor. ... Binomial name Podophyllum peltatum L. The American Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family Berberidaceae, native to the eastern part of North America. ... Etoposide: chemical structure Etoposide phosphate (EposinÂ®, EtopophosÂ®, VepesidÂ®, VP-16Â®) is an inhibitor of the enzyme topoisomerase II. It is used as a form of chemotherapy for malignancies such as lung cancer, testicular cancer, lymphoma, non-lymphocytic leukemia, and glioblastoma multiforme. ... Teniposide is a prescribed medication mainly used to treat childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. ... Cancer Immunotherapy is the use of monoclonal antibodies (-mab) to specifically target cells. ... // Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are antibodies that are identical because they were produced by one type of immune cell and are all clones of a single parent cell. ... Alemtuzumab (marketed as Campath or Campath-1H) is a monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and T-cell lymphoma. ... Bevacizumab (AvastinÂ®) is an anti-angiogenesis drug used in treatment of cancer. ... Cetuximab (Erbitux®) is a chimeric monoclonal antibody given by intravenous injection for treatment of colorectal cancer. ... Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (marketed as Mylotarg) is a monoclonal antibody used to treat acute myelogenous leukemia. ... It is proposed that this article be deleted, because of the following concern: No references or indication of notability. ... Rituximab, sold under the trade names RituxanÂ® and MabTheraÂ®, is a monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of B cell non-Hodgkins lymphoma, B cell leukemia, and some autoimmune disorders. ... Tositumomab is a monoclonal antibody. ... Trastuzumab (more commonly known under the trade name Herceptin) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that acts on the HER2/neu (erbB2) receptor. ... A photosensitizer is a chemical compound, used in the Photodynamic Therapy of cancers, that can be excited by light of a specific wavelength. ... D-Aminolevulinic acid (dALA or Î´-ALA or 5-aminolevulinic acid) is the first compound in the porphyrin synthesis pathway. ... Methyl aminolevulinate is a sensitizer used in photodynamic/radiation therapy. ... Porfimer is a sensitizer used in photodynamic/Radiation therapy. ... Verteporfin, otherwise known as benzoporphyrin derivative (VisudyneÂ®), is a medication used in conjunction with laser treatment to eliminate the abnormal blood vessels in the eye associated with conditions such as the wet form of macular degeneration. ... A kinase inhibitor is a type of enzyme inhibitor which specifically blocks the action of protein kinase. ... Dasatinib is a drug produced by Bristol-Myers Squibb and sold under the trade name SprycelÂ®. Dasatinib is an oral dual BCR/ABL and Src family tyrosine kinases inhibitor approved for use in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL). ... Erlotinib hydrochloride (trade name TarcevaÂ®, Genentech/OSIP) is a drug used to treat non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer and several other types of cancer. ... Gefitinib is a new drug used in the treatment of certain types of cancer. ... Imatinib is a drug used to treat certain types of cancer. ... Lapatinib (INN) or lapatinib ditosylate (USAN), also known as GW572016, is an anti-cancer drug developed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) as a treatment for solid tumours such as breast and lung cancer. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Sorafenib (marketed as Nexavar by Bayer) is a drug used for the treatment of advanced renal cell cancer. ... Sunitinib (marketed as Sutent, previously known as SU11248) is a small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) as well as renal cell carcinoma (RCC). ... Vandetanib (rINN, trade name ZactimaÂ®), also known as ZD6474, is a medication currently undergoing clinical trials as a potential targeted treatment for nonâ€“small-cell lung cancer. ... Alitretinoin is an antineoplastic agent. ... Altretamine (also hexalen) is a drug that is used to treat ovarian cancer. ... Amsacrine is an antineoplastic agent. ... Anagrelide (AgrylinÂ®/XagridÂ®, Shire) is a drug used for the treatment of essential thrombocytosis (ET; essential thrombocythemia). ... R-phrases , , , S-phrases , , , Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, Îµr, etc. ... Asparaginase (EC 3. ... Bexarotene is an antineoplastic agent. ... Bortezomib (VelcadeTM) is a first-in-class proteasome inhibitor. ... Denileukin diftitox is an antineoplastic agent. ... Estramustine (EmcytÂ®) is a chemotherapy agent used to treat prostate cancer. ... Hydroxyurea or hydroxycarbamide (brand names include Hydrea®) is an antineoplastic drug used in hematological malignancies. ... Masoprocol is an antineoplastic agent. ... Mitotane is a substance used for the rare disease adrenocortical carcinoma. ... Pegaspargase is an antineoplastic agent. ... Tretinoin is the acid form of vitamin A and so also known as all-trans retinoic acid or ATRA. It is a drug commonly used to treat acne vulgaris and keratosis pilaris. ...

Contents

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