51 tin ← antimony → tellurium As ↑ Sb ↓ Bi Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	antimony, Sb, 51
Chemical series	metalloids
Group, Period, Block	15, 5, p
Appearance	silvery lustrous gray
Standard atomic weight	121.760(1) g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 18, 5
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	6.697 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	6.53 g·cm−3
Melting point	903.78 K (630.63 °C, 1167.13 °F)
Boiling point	1860 K (1587 °C, 2889 °F)
Heat of fusion	19.79 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	193.43 kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity	(25 °C) 25.23 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 807 876 1011 1219 1491 1858
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	rhombohedral
Oxidation states	−3, 3, 5
Electronegativity	2.05 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st: 834 kJ·mol−1
	2nd: 1594.9 kJ·mol−1
	3rd: 2440 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	145 pm
Atomic radius (calc.)	133 pm
Covalent radius	138 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	no data
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 417 n Ω·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 24.4 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 11.0 µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 3420 m/s
Young's modulus	55 GPa
Shear modulus	20 GPa
Bulk modulus	42 GPa
Mohs hardness	3.0
Brinell hardness	294 MPa
CAS registry number	7440-36-0
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of antimony iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 121Sb 57.36% 121Sb is stable with 70 neutrons 123Sb 42.64% 123Sb is stable with 72 neutrons 125Sb syn 2.7582 y Beta- 0.767 125Te
References

Antimony (IPA [æˈntɪməˌniː] (Received Pronunciation), /ˈæntɪmoʊni/ (US)) is a chemical element with the symbol Sb (Latin: stibium, meaning "mark") and atomic number 51. A metalloid, antimony has four allotropic forms. The stable form of antimony is a blue-white metalloid. Yellow and black antimony are unstable non-metals. Antimony is used in flame-proofing, paints, ceramics, enamels, a wide variety of alloys, electronics, and rubber. Antimony is a town located in Garfield County, Utah. ... Antinomy (Greek anti-, against, plus nomos, law) is a term used in logic and epistemology, which, loosely, means a paradox or unresolvable contradiction. ... Look up paradox in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article is about the metallic chemical element. ... General Name, Symbol, Number tellurium, Te, 52 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 16, 5, p Appearance silvery lustrous gray Standard atomic weight 127. ... General Name, Symbol, Number arsenic, As, 33 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 15, 4, p Appearance metallic gray Standard atomic weight 74. ... General Name, Symbol, Number bismuth, Bi, 83 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 15, 6, p Appearance lustrous pink Standard atomic weight 208. ... File links The following pages link to this file: Antimony User:Femto/elements e5 Categories: GFDL images ... This is a standard display of the periodic table of the elements. ... An extended periodic table was suggested by Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969. ... This is a list of chemical elements, sorted by name and color coded according to type of element. ... A table of chemical elements ordered by atomic number and color coded according to type of element. ... A group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ... Metalloid is a term used in chemistry when classifying the chemical elements. ... A group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements. ... In the periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table. ... A block of the periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups. ... The group 15 elements(a. ... A period 5 element is one of the chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. ... The p-block of the periodic table of elements consists of the last six groups. ... Color is an important part of the visual arts. ... Antimony sample. ... The atomic mass (ma) is the mass of an atom at rest, most often expressed in unified atomic mass units. ... To help compare different orders of magnitude we list here masses between 60. ... Hydrogen = 1 List of Elements in Atomic Number Order. ... Electron atomic and molecular orbitals In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule, or other physical structure (, a crystal). ... For other uses, see Krypton (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Electron (disambiguation). ... Example of a sodium electron shell model An electron shell, also known as a main energy level, is a group of atomic orbitals with the same value of the principal quantum number n. ... In the physical sciences, a phase is a set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (i. ... This box:      For other uses, see Solid (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Room temperature (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Density (disambiguation). ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. ... For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Celsius (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ... Italic text This article is about the boiling point of liquids. ... For other uses, see Kelvin (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Celsius (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Fahrenheit (disambiguation). ... Standard enthalpy change of fusion of period three. ... The joule per mole (symbol: J·mol-1) is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material. ... The standard enthalpy change of vaporization, ΔvHo, also (less correctly) known as the heat of vaporization is the energy required to transform a given quantity of a substance into a gas. ... The joule per mole (symbol: J·mol-1) is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material. ... Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the temperature of a unit quantity of a substance by a certain temperature interval. ... Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases. ... Enargite crystals In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. ... In chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. ... Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom or molecule to attract electrons in the context of a chemical bond. ... The ionization energy (IE) of an atom or of a molecule is the energy required to strip it of an electron. ... These tables list the ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove an electron from a neutral atom (first energy), respectively from a singly, doubly, etc. ... Kilojoule per mole are an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material, where energy is measured in units of 1000 joules, and the amount of material is measured in mole units. ... Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius Van der Waals radius edit Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... One picometre is defined as 1x10-12 metres, in standard units. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... Atomic radius: Ionic radius Covalent radius Metallic radius van der Waals radius edit The covalent radius, rcov, is a measure of the size of atom which forms part of a covalent bond. ... You have big harry skanky balls ... For other senses of this word, see magnetism (disambiguation). ... // Headline text POOP!! Danny Hornsby (also known as Gnome) is a measure indicating how strongly a Gnome can opposes the flow of electric current. ... K value redirects here. ... During heat transfer, the energy that is stored in the intermolecular bonds between atoms changes. ... For other uses, see Speed of sound (disambiguation). ... Metre per second (U.S. spelling: meter per second) is an SI derived unit of both speed (scalar) and velocity (vector), defined by distance in metres divided by time in seconds. ... In solid mechanics, Youngs modulus (E) is a measure of the stiffness of a given material. ... Shear strain In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain:[1] where = shear stress; is the force which acts is the area on which the force acts = shear strain; is... The bulk modulus (K) of a substance essentially measures the substances resistance to uniform compression. ... The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material. ... The Brinell scale characterises the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece. ... CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. ... Antimony (Sb) Standard atomic mass: 121. ... For other uses, see Isotope (disambiguation). ... Natural abundance refers to the prevalence of different isotopes of an element as found in nature. ... Half-Life For a quantity subject to exponential decay, the half-life is the time required for the quantity to fall to half of its initial value. ... In physics, the decay mode describes a particular way a particle decays. ... The decay energy is the energy released by a nuclear decay. ... The electronvolt (symbol eV) is a unit of energy. ... In nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, is a nuclide resulting from the radioactive decay of a parent or precursor nuclide. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not radioactive. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... A Synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. ... A year (from Old English gÄ“r) is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. ... In nuclear physics, beta decay (sometimes called neutron decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is emitted. ... General Name, Symbol, Number tellurium, Te, 52 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 16, 5, p Appearance silvery lustrous gray Standard atomic weight 127. ... Recommended values for many properties of the elements, together with various references, are collected on these data pages. ... Note: This page or section contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. ... The periodic table of the chemical elements A chemical element, or element, is a type of atom that is distinguished by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its nucleus. ... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... See also: List of elements by atomic number In chemistry and physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. ... Metalloid is a term used in chemistry when classifying the chemical elements. ... Diamond and graphite are two allotropes of carbon: pure forms of the same element that differ in structure. ... For other uses, see Paint (disambiguation). ... This article is about ceramic materials. ... In a discussion of art technology, enamel (or vitreous enamel, or porcelain enamel in American English) is the colorful result of fusion of powdered glass to a substrate through the process of firing, usually between 750 and 850 degrees Celsius. ... An alloy is a homogeneous hybrid of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. ... Surface mount electronic components Electronics is the study of the flow of charge through various materials and devices such as semiconductors, resistors, inductors, capacitors, nano-structures and vacuum tubes. ... This does not cite any references or sources. ...

Properties

Antimony in its elemental form is a silvery white, brittle, fusible, crystalline solid that exhibits poor electrical and heat conductivity properties and vaporizes at low temperatures. A metalloid, antimony resembles a metal in its appearance and in many of its physical properties, but does not chemically react as a metal. It is also attacked by oxidizing acids and halogens. Antimony and some of its alloys are unusual in that they expand on cooling. Antimony is geochemically categorized as a chalcophile, occurring with sulfur and the heavy metals lead, copper, and silver. A material is brittle if it is subject to fracture when subjected to stress i. ... Fusibility is the ease with which a material will melt. ... For other uses, see Crystal (disambiguation). ... Not to be confused with electrical conductance, a measure of an objects or circuits ability to conduct an electric current between two points, which is dependent on the electrical conductivity and the geometric dimensions of the conducting object. ... K value redirects here. ... Evaporation is the process whereby atoms or molecules in a liquid state (or solid state if the substance sublimes) gain sufficient energy to enter the gaseous state. ... For other uses, see Temperature (disambiguation). ... Metalloid is a term used in chemistry when classifying the chemical elements. ... The most fundamental reactions in chemistry are the redox processes. ... For other uses, see acid (disambiguation). ... This article is about the chemical series. ... The Goldschmidt Classification, developed by Victor Goldschmidt, is a geochemical classification which groups the chemical elements according to their preferred host phases into siderophile (iron loving), lithophile (silicate loving), chalcophile (sulphur loving), and atmophile (gas loving). ... This article is about the chemical element. ... For other uses, see Heavy metal (disambiguation). ... General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series Post-transition metals or poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ... For other uses, see Copper (disambiguation). ... This article is about the chemical element. ...

Estimates of the abundance of antimony in the Earth's crust range from 0.2 to 0.5 ppm. This article is about Earth as a planet. ... Parts per million (ppm) is a measure of concentration that is used where low levels of concentration are significant. ...

Applications

Antimony is increasingly being used in the semiconductor industry in the production of diodes, infrared detectors, and Hall-effect devices. As an alloy, this metalloid greatly increases lead's hardness and mechanical strength. The most important use of antimony is as a hardener in lead for storage batteries. Uses include: A semiconductor is a solid material that has electrical conductivity in between that of a conductor and that of an insulator; it can vary over that wide range either permanently or dynamically. ... Closeup of the image below, showing the square shaped semiconductor crystal various semiconductor diodes, below a bridge rectifier Structure of a vacuum tube diode In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal component, almost always one that has electrical properties which vary depending on the direction of flow of charge... For other uses, see Infrared (disambiguation). ... Hall effect diagram, showing electron flow (rather than conventional current). ... An alloy is a homogeneous hybrid of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and where the resulting material has metallic properties. ... General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series Post-transition metals or poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ...

• Batteries
• antifriction alloys
• type metal
• small arms and tracer ammunition
• cable sheathing
• matches
• medicines, antiprotozoan drugs
• plumbing
• soldering - some "lead-free" solders contain 5% Sb
• main and big-end bearings in internal combustion engines (as alloy)
• used in the past to treat Schistosomiasis; today Praziquantel is universally used
• used in linotype printing machines

Antimony compounds in the form of oxides, sulfides, sodium antimonate, and antimony trichloride are used in the making of flame-proofing compounds, ceramic enamels, glass, paints, and pottery. Antimony trioxide is the most important of the antimony compounds and is primarily used in flame-retardant formulations. These flame-retardant applications include such markets as children's clothing, toys, aircraft and automobile seat covers. It is also used in the fiberglass composites industry as an additive to polyester resins for such items as light aircraft engine covers. The resin will burn while a flame is held to it but will extinguish itself as soon as the flame is removed. Antimony sulfide is also one of the ingredients of safety matches. For other uses, see Battery. ... Type metal is an alloy (usually lead, antimony, and tin) that is used in typesetting. ... Small arms captured in Fallujah, Iraq by the US Marine Corps in 2004 The term small arms generally describes any number of smaller infantry weapons, such as firearms that an individual soldier can carry. ... Tracers from M16 rifles on U.S. Army firing range Tracer ammunition (tracers) use special bullets that are modified to accept a small pyrotechnic charge in their base. ... For other uses, see Match (disambiguation). ... A solder is a fusible metal alloy, with a melting point or melting range of 180-190°C (360-370 °F), which is melted to join metallic surfaces, especially in the fields of electronics and plumbing, in a process called soldering. ... A colored automobile engine The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of fuel and an oxidizer (typically air) occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. ... Schistosomiasis or bilharzia is a parasitic disease caused by several species of flatworm. ... Praziquantel (Biltricide) is an anthelmintic effective against flatworms. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Linotype machine. ... An oxide is a chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom and other elements. ... Formally, sulfide is the dianion, S2−, which exists in strongly alkaline aqueous solutions formed from H2S or alkali metal salts such as Li2S, Na2S, and K2S. Sulfide is exceptionally basic and, with a pKa > 14, it does not exist in appreciable concentrations even in highly alkaline water. ... This article is about ceramic materials. ... This article is about the material. ... For other uses, see Paint (disambiguation). ... Pottery on display in Dilli Haat, Delhi, India. ... For other uses, see Match (disambiguation). ...

In the 1950s, tiny beads of a lead-antimony alloy were used for the emitters and collectors of NPN alloy junction transistors. The 1950s decade refers to the years 1950 to 1959 inclusive. ... General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series Post-transition metals or poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish gray Standard atomic weight 207. ... The alloy junction transistor, or alloy transistor, was an early type of bipolar junction transistor, developed at General Electric and RCA in 1951 as an improvement over the earlier grown junction transistor. ...

The natural sulfide of antimony, stibnite, was known and used in Biblical times, as medicine and in Islamic/Pre-Islamic times as a cosmetic. Stibnite, sometimes also called antimonite, is a sulfide mineral with the chemical composition Sb2S3. ... For the chemical substances known as medicines, see medication. ... Make-up redirects here. ...

In Islam , a hadeeth (book of Prophet Muhammads(pbuh) life & doingd reports the following; Muhammad (pbuh) said: “The best of your kohl is ithmid (antimony), for it makes the vision clear and makes the hair grow.” (there are two types of ithmid , male, and female, guessing it is the male kind he is talking about) For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ...

Stibnite is still used in some developing countries as medicine. Antimony has been used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. Antimony attaches itself to sulfur atoms in certain enzymes which are used by both the parasite and human host. Small doses can kill the parasite without causing damage to the patient. Antimony and its compounds are used in several veterinary preparations like Anthiomaline or Lithium antimony thiomalate, which is used as a skin conditioner in ruminants. Antimony has a nourishing or conditioning effect on keratinized tissues, at least in animals. Tartar emetic is another antimony preparation which is used as an anti-schistosomal drug. Treatments chiefly involving antimony have been called antimonials. For the chemical substances known as medicines, see medication. ... Schistosomiasis or bilharzia is a parasitic disease caused by several species of flatworm. ... This article is about the chemical element. ... Ribbon diagram of the enzyme TIM, surrounded by the space-filling model of the protein. ... Veterinary medicine is the application of medical diagnostic and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife, and production animals. ... Antimonials, in pre-modern medicine, were remedies principally containing antimony, used chiefly for emetic purposes. ...

Antimony-based drugs such as Allopurinol, and Meglumine, are also considered the drugs of choice for the treatment of Leishmaniasis in domestic animals. Unfortunately, as well as having low therapeutic indices, the drugs are poor at penetrating the bone marrow, where some of the Leishmania amastigotes reside, and so cure of the disease - especially the visceral form - is very difficult.

A coin made of antimony was issued in the Keichow Province of China in 1931. The coins were not popular, being too soft and they wore quickly when in circulation. After the first issue no others were produced.^[1]

Etymology

The ancient words for antimony mostly have, as their chief meaning, kohl, the sulfide of antimony. Pliny the Elder, however, distinguishes between male and female forms of antimony; his male form is probably the sulfide, the female form, which is superior, heavier, and less friable, is probably native metallic antimony.^[2] Kohl is a mixture of soot and other ingredients used predominantly by Middle Eastern , North African, Sub-Saharan African and Asian women, and to a lesser extent men, to darken the eyelids and as mascara for the eyelashes. ... Pliny the Elder: an imaginative 19th Century portrait. ...

The Egyptians called antimony mśdmt; in hieroglyphics, the vowels are uncertain, but there is an Arabic tradition that the word is mesdemet.^[3] The Greek word, stimmi, is probably a loan word from Arabic or Egyptian, and is used by the Attic tragic poets of the 5th century BC; later Greeks also used stibi, as did Celsus and Pliny, writing in Latin, in the first century AD. Pliny also gives the names stimi [sic], larbaris, alabaster, and the "very common" platyophthalmos, "wide-eye" (from the effect of the cosmetic). Later Latin authors adapted the word to Latin as stibium. The Arabic word for the substance, as opposed to the cosmetic, can appear as ithmid, athmoud, othmod, or uthmod. Littré suggests the first form, which is the earliest, derives from stimmida, (one) accusative for stimmi.^[4] Aulus Cornelius Celsus Aulus Cornelius Celsus (25 BC—50) was a Roman encyclopedist and possibly, although not likely, a physician. ... A modern uplighter lamp made completely from Italian alabaster (white and brown types). ... The Dictionnaire de la langue française by Émile Littré, commonly called simply the Littré, is a four-volume dictionary of the French language published in 1877 by Hachette. ...

The use of Sb as the standard chemical symbol for antimony is due to the 18th century chemical pioneer, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, who used this abbreviation of the name stibium. Friherre Jöns Jakob Berzelius (August 20, 1779 – August 7, 1848) was a Swedish chemist. ...

The medieval Latin form, from which the modern languages, and late Byzantine Greek, take their names, is antimonium. The origin of this is uncertain; all suggestions have some difficulty either of form or interpretation. The popular etymology, from anti-monachos or French antimoine, still has adherents; this would mean "monk-killer", and is explained by many early alchemists being monks, and antimony being poisonous.^[5] So does the hypothetical Greek word antimonos, "against one", explained as "not found as metal", or "not found unalloyed".^[6] Lippmann conjectured a Greek word, anthemonion, which would mean "floret", and he cites several examples of related Greek words (but not that one) which describe chemical or biological efflorescence.^[7] In Chemistry. ...

The early uses of antimonium include the translations, in 1050-1100, by Constantine the African of Arabic medical treatises.^[8] Several authorities believe that antimonium is a scribal corruption of some Arabic form; Meyerhof derives it from ithmid;^[9] other possibilities include Athimar, the Arabic name of the metal, and a hypothetical *as-stimmi, derived from or parallel to, the Greek.^[10] Constantine the African was a translator of Greek medical texts. ...

History

Antimony's sulfide compound, antimony (III) trisulfide, Sb₂S₃ was recognized in antiquity, at least as early as 3000 BC. Pastes of Sb₂S₃ powder in fat^[11] or in other materials have been used since that date as eye cosmetics in the Middle East and farther afield; in this use, Sb₂S₃ is called kohl. It was used to darken the brows and lashes, or to draw a line around the perimeter of the eye. The 4th millennium BC saw major changes in human culture. ... Kohl is a mixture of soot and other ingredients used predominantly by Middle Eastern , North African, Sub-Saharan African and Asian women, and to a lesser extent men, to darken the eyelids and as mascara for the eyelashes. ...

An artifact made of antimony dating to about 3000 BC was found at Tello, Chaldea (part of present day Iraq), and a copper object plated with antimony dating between 2500 BC and 2200 BC has been found in Egypt.^[12] There is some uncertainty as to the description of the artifact from Tello. Although it is sometimes reported to be a vase, a recent detailed discussion of it reports it to be rather a fragment of indeterminate purpose.^[13]

According to the history of metallurgy, the first description of a procedure for isolating antimony is in the book De la pirotechnia of 1540 by Vannoccio Biringuccio, written in Italian. This book precedes the more famous 1556 book in Latin by Agricola, De re metallica, even though Agricola has been often incorrectly credited with the discovery of metallic antimony. De la Pirotechnia is considered to be the first book on metallurgy to be published in Europe. ... Vannoccio Biringuccio (1480-1539) was an Italian metallurgist. ... Georg Agricola Georgius Agricola (March 24, 1494 – November 21, 1555) was a German scholar and man of science. ... Georg Agricola the father of mineralogy De re metallica (Latin for On the Nature of Metals (Minerals)) is a book cataloging the state of the art of mining, refining, and smelting metals, published in 1556. ...

Alchemical symbol for antimony

According to the traditional history of western alchemy, metallic antimony was described (previous to Biringuccio) by the putative Prior Basilius Valentinus in a Latin manuscript, Currus Triumphalis Antimonii, supposedly circa 1450. This manuscript was published in 1604 in English translation as The Triumphal Chariot of Antimony, by Johann Thölde (1565–1614). The marvelous discovery of a complete set of Valentinus' manuscripts, including the alchemical tales, is fully described by Jean-Jacques Manget in his Bibliotheca chemica curiosa (1702): the manuscripts had been enclosed for more than a century in a pillar of St. Peter's Abbey, at Erfurt, until the pillar was shattered by a thunderbolt. Many scholars have considered Basilius Valentinus a mythological personage. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) declared, after careful enquiry, that no Prior Valentinus ever existed in the Abbey of Erfurt, rather that the name was only a pseudonym – probably of Thölde himself – used to merge poorly translated materials of various origins. Image File history File links Antimony-symbol. ... Alchemical symbols, originally devised as part of the protoscience of alchemy, were used to denote some elements and some compounds until the 18th century. ... For other uses, see Alchemy (disambiguation). ... 18th century illustration to 3rd key, in Duodecim Claves Basilius Valentinus, also known under his Anglisized name of Basil Valentine was a 15th-century alchemist. ... Jean-Jacques Manget (1652-1742) was a Swiss physician and writer. ... The cathedral Mariendom at night. ... Gottfried Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (July 1, 1646 in Leipzig - November 14, 1716 in Hannover) was a German philosopher, scientist, mathematician, diplomat, librarian, and lawyer of Sorb descent. ...

According to the traditional history of Middle Eastern alchemy, pure antimony was well known to Geber, sometimes called "the Father of Chemistry", in the 8th century. Here there is still an open controversy: Marcellin Berthelot, who translated a number of Geber's books, stated that antimony is never mentioned in them, but other authors claim that Berthelot translated only some of the less important books, while the more interesting ones (some of which might describe antimony) are not yet translated, and their content is completely unknown. Jabir ibn Hayyan and Geber were also pen names of an anonymous 14th century Spanish alchemist: see Pseudo-Geber. ... Marcellin Berthelot Marcellin (or Marcelin) Pierre Eugène Berthelot (October 25, 1827 - March 18, 1907) was a French chemist and politician noted in thermochemistry for the Thomsen-Berthelot principle. ...

Sources

Native massive antimony with oxidation products

Antimony output in 2005

World production trend of antimony

Even though this element is not abundant, it is found in over 100 mineral species. Antimony is sometimes found native, but more frequently it is found in the sulfide stibnite (Sb₂S₃) which is the predominant ore mineral. Commercial forms of antimony are generally ingots, broken pieces, granules, and cast cake. Other forms are powder, shot, and single crystals. Image File history File linksMetadata Antimony_massive. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Antimony_massive. ... ed|other uses|reduction}} Illustration of a redox reaction Redox (shorthand for reduction/oxidation reaction) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 351 pixelsFull resolution (1425 × 625 pixel, file size: 57 KB, MIME type: image/png)This bubble map shows the global distribution of antimony output in 2005 as a percentage of the top producer (China - 126,000 tonnes). ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 351 pixelsFull resolution (1425 × 625 pixel, file size: 57 KB, MIME type: image/png)This bubble map shows the global distribution of antimony output in 2005 as a percentage of the top producer (China - 126,000 tonnes). ... Image File history File links Antimony_-_world_production_trend. ... Image File history File links Antimony_-_world_production_trend. ... For other uses, see Mineral (disambiguation). ... Stibnite, sometimes also called antimonite, is a sulfide mineral with the chemical composition Sb2S3. ... For other uses, see Mineral (disambiguation). ...

In 2005, China was the top producer of antimony with about 84% world share followed at a distance by South Africa, Bolivia and Tajikistan, reports the British Geological Survey. The British Geological Survey is a publicly-funded body which aims to advance geoscientific knowledge of the United Kingdom landmass and its continental shelf by means of systematic surveying, monitoring and research. ...

Chiffres de 2003, métal contenue dans les minerais et concentrés, source: L'état du monde 2005 Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The largest mine in China is Xikuangshan mine in Hunan Province. Not to be confused with the unrelated provinces of Hainan, Henan, and Yunnan. ...

See also Antimonide minerals, Antimonate minerals.

Precautions

Antimony and many of its compounds are toxic. Clinically, antimony poisoning is very similar to arsenic poisoning. In small doses, antimony causes headache, dizziness, and depression. Larger doses cause violent and frequent vomiting, and will lead to death in a few days. Image File history File links Skull_and_crossbones. ... Toxic redirects here, but this is also the name of a song by Britney Spears; see Toxic (song) Look up toxic and toxicity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... General Name, Symbol, Number arsenic, As, 33 Chemical series metalloids Group, Period, Block 15, 4, p Appearance metallic gray Standard atomic weight 74. ... A headache (cephalgia in medical terminology) is a condition of pain in the head; sometimes neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted as a headache. ... Many different terms are often used to describe what is collectively known as dizziness. ... For other uses, see Depression. ...

See also arsenic poisoning. Arsenic poisoning kills by allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic enzymes, leading to death from multi-system organ failure. ...

A study [1][2] found that antimony may be leaching from PET bottled water, but at levels below drinking water guidelines. The guidelines are: PETE redirects here. ...

• WHO, 20 µg l^–1
• Japan, 15 µg l^–1[14]
• US EPA, Health Canada and the Ontario Ministry of Environment, 6 µg l^–1
• German Federal Ministry of Environment, 5 µg l^–1[15]

The acidic nature of the drink is sufficient to dissolve small amounts of antimony trioxide contained in the packaging of the drink;^{[citation needed]} modern manufacturing methods prevent this occurrence.^{[citation needed]} However, researchers are concerned that antimony levels correspond to duration the bottle is left to stand - the longer the beverage has been bottled, the higher the antimony leached.^{[citation needed]} Antimony trioxide is the most important commercial compound of antimony. ...

Chemistry

Important compounds of antimony include:

• Antimony pentafluoride SbF₅
• Antimony trioxide Sb₂O₃
• Stibine (antimony trihydride SbH₃)
• Indium antimonide (InSb)
• Fluoroantimonic acid (HSbF₆)

See also Antimony compounds. Antimony pentafluoride, SbF5 is a chemical compound. ... Antimony trioxide is the most important commercial compound of antimony. ... Stibine is a colourless gas formed by the reaction of certain antimony compounds with water or reducing agents. ... Indium antimonide (InSb) is a narrow gap semiconductor material from the group the (III-V group) used in infrared detectors, including thermal imaging cameras, FLIR systems, infrared homing missile guidance systems, and in infrared astronomy. ... Fluoroantimonic acid HSbF6 is a mixture of hydrogen fluoride and antimony pentafluoride in various ratios. ...

See also

• Antimonial
• Phase change memory
• Naturalis Historia
• Pliny the Elder

Antimonials, in pre-modern medicine, were remedies principally containing antimony, used chiefly for emetic purposes. ... Phase-change memory (also known as PCM, PRAM, Ovonic Unified Memory and Chalcogenide RAM [C-RAM]) is a type of non-volatile computer memory. ... Naturalis Historia Pliny the Elders Natural History is an encyclopedia written by Pliny the Elder. ... Pliny the Elder: an imaginative 19th Century portrait. ...

References

The Liberal and Country League (LCL) was a major political party in South Australia throughout its forty year existence. ... A Greek-English Lexicon is the standard lexicographical work of the ancient Greek language, begun in the nineteenth century and now in its ninth (revised) edition. ...

Bibliography

• W. F. Albright "Notes on Egypto-Semitic Etymology. II", The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 34, No. 4. (Jul., 1918), pp. 215-255. JSTOR link. esp p.230
• Endlich, F.M. "On Some Interesting Derivations of Mineral Names", The American Naturalist, Vol. 22, No. 253. (Jan., 1888), pp. 21-32. JSTOR link. p.28
• Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th ed. 2004. Entry for antimony.
• Lippmann, E O von [Edmund Oscar]. 1919. Entstehung und Ausbreitung der Alchemie, teil 1. Berlin: Julius Springer. In German.
• Moorey, PRS. 1994. Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: the Archaeological Evidence. New York: Clarendon Press.
• Priesner, Claus and Figala, Karin, eds. 1998. Alchemie. Lexikon einer hermetischen Wissenschaft. München: C.H. Beck. 412 p. In German.
• Sarton, George. 1935. Review of Al-morchid fi'l-kohhl, ou Le guide d'oculistique, translated by Max Meyerhof. Isis (Feb. 1935), 22(2):539-542 (The journal Isis is in the JSTOR archive.) In French.
• Shotyk, William; Krachler, Michael; Chen, Bin. Contamination of Canadian and European bottled waters with antimony from PET containers J. Environ. Monit 2006, 8:288-292 DOI: 10.1039/b517844b
• Los Alamos National Laboratory – Antimony
• Public Health Statement for Antimony
• Wakayama, Hiroshi, "Revision of Drinking Water Standards in Japan", Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (Japan), 2003

Edmund Oscar von Lippmann, Edmund Oskar von Lippmann, or Edmund O. von Lippmann (January 9, 1857 - September 24, 1940) was a German chemist, sugar maker and natural science historian. ... JSTOR®, begun in 1995, is an online system for archiving academic journals. ...

External links

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Antimony

Look up antimony in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• National Pollutant Inventory - Antimony and compounds
• WebElements.com – Antimony
• World Mine Production of Antimony, by Country
• AntimonyNet(news,price,ore,analysis,etc)