Antipope Clement III. (middle) with Henry IV. (left), image froms Codex Jenesis Bose q.6 (1157)

Guibert or Wibert of Ravenna (c. 1029 – 8 January 1100) was Antipope from 25 February 1080 to his death. He was born in Parma and had family connections to the Margraves of Canossa. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... January 8 is the 8th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events William II of England dies in a hunting accident - Henry I becomes King of England King Henry I proclaims the Charter of Liberties, one of the first examples of a constitution. ... For the book by Robert Rankin, see The Antipope. ... February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events William I of England, in a letter, reminds the Bishop of Rome that the King of England owes him no allegiance. ... Country Italy Region Emilia-Romagna Province Parma (PR) Mayor Elvio Ubaldi (since May 28, 2002) Elevation 55 m Area 260 km² Population  - Total (as of December 31, 2004) 175,789  - Density 676/km² Time zone CET, UTC+1 Coordinates Gentilic Parmigiani (Parmensi are called the provinces inhabitants) Dialing code... Margrave is the English and French form (recorded since 1551) of the German title Markgraf (from Mark march and Graf count) and certain equivalent nobiliary (princely) titles in other languages. ... Canossa is a former castle of Matilda, Countess of Tuscany, situated in the foothills of the Apennines, in the province of Reggio Emilia and about eighteen miles from Parma. ...

Early life

A cleric, he was appointed to the Imperial chancellorship for Italy by the Empress Agnes in 1057, which position he held until 1063. In 1058 he participated in the election of Pope Nicholas II but on his death in 1061, he combined with the Imperial and Transpadine Anti-Reform party to creat Cadalous of Parma as Antipope Honorius II against Pope Alexander II. However, owing to the campaigns of Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine, Archbishop Anno of Cologne, and St. Peter Damian, the Church by-and-large rejected Honorius II and acknowledged Alexander II; probably as a result of these activities, the Empress Agnes dismissed him from the Imperial Chancellorship of Italy. // History (Latin Archicancellarius) Effective An archichancellor is the highest chancellor of a major chancery See also Grand chancellor Honorary In the Holy Roman empire, the style Erzkanzler (literally archchancellor) was one of the Erzamter awarded as high profile sinecures to the Prince-Electors, and the only one with multiple incidence... Agnes de Poitou or Empress Agnes (1020-1077) was regent of the Holy Roman Empire from 1056 to 1068. ... Events King Macbeth I of Scotland is killed in battle against Malcolm Canmore. ... Events Anselm of Canterbury becomes prior at Le Bec Sancho I becomes ruler of Aragon Bishopric of Olomouc is founded Births Deaths April 30 - Emperor Renzong (b. ... Events March 17 - King Lulach I of Scotland is killed in battle against his cousin and rival Malcolm Canmore, who later becomes King of Scotland as Malcolm III of Scotland. ... Nicholas II, born Gérard de Bourgogne (died July 19 or July 27, 1061), Pope from 1059 to July 1061, was at the time of his election Bishop of Florence. ... Honorius II (d. ... Alexander II (died April 21, 1073), born Anselmo da Baggio , Pope from 1061 to 1073, was a native of Milan. ... Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine (died 1069), called Godfrey the Bearded, was a son of Gothelo I, Duke of Lower Lorraine. ... Anno can refer to Saint Anno, Archbishop of Cologne Anno is a form of the Latin noun annum. ... For other uses, see Cologne (disambiguation). ... Pietro Damiani (St Peter Damian), (c. ...

Guibert laid low for the next nine years, but apparently continued to cultivate his contacts within the German court, for in 1072, Emperor Henry IV named him Archbishop of the vacant see of Ravenna. And, although Pope Alexander II was reluctant to confirm this appointment, he was prevailed by Hildebrand to do so, perhaps as a compromise for peace. Guibert then took an oath of allegiance to the Holy Father and his successors and was installed at Ravenna in 1073. HEINRIC·IMP[ERATOR], Emperor Henry Henry IV (November 11, 1050 – August 7, 1106) was King of Germany (Holy Roman Empire) from 1056 and Emperor from 1084, until his abdication in 1105. ... Ravenna is a city and comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. ... Pope Gregory VII (c. ... Events Cardinal Hildebrand elevated to papacy as Pope Gregory VII, succeeding Pope Alexander II Emperor Shirakawa ascends the throne of Japan Rabbi Yitchaki Alfassi finishes writing the Rif, an important work of Jewish law. ...

Quarrels with Pope Gregory

Shortly after Pope Alexander II died Hildebrand was elected the next pope, being installed as Pope Gregory VII on April 29, 1073. Guibert attended the first Lenten Synods of Pope Gregory in March 1074 in Rome, and at which important laws were passed against simony and the incontinence of the clergy, but soon emerged as one of the most visible leaders of opposition to the Gregorian reforms. Pope Gregory VII (c. ... April 29 is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      In Western Christianity, Lent... A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church, convened to decide an issue of doctrine, administration or application. ...

Having attended Gregory's first Lenten Synods, Guibert refused to attend the next, the Lenten Synod of 1075, although he was bound by oath to obey the summons to attend it. By his absence he made manifest his opposition to Gregory VII, who now suspended him for his refusal to attend the synod. Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      In Western Christianity, Lent... A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church, convened to decide an issue of doctrine, administration or application. ...

The main cause of the quarrel was Pope Gregory's insistence of ending clerical concubinage and simony and of ejecting from the ministry refractory bishops and priests who continued to keep their concubines. Look up concubine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up simony in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Concubinage is either the state of a couple living together as lovers with no obligation created by vows, legal marriage, or religious ceremony, or the state of a woman supported by a male lover who is married to, and usually living with, someone else. ...

It was in this same year that Emperor Henry IV began his open war on Gregory. At a synod held at Worms in January, 1076, a resolution was adopted deposing Gregory, and in this decision the simoniacal bishops of Transpadine Italy joined. Among these must have been Guibert, for he shared in the sentence of excommunication and interdiction which Gregory VII pronounced against the guilty Transpadine bishops at the Lenten Synod of 1076. // Worms (pronounced ) is a city in the southwest of Germany. ... Events February 14 - Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. ...

Shortly after, in April 1076, bishops and abbots of the Transpadine anti-reform party convened at Pavia under the presidency of Guibert and proclaimed the excommunication of Gregory VII; a messenger, bearing a most offensive personal letter from Henry, was dispatched with the Pavian reply to the pope. In response, Gregory was compelled to resort to still stronger measures with regard to Guibert; he excommunicated Guibert by name at the Lenten Synod of February, 1078, and with him his main accomplice Archbishop Tebaldo of Milan. Church San Michele in Pavia The Old Bridge (Ponte Vecchio) on the Ticino river is a symbol of Pavia Pavìa (the ancient Ticinum) (population 71,000) is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy, northern Italy, 35 km south of Milan on the lower Ticino river near its... This article is about the city in Italy. ...

On account of the action of Henry's 1076 Synod of Worms against Gregory, the latter was compelled to lay Henry IV under excommunication. Events February 14 - Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. ...

Reign as Antipope

During the next four years, the emperor and the pope reconciled but then quarreled again, and, facing a rebellion among the German nobles, Emperor Henry threatened to depose Pope Gregory. Carrying out his threats, Henry summoned his German and Transpadine partisans to a Synod at Brixen in June, 1080, which drew up a new decree purporting to depose Pope Gregory VII, and which Henry himself also signed, and then proceeded to elect Guibert, the excommunicated simoniacal Archbishop of Ravenna, as antipope in opposition to Pope Gregory; Guibert took the name Clement III. Henry at once recognized Guibert as pope, swearing that he would lead him to Rome, and there receive from his hands the imperial crown. Brixen (Bressanone) (Italian: Bressanone; German: Brixen; Ladin: Porsenù or Persenon; Archaic (827AD): Pressena, also Prichsna or Brixina; Latin: Bressanon; many of the regions Italian languages/dialects use Bressanon) is a town in the province of Bolzano-Bozen (part of the autonomous region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol) in Northern...

The antipope failed to secure recognition outside of Henry's dominions and was widely understood as being merely his puppet and quite devoid of personal initiative.^{[citation needed]}

Rudolph of Swabia, leader of the rebellious nobles, having fallen mortally wounded at the Battle of Mersburg in 1080, Henry could concentrate all his forces against Gregory. In 1081 he marched on Rome, but failed to force his way into the city, which he finally accomplished only in 1084. Rudolph of Rheinfelden (in German, Rudolf von Rheinfeld, and in Italian Rodolfo di Svevia), died October 15, 1080, was Duke of Swabia (1057–1077) and German antiking (1077–1080). ... Merseburg is a city in the south of the German state of Saxony-Anhalt on the river Saale, approx. ... Events William I of England, in a letter, reminds the Bishop of Rome that the King of England owes him no allegiance. ...

Gregory thereupon retired into the citadel of Sant' Angelo, and refused to entertain Henry's overtures, although the latter promised to hand over Guibert as a prisoner, if the Pope would only consent to crown him emperor.

Gregory, however, insisted as a necessary preliminary that Henry should appear before a council and do penance. The emperor, while pretending to submit to these terms, tried hard to prevent the meeting of the bishops. A small number however assembled, and, in accordance with their wishes, Gregory again excommunicated Henry.

The latter on receipt of this news again entered Rome on March 21, 1084, and succeeded in gaining possession of the greater part of the city and besieged the Pope in the Castle of Sant' Angelo, while, on March 24, Guibert was enthroned as pope in the church of St. John Lateran as Clement III, and on March 31 Guibert crowned Henry IV emperor at St. Peter's. March 21 is the 80th day of the year (81st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events Saint Bruno founds the Carthusian Order of monks Kyanzittha begins his reign in Myanmar. ... March 24 is the 83rd day of the year (84th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Late Baroque façade of the Basilica, completed, after a competition for the design, by Alessandro Galilei in 1735 St. ... March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (91st in leap years), with 275 days remaining. ...

However, when the news was brought that Gregory's Norman ally, Robert Guiscard, Duke of Normandy, was hastening to his aid, Henry fled Rome with Guibert and, in revenge for Matilda's staunch support for Gregory and the reform party, ravaged her possessions in Tuscany. Norman conquests in red. ... Robert Guiscard (i. ... Bold textInsert non-formatted text here This statue of Rollo the Viking (founder of the fiefdom of Normandy) stands in Falaise, Calvados, birthplace of his descendant William I the Conqueror (the Duke of Normandy who became King of England). ... Tuscany (Italian: ) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. ...

The Pope was liberated, but, the people becoming incensed by the excesses of his Norman allies, he was compelled to leave Rome. Disappointed and sorrowing he withdrew to Monte Cassino, and later to the castle of Salerno by the sea, in 1084, where he died in the following year, May 25, 1085. The restored Abbey. ... Salerno is a town in Campania, south-western Italy, the capital of the province of the same name. ... Events Saint Bruno founds the Carthusian Order of monks Kyanzittha begins his reign in Myanmar. ... May 25 is the 145th day of the year (146th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... April 2 - Emperor Zhezong became emperor of Song Dynasty. ...

Three days before his death he withdrew all the censures of excommunication that he had pronounced, except those against the two chief offenders Henry and Guibert. His last words were:

"I have loved justice and hated iniquity, therefore I die in exile."

The German episcopate stood divided. While anti-simonical bishops held a Synod in Quedlinburg, at which they denounced and condemned Guibert, partisans of Henry held a rival Synod at Mainz in 1085, where they approved the deposition of Gregory and the elevation of Guibert. Episcopalian government in the church is rule by a hierarchy of bishops (Greek: episcopoi). ... Quedlinburg is a town located near the Harz mountains, in the west of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. ... Mainz is a city in Germany and the capital of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. ...

This conflict continued even after the death of Gregory, during the entire reigns of whose successors, Pope Victor III, Pope Urban II, and Pope Paschal II, Guibert figured as the antipope of Henry and his party. The Blessed Victor III, born as Dauferius (Benevento, 1026? – September 16, 1087), Pope (May 24, 1086 until his death), was the successor of Pope Gregory VII (1073–85). ... Pope Urban II (1042 – July 29, 1099), born Otho of Lagery (alternatively: Otto or Odo), was a Pope from 1088 to July 29, 1099. ... Paschal II, né Ranierius (born in Bleda, near Forlì, Romagna - d. ...

Victor III, who was elected after a prolonged vacancy caused by the critical position of the Church in Rome, was compelled, eight days after his coronation in St. Peter's on May 3, 1087, to fly from Rome before the partisans of Guibert. The latter were in turn assailed by the troops of Countess Matilda, and entrenched themselves in the Pantheon.

The succeeding pope, Urban II (1088-1099), was at one time master of Rome, but he was afterwards driven from the city by the adherents of Guibert, and sought refuge in Lower Italy and in France.

In June, 1089, at a Synod held in Rome, the antipope declared invalid the decree of excommunication launched against Henry, and various charges were made against the supporters of the legitimate pope.

Still, the years which followed brought to Urban ever-increasing prestige, while Henry IV's power and influence were more and more on the wane.

The greater part of the city of Rome was captured by an army of crusaders under Count Hugh of Vermandois, brother of the King of France. The party of Guibert retained only the Castle of Sant' Angelo, and even this in 1098 fell into the hands of Vermandois. Hugh of Vermandois (1053 - October 18, 1101), was son to King Henry I of France and Anne of Kiev, and the younger brother of King Philip I of France. ... Kings ruled in France from the Middle Ages to 1848. ...

Guibert's influence, after Henry IV's withdrawal from Italy, was virtually confined to Ravenna and a few other districts of Northern Italy.

In 1099, he repaired to Albano after the accession of Paschal II (1099-1118), hoping again to become master of Rome, but he was compelled to withdraw. He reached Cività Castellana, where he died September 8, 1100. His followers, it is true, elected a successor to Guibert, the Antipope Theodoric, who, however, was not a serious threat to the true popes. There are communes that have the name Albano in Italy: Albano di Lucania, in the province of Potenza Albano Laziale, in the province of Rome Albano SantAlessandro, in the province of Bergamo Albano Vercellese, in the province of Vercelli This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which... Theodoric was an antipope in 1100 and 1101. ...

The elevation of Guibert has to be seen in the wider context of the time: there had been several antipopes in the recent past, there were political struggles within the empire, and the Investiture Crisis also had an effect. The Investiture Controversy was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. ...

Clement was notoriously regarded as the champion of the simoniacal and anti-celibacy and pro-clerical concubinage party, although he went through the notions of legislating against these abuses, and, through the leeway he granted the cardinals supporting him, contributed to the development of the College of Cardinals. The Sacred College of Cardinals is the body of all Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church established by Pope St. ...

See also

• other popes named Clement.
• Investiture Crisis
• Simony
• Celibacy
• Pope Gregory VII & the Gregorian reforms

There have been fourteen popes named Clement. ... The Investiture Controversy was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. ... Look up simony in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Pope Gregory VII (c. ... The Gregorian Reform was a series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII and the circle he formed in the papal curia, circa 1050–1080, which dealt with the moral integrity and independence of the clergy. ...

External links

• Catholic Encyclopedia, 1908 on Antipope Guibert
• Catholic Encyclopedia, 1909 on Pope St. Gregory VII
• Catholic Encyclopedia, Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV
• Catholic Encyclopedia, Countess Matilda of Canossa
• Catholic Encyclopedia, Conflict of Investitures

v • d • e

Antipopes of the Roman Catholic Church

Novatian • Felix II • Ursicinus • Eulalius • Laurentius • Dioscorus • Theodore • Paschal • Constantine II • Philip • John VIII • Anastasius • Christopher • Boniface VII • John XVI • Gregory VI • Sylvester III • Benedict X • Honorius II • Clement III • Theodoric • Adalbert • Sylvester IV • Gregory VIII • Celestine II • Anacletus II • Victor IV (1138) • Victor IV (1159–1164) • Paschal III • Callixtus III • Innocent III • Nicholas V • Clement VII • Benedict XIII • Alexander V • John XXIII • Clement VIII • Benedict XIV • Felix V

This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913. For the book by Robert Rankin, see The Antipope. ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Wycliffe Tyndale · Luther · Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Pope · Archbishop of Canterbury Patriarch of Constantinople Christianity Portal This box:      The Roman Catholic Church... Image File history File links Emblem_of_the_Papacy. ... Novatian (died 258) was a scholar and antipope who held the title between 251 and 258. ... Felix II is generally considered an antipope rather than a pope. ... Ursicinus, also known as Ursinus was elected pope in a violently contested election in 366 as a rival to Pope Damasus I, ruled in Rome for several months in 366 – 367, was afterwards declared the antipope, and died after 381. ... Antipope Eulalius (died 423) was an antipope who reigned from December 418 to April 419, although elected the day before Pope Boniface I. Honorius, the Emperor, called a Synod — the first intervention by the Emperor in a Papal election — to decide upon the matter. ... Laurentius (Laurence) was an antipope of the Roman Catholic church, from 498 to 499 and from 501 to 506. ... Discorus, Antipope from 22 September 530 – 14 October 530. ... Theodore was an antipope of the Roman Catholic church, during the year of 687. ... Paschal was an antipope of the Roman Catholic church, during the year of 687. ... Antipope Constantine II was an antipope from 767 to 768, during the reign of Pope Stephen IV. He was killed by the Lombards, when prisoner in the monastery of San Saba. ... Antipope Philip was pope for only one day (July 31, 768). ... John was an antipope of the Roman Catholic church, during the year of 433. ... Anastasius III Bibliothecarius (circa 810- 879) was an antipope of the Roman Catholic Church, during the year 855. ... Christopher was an antipope from October 903 to January 904, probably dying that year. ... Boniface VII (died July 20, 985), who attained the papal chair in 974, is sometimes styled an antipope. ... John XVI, born Johannes Philagathos, called by Latin chroniclers Piligato or Filagatto (died ca 1001) was an antipope from 997 to 998. ... On the death of Pope Sergius IV in June, 1012, a certain Gregory, opposed the party of the Theophylae (which elected Pope Benedict VIII against him), and got himself made pope, seemingly by a small faction. ... Silvester III (or Sylvester), né John (born in Rome; probably died in 1062 or 1063); was pope in 1045. ... Pope/Antipope Benedict X (reigned 1058–1059; died ca. ... Honorius II (d. ... Theodoric was an antipope in 1100 and 1101. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Sylvester IV was a claimant to the papacy from 1105 to 1111. ... Gregory VIII (d. ... Celestine II (born Teobaldo Boccapecci or Boccapeconai, Latin Thebaldus Buccapecuc) was an antipope from December 15 or 16, 1124 to 1125 or 1126. ... Anacletus II, born Pietro Pierloni, (d. ... Victor IV, born Gregorio Conti was chosen by a party in succession to the antipope Anacletus II (1130–38) on March 13, 1138, but through the influence of Bernard of Clairvaux was induced two months afterwards to make his submission to Pope Innocent II (1130–43). ... Victor IV, the former Cardinal Octavianus (Ottaviano Crescenzi Ottaviani of Monticelli), was known as the Ghibelline antipope. ... Antipope Paschal III (or Paschal III) was Antipope from 1164 to September 20, 1168. ... Antipope Callixtus III (or Callistus III) was Antipope from September 1168 to 29 August 1178. ... Innocent III (Lanzo of Sezza) was an antipope during 1179 to 1180. ... Nicholas V, born Pietro Rainalducci (died October 16, 1333) was an antipope in Italy from May 12, 1328 to July 25, 1330 during the pontificate of Pope John XXII (1316–34) at Avignon. ... Robert of Geneva (1342-16 September 1394) was elected to the papacy as Pope Clement VII by the French cardinals who opposed Urban VI, and was the first Avignon antipope of the Western Schism. ... Benedict XIII, born Pedro Martínez de Luna, (b. ... Alexander V (also Peter of Candia or Peter Philarges, c. ... Antipope John XXIII Baldassare Cossa, (about 1370 – November 22, 1419), also known as John XXIII,was Pope or antipope during the Western Schism (1410–1415) and is now officially regarded by the Catholic Church as an antipope. ... Clement VIII was one of the antipopes of the Avignon line, reigning from 10 June 1423 to 26 July 1429. ... Benedict XIV (died circa 1433) was Counter-Antipope from 1425 to 1433. ... Antipope Felix V, the last historical Antipope. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... The Catholic Encyclopedia, also referred to today as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language encyclopedia published in 1913 by The Encyclopedia Press. ...