Tuberculous lungs show up on an X-ray image Tuberculosis is an infection with the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system (meningitis), lymphatic system, circulatory system (miliary TB), genitourinary system, bones and joints. Tubercular lungs - from pl:Gruźlica - believed to be GFDL (polish speaker could verify) File links The following pages link to this file: Tuberculosis Categories: GFDL images ...
Tubercular lungs - from pl:Gruźlica - believed to be GFDL (polish speaker could verify) File links The following pages link to this file: Tuberculosis Categories: GFDL images ...
In the NATO phonetic alphabet, X-ray represents the letter X. An X-ray picture (radiograph) taken by Röntgen An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength approximately in the range of 5 pm to 10 nanometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz...
An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ...
Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus_Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ...
Binomial name Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacteria that causes most cases of tuberculosis. ...
The heart in relation to the lungs (from an older edition of Grays Anatomy) This x-ray of the human chest shows the lungs as dark regions The lung is an organ belonging to the respiratory system and interfacing to the circulatory system of air-breathing vertebrates. ...
The human central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. ...
Meningitis is inflammation of the membranes (meninges) covering the brain and the spinal cord. ...
In mammals including humans, the lymphatic vessels (or lymphatics) are a network of thin tubes that branch, like blood vessels, into tissues throughout the body. ...
Circulatory system - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ...
In anatomy, the genitourinary system is the organ system of all the reproductive organs and the urinary system. ...
Grays illustration of a human femur, a typically recognized bone. ...
This article is about a joint in zootomical anatomy. ...
Other names for the disease are:
- TB (short for tuberculosis)
- Consumption (TB seemed to consume people from within with its symptoms of bloody cough, fever, pallor, and long relentless wasting)
- Wasting disease
- White plague (TB sufferers appeared markedly pale)
- Phthisis (Greek for consumption) and phthisis pulmonalis
- Scrofula (swollen neck glands)
- King's evil (so called because it was believed that a king's touch would heal scrofula)
- Pott's disease of the spine
- Miliary TB (x-ray lesions look like millet seeds)
- Tabes mesenterica (TB of the abdomen)
- Lupus vulgaris (the common wolf - TB of the skin)
Tuberculosis is the most common major infectious disease today, infecting two billion people or one-third of the world's population, with nine million new cases of active disease annually, resulting in two million deaths, mostly in developing countries. Lupus (Latin, a Wolf) Lupus - The astronomical constellation Lupus erythematosus - SLE - The autoimmune disease Lupus pernio - a feature of sarcoidosis Lupus vulgaris - a feature of cutaneous tuberculosis This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
In medicine, infectious disease or communicable disease is disease caused by a biological agent (e. ...
A developing country is a country with low average income compared to the world average. ...
Most of those infected (90 percent) have asymptomatic latent TB infection (LTBI). There is a 10 percent lifetime chance that LTBI will progress to active TB disease which, if left untreated, will kill more than 50 percent of its victims. TB is one of the top three infectious killing diseases in the world: HIV/AIDS kills 3 million people each year, TB kills 2 million, and malaria kills 1 million. In medicine, a disease is asymptomatic when it is at a stage where the patient does not experience symptoms. ...
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a retrovirus that infects cells of the human immune system. ...
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, sometimes written Aids) is a global, human epidemic. ...
Malaria - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ...
The neglect of TB control programs, HIV/AIDS, and immigration has caused a resurgence of tuberculosis. Multiple drug resistant strains of TB (MDR-TB) is increasing. The World Health Organization declared TB a global health emergency in 1993. For other meanings of the acronym WHO, see WHO (disambiguation) WHO flag Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the World Health Organization (WHO) is an agency of the United Nations, acting as a coordinating authority on international public health. ...
The bacterium
The cause of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is a slow-growing aerobic bacterium that divides every 16 to 20 hours. This is extremely slow compared to other bacteria, which tend to have division times measured in minutes (among the fastest growing bacteria is a strain of E. coli that can divide roughly every 20 minutes). It is not classified as either Gram-positive or Gram-negative because it does not have the chemical characteristics of either, although it contains peptidoglycan in their cell wall. If a Gram stain is performed, it stains very weakly Gram-positive or not at all. It is a small rod-like bacillus which can withstand weak disinfectants and can survive in a dry state for weeks but, spontaneously, can only grow within a host organism (in vitro culture of M. tuberculosis took a long time to be achieved, but is nowadays a normal laboratory procedure). Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) (shown in red) are tubercle bacilli. ...
Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) (shown in red) are tubercle bacilli. ...
Species Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus Bacillus coagulans Paenibacillus larvae Bacillus natto Bacillus subtilis Bacillus thuringiensis The word bacillus is a descriptive term for the appearance of certain bacteria when viewed microscopically. ...
Binomial name Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacteria that causes most cases of tuberculosis. ...
Binomial name Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacteria that causes most cases of tuberculosis. ...
An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that has an oxygen based metabolism. ...
Phyla/Divisions Actinobacteria Aquificae Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia Chloroflexi Chrysiogenetes Cyanobacteria Deferribacteres Deinococcus_Thermus Dictyoglomi Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria Firmicutes Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Omnibacteria Planctomycetes Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Thermodesulfobacteria Thermomicrobia Thermotogae Bacteria (singular, bacterium) are a major group of living organisms. ...
Binomial name Escherichia coli T. Escherich, 1885 Escherichia coli (usually abbreviated to E. coli) is one of the main species of bacteria that live in the lower intestines of warm-blooded animals (including birds and mammals) and are necessary for the proper digestion of food. ...
Gram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by gram staining, in contrast to gram-negative bacteria, which are not affected by the stain. ...
Bacteria that are Gram-negative are not stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining, in contrast to Gram-positive bacteria. ...
Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a homogenous layer lying outside the plasma membrane in prokaryotes. ...
Species Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus Bacillus coagulans Paenibacillus larvae Bacillus natto Bacillus subtilis Bacillus thuringiensis The word bacillus is a descriptive term for the appearance of certain bacteria when viewed microscopically. ...
Disinfection The destruction of pathogenic and other kinds of microorganisms by physical or chemical means Disinfectants are chemical substances used to kill viruses and microbes (germs), such as bacteria and fungi. ...
An endospore is any spore that is produced within an organism (usually a bacterium). ...
MTB is identified microscopically by its staining characteristics: it retains certain stains after being treated with acidic solution, and is thus classified as an "acid-fast bacillus" or "AFB". In the most common staining technique, the Ziehl-Neelsen stain, AFB are stained a bright red which stands out clearly against a blue background. Acid-fast bacilli can also be visualized by fluorescent microscopy, and by auramine-rhodamine stain. A bacillus is a rod-shaped bacterium: an acid-fast bacillus (or AFB) is a rod-shaped bacterium which, when stained with certain compounds, retains that stain despite treatment with an acidic solution. ...
Ziehl-Neelsen stain is used to stain acid-fast mycobacteria. ...
The auramine-rhodamine stain is a histological technique used to see acid-fast bacilli, notably Mycobacteria. ...
The M. tuberculosis complex includes 3 other mycobacteria which can cause tuberculosis: M. bovis, M. africanum, and M. microti. The first two are very rare causes of disease and the last one does not cause human disease. Species see text Mycobacterium is the a genus of actinobacteria, given its own family, the Mycobacteriaceae. ...
Binomial name Mycobacterium bovis Mycobacterium bovis is a type of bacterium that causes tuberculosis in cattle. ...
- Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are other mycobacteria (besides M. leprae which causes leprosy) which may cause pulmonary disease resembling TB, lymphadenitis, skin disease, or disseminated disease. These include Mycobacterium avium, M. kansasii, and others.
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), or atypical mycobacteria or mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT), are mycobacteria which do not cause tuberculosis or Hansens disease (leprosy). ...
Microphotograph of Mycobacterium leprae taken from a skin lesion. ...
Father Damien was a Roman Catholic missionary who helped lepers on Hawaii and also died of the disease. ...
The disease Transmission
TB is spread through aerosol droplets which are expelled when persons with active TB disease cough, sneeze, speak, or spit. Close contacts (people with prolonged, frequent, or intense contact) are at highest risk of becoming infected (typically 22 percent infection rate but everything is possible, even up to 100%). A person with untreated, active tuberculosis can infect an estimated 20 other people per year. Others at risk include foreign-born from areas where TB is common, residents and employees of high-risk congregate settings, health care workers who serve high-risk clients, medically underserved, low-income populations, high-risk racial or ethnic minority populations, children exposed to adults in high-risk categories, and people who inject illicit drugs.
Transmission can only occur from people with active TB disease (not latent TB infection).
The probability of transmission depends upon: infectiousness of the person with TB (quantity expelled), environment of exposure, duration of exposure, and virulence of the organism. Infection is also the title of an episode of the television series Babylon 5; see Infection (Babylon 5). ...
Virulence is a term used to refer to either the relative pathogenicity or the relative ability to do damage to the host of an infectious agent. ...
The chain of transmission can be stopped by isolating patients with active disease and starting effective anti-tuberculous therapy.
Pathogenesis
While only 10 percent of TB infection progresses to TB disease, if untreated the death rate is 50 percent. An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ...
A disease is any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person affected or those in contact with the person. ...
Infection
TB infection begins when TB bacilli reach the pulmonary alveoli, and infect alveolar macrophages, where the mycobacteria replicate exponentially. Bacteria are picked up by dendritic cells, which can transport bacilli to local (mediastinal) lymph nodes, and then through the bloodstream to the more distant tissues and organs where TB disease could potentially develop: lung apices, peripheral lymph nodes, kidneys, brain, and bone. Detailed drawing of the alveoli from Grays Anatomy The alveolus (plural:alveoli), tiny hollow sacs which are continuous with the airways, are the sites of gas exchange with the blood. ...
Lymph nodes are components of the lymphatic system. ...
Tuberculosis is classed as one of the granulomatous inflammatory conditions. Macrophges, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and fibroblasts are among the cells that aggregate to form a granuloma, with lymphocytes surrounding infected macrophages. The granuloma functions not only to prevent dissemination of the mycobacteria, but also provides a local environment for communication of cells of the immune system. Within the granuloma, T lymphocytes secrete cytokine such as interferon gamma, which activates macrophages and make them better able to fight infection. T lymphocytes can also directly kill infected cells. Cytokines are small protein molecules that are the core of communication between immune system cells, and even between immune system cells and cells belonging to other tissue types. ...
Importantly, bacteria are not eliminated with the granuloma, but can become dormant, resulting in a latent infection. Latent infection can be diagnosed only by tuberculin skin test, which yields a delayed hypertype sensitivity response to purified protein derivitives of M. tuberculosis in an infected person.
Another feature of the granulomas of human tuberculosis is the development of cell death, also called necrosis, in the center of tubercles. To the naked eye this has the texture of soft white cheese and was termed caseous necrosis.
If TB bacteria gain entry to the blood stream from an area of tissue damage they spread through the body and set up myriad foci of infection, all appearing as tiny white tubercles in the tissues. This is called miliary tuberculosis and has a high case fatality.
In many patients the infection waxes and wanes. Tissue destruction and necrosis are balanced by healing and fibrosis. Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with cheese-like white necrotic material. During active disease, some of these cavities are in continuity with the air passages bronchi. This material may therefore be coughed up. It contains living bacteria and can pass on infection. A bronchus (plural bronchi, adjective bronchial) is a caliber of airways in the the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs. ...
Treatment with appropriate antibiotics kills bacteria and allows healing to take place. Affected areas are eventually replaced by scar tissue.
Disease
In those people in whom TB bacilli overcome the immune system defenses and begin to multiply, there is progression from TB infection to TB disease. This may occur soon after infection (primary TB disease – 1 to 5 percent) or many years after infection (post primary TB, secondary TB, reactivation TB disease of dormant bacilli – 5 to 9 percent). The risk of reactivation increases with immune compromise, such as that caused by infection with HIV. In patients co-infected with M. tuberculosis and HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10 percent per year, while in immune competent individuals, the risk is between 5 and 10 percent in a lifetime.
About five percent of infected persons will develop TB disease in the first two years, and another five percent will develop disease later in life. In all, about 10 percent of infected persons with normal immune systems will develop TB disease in their lifetime.
Some medical conditions increase the risk of progression to TB disease. In HIV infected persons with TB infection, the risk increases to 10 percent each year instead of 10 percent over a lifetime. Other such conditions include drug injection (mainly because of the life style of IV Drug users), substance abuse, recent TB infection (within two years) or history of inadequately treated TB, chest X-ray suggestive of previous TB (fibrotic lesions and nodules), diabetes mellitus, silicosis, prolonged corticosteroid therapy and other immunosuppressive therapy, head and neck cancers, hematologic and reticuloendothelial diseases (leukemia and Hodgkin's disease), end-stage renal disease, intestinal bypass or gastrectomy, chronic malabsorption syndromes, or low body weight (10 percent or more below the ideal). HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a retrovirus that infects cells of the human immune system. ...
Some drugs, including rheumatoid arthritis drugs that work by blocking tumor necrosis factor-alpha (an inflammation-causing cytokine), raise the risk of causing a latent infection to become active due to the imporance of this cytokine in the immune defense against TB. In medicine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα, cachexin or cachectin) is an important cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and the acute phase response. ...
TB disease most commonly affects the lungs (75 percent or more), where it is called pulmonary TB. Symptoms include a productive, prolonged cough of more than three weeks duration, chest pain, and hemoptysis. Systemic symptoms include fever, chills, night sweats, appetite loss, weight loss, and easy fatigability. The term consumption arose because sufferers appeared as if they were "consumed" from within by the disease. People from Asian and African descent may have more often lymph node TB than Caucasians. Hemoptysis is the expectoration of blood or of blood-stained sputum from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs (e. ...
Extrapulmonary sites include the pleura, central nervous system (meningitis), lymphatic system (scrofula of the neck), genitourinary system, and bones and joints (Pott's disease of the spine). An especially serious form is "disseminated", or "miliary" TB, so named because the lung lesions so-formed resemble millet seeds on x-ray. These are more common in immunosuppressed persons and in young children. Pulmonary TB may co-exist with extrapulmonary TB. Meningitis is inflammation of the membranes (meninges) covering the brain and the spinal cord. ...
Scrofula (Scrophula or Struma) refers to a variety of skin diseases; in particular, a form of tuberculosis, affecting the lymph nodes of the neck. ...
Potts disease is a presentation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that affects the spine. ...
Drug resistance
Drug-resistant TB is transmitted in the same way as drug-susceptible TB. Primary resistance develops in persons initially infected with resistant organisms. Secondary resistance (acquired resistance) may develop during TB therapy due to inadequate treatment regimen, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately or using low quality medication.
Diagnosis A complete medical evaluation for TB includes a medical history, a physical examination, a tuberculin skin test, a chest X-ray, and microbiologic smears and cultures. - See: tuberculosis diagnosis, tuberculosis radiology
A complete medical evaluation for tuberculosis (TB) includes a medical history, a physical examination, a tuberculin skin test, a chest X-ray, and microbiologic smears and cultures. ...
Main article: Tuberculosis Radiology is used in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. ...
Treatment Persons with TB infection (class 2 or class 4 TB), but who do not have TB disease (class 3 or class 5 TB), cannot spread the infection to other people. TB infection in a person who does not have TB disease is not considered a case of TB and is often referred to as latent TB infection (LTBI). This distinction is important because treatment options will be different for a person who has LTBI instead of active TB disease. An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. ...
A disease is any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person affected or those in contact with the person. ...
- See: tuberculosis treatment
Persons with tuberculosis (TB) infection (class 2 or class 4 TB), but who do not have TB disease (class 3 or class 5 TB), cannot spread the infection to other people. ...
Prevention Prevention and control efforts include three priority strategies: - identifying and treating all persons who have TB disease
- finding and evaluating persons who have been in contact with TB patients to determine whether they have TB infection or disease, and treating them appropriately, and
- testing high-risk groups for TB infection to identify candidates for treatment of latent infection and to ensure the completion of treatment.
In tropical areas where the incidence of atypical mycobacteria is high, exposure to nontuberculous mycobacteria gives some protection against TB. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), or atypical mycobacteria or mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT), are mycobacteria which do not cause tuberculosis or Hansens disease (leprosy). ...
BCG vaccine Many countries use BCG vaccine as part of their TB control programs, especially for infants. The protective efficacy of BCG for preventing serious forms of TB (e.g. meningitis) in children is high (greater than 80 percent). However, the protective efficacy for preventing pulmonary TB in adolescents and adults is variable, from 0 to 80 percent. In the United Kingdom, children aged 10-14 are typically immunized during school. Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) is a vaccine against tuberculosis that is prepared from a strain of the attenuated (weakened) live bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis that has lost its virulence in humans by specially culturing in artificial medium for years. ...
Meningitis is inflammation of the membranes (meninges) covering the brain and the spinal cord. ...
The effectiveness of BCG is much lower than in areas where mycobacteria are much less prevalent. In the USA, BCG vaccine is not routinely recommended except for selected persons who meet specific criteria: The prevalence of a disease in a statistical population is defined as follows: Prevalence is useful because it is a measure of the commonality of disease. ...
- Infants or children with negative skin-test result who are continually exposed to untreated or ineffectively treated patients or will be continually exposed to multidrug-resistant TB.
- Healthcare workers considered on individual basis in settings in which high percentage of MDR-TB patients has been found, transmission of MDR-TB is likely, and TB control precautions have been implemented and not successful.
BCG vaccine and tuberculin skin test Tuberculin skin testing is not contraindicated for BCG-vaccinated persons.
Latent TB infection (LTBI) diagnosis and treatment for LTBI is considered for any BCG-vaccinated person whose skin test is 10 mm or greater, if any of these circumstances are present:
- Was contact of another person with infectious TB
- Was born or has resided in a high TB prevalence country
- Is continually exposed to populations where TB prevalence is high.
Tuberculosis vaccine The first recombinant tuberculosis vaccine entered clinical trials in the United States in 2004 sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). [1] (http://www2.niaid.nih.gov/newsroom/releases/corixatbvac.htm) Recombinant proteins are proteins that are produced by different genetically modified organisms following insertion of the relevant DNA into their genome. ...
A bottle and a syringe containing the influenza vaccine. ...
In medicine, a clinical trial (synonyms: clinical studies, research protocols, medical research) is a research study. ...
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. ...
A 2005 study showed that a DNA TB vaccine given with conventional chemotherapy can accelerate the disappearance of bacteria as well as protecting against re-infection in mice; it may take four to five years to be available in humans. PMID 15690060. Chemotherapy is the use of chemical substances to treat disease. ...
Because of the limitations of current vaccines, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development including prizes, tax incentives and advance market commitments. An advance market commitment is binding contract, typically offered by a government or other financial entity, used to guarantee a viable market if a vaccine or other medicine is successfully developed. ...
Animals Tuberculosis can be carried by many mammals. Domesticated species, such as cats and dogs, are generally free of tuberculosis, but wild animals may carry it (among other possible diseases). As a result, many places have regulations restricting the ownership of novelty pets, possibly including such partially-domesticated species as pet skunks; for example, the Canadian province of Quebec forbids the owning of hedgehogs as pets, and the American state of California forbids the ownership of pet gerbils. The strictness of such restrictions generally depends on the public health policies adopted for fighting tuberculosis. Orders Subclass Monotremata Monotremata Subclass Marsupialia Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia Subclass Placentalia Xenarthra Dermoptera Desmostylia Scandentia Primates Rodentia Lagomorpha Insectivora Chiroptera Pholidota Carnivora Perissodactyla Artiodactyla Cetacea Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Hyracoidea Proboscidea Sirenia The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals primarily characterized by the presence of mammary...
A novelty pet, or exotic pet is an unusual animal kept as a pet, sometimes for the express purpose of having an unusual or unique pet. ...
A pet skunk A pet skunk is an animal kept by humans for companionship and enjoyment. ...
This article describes the Canadian province. ...
For the anti-submarine weapon see Hedgehog (weapon); for the mathematical concepts see hedgehog (curve) and hedgehog (metric). ...
State nickname: The Golden State Other U.S. States Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger Official languages English Area 410,000 km² (3rd) - Land 404,298 km² - Water 20,047 km² (4. ...
A gerbil is a small mammal of the order Rodentia. ...
Public health is an aspect of health services concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. ...
History Tuberculosis has been present in humans since antiquity, as the origins of the disease are in the first domestication of cattle (which also gave humanity viral poxes). Skeletal remains show prehistoric humans (4000 BC) had TB and tubercular decay has been found in the spines of Egyptian mummies from 3000-2400 BC. There were references to TB in India around 2000 BC and TB was present in The Americas from about 2000 BC Antiquity means ancient times, and may be used of any period before the Middle Ages. ...
A mummy is a preserved corpse that, due to shielding from decomposition by either natural or artificial means, has retained its physical form. ...
The Americas (sometimes referred to as America) is the area including the land mass located between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, generally divided into North America and South America. ...
Phthisis is a Greek term for consumption. Around 460 BC, Hippocrates identified phthisis as the most widespread disease of the times which was almost always fatal. Hippocrates: a conventionalized image in a Roman portrait bust (19th century engraving) Hippocrates of Cos (c. ...
Due to the variety of its symptoms, TB was not identified as a unified disease until the 1820s and was not named tuberculosis until 1839 by J.L. Schoenlein. 1820 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...
1839 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...
First TB sanatorium opened in 1859 in Poland; later, in 1885 in the United States.
The bacillus-causing tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was described on March 24, 1882 by Robert Koch. He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for this discovery in 1905. Koch did not believe that bovine (cattle) and human tuberculosis were similar, which held back the recognition of infected milk as a source of infection. Later, this source was eliminated by pasteurization. Koch announced a glycerine extract of the tubercle bacilli as a "remedy" for tuberculosis in 1890, calling it tuberculin. It was not effective, but was later adapted by von Pirquet for a test for pre-symptomatic tuberculosis. March 24 is the 83rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (84th in Leap years). ...
1882 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (December 11, 1843 - May 27, 1910) was a German physician. ...
List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physiology or Medicine from 1901 to the present day. ...
1905 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
Pasteurization is the process of heating food for the purpose of killing harmful organisms such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, molds, and yeasts. ...
Glycerin, also known as glycerine and glycerol, and less commonly as 1,2,3-propanetriol, 1,2,3-trihydroxypropane, glyceritol, and glycyl alcohol is a colorless, odorless, hygroscopic, and sweet tasting viscous liquid. ...
The first genuine success in immunizing against tuberculosis developed from attenuated bovine strain tuberculosis by Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin in 1906 was BCG (Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin). It was first used on humans on July 18, 1921 in France, although national arrogance prevented its widespread use in either the USA, Great Britain, or Germany until after World War II. Léon Charles Albert Calmette (July 12, 1863 – October 29, 1933) was a French physician, bacteriologist and immunologist, and an important officer of the Pasteur Institute. ...
1906 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...
Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) is a vaccine against tuberculosis that is prepared from a strain of the attenuated (weakened) live bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis that has lost its virulence in humans by specially culturing in artificial medium for years. ...
July 18 is the 199th day (200th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 166 days remaining. ...
1921 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...
Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...
Tuberculosis caused the most widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as the endemic disease of the urban poor. In 1815 England one in four deaths were of consumption; by 1918 one in six deaths in France were still caused by TB. After the establishment in the 1880s that the disease was contagious, TB was made a notifiable disease in Britain; there were campaigns to stop spitting in public places, and the infected poor were "encouraged" to enter sanatoria that rather resembled prisons. Whatever the purported benefits of the fresh air and labor in the sanatoria, 75% of those who entered were dead within five years (1908). Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ...
(19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the...
This article is about the epidemiological meaning of endemic. See also endemic (ecology). ...
Diseases which must, by law, be reported to governmental authorities by medical practitioners are called notifiable diseases or reportable diseases. ...
Sanatório Heliantia A sanatorium refers to a medical facility for long-term illness, typically cholera or tuberculosis. ...
In the United States, concern about the spread of tuberculosis played a role in the movement to prohibit public spitting except into spittoons. A Chicago courtroom scene, mid 1910s. ...
In Europe, deaths from TB fell from 500 out of 100,000 in 1850 to 50 out of 100,000 by 1950. Improvements in public health were reducing tuberculosis even before the arrival of antibiotics, although the disease's significance was still such that when the Medical Research Council was formed in Britain in 1913 its first project was tuberculosis. Current MRC logo The Medical Research Council (MRC) is a UK organisation dedicated to promot[ing] the balanced development of medical and related biological research in the UK. Organisation The MRC is one of seven Research Councils and is answerable to, although politically independent from, the Office of Science and...
1913 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ...
It was not until 1946 with the development of the antibiotic streptomycin that treatment rather than prevention became a possibility. Prior to then only surgical intervention was possible as supposed treatment (other than sanatoria), including the pneumothorax technique: collapsing an infected lung to "rest" it and allow lesions to heal, which was an accomplished technique but was of little benefit and was discontinued after 1946. Streptomycin was the first of a class of drugs called aminoglycosides to be discovered, and was the first antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis. ...
Hopes that the disease could be completely eliminated have been dashed since the rise of drug-resistant strains in the 1980s. For example, TB cases in Britain, numbering around 50,000 in 1955, had fallen to around 5,500 in 1987, but in 2001 there were over 7,000 confirmed cases. Due to the elimination of public health facilities in New York in the 1970s, there was a resurgence in the 1980s. The number of those failing to complete their course of drugs was very high. NY had to cope with more than 20,000 "unnecessary" TB-patients with many multi-drug resistant strains (i.e., resistant to, at least, both Rifampin and Isoniazid). The resurgence of tuberculosis resulted in the declaration of a global health emergency by the World Health Organization in 1993. Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. ...
Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 1960s and 1970s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ...
Events and trends Although in the United States and in many other Western societies the 1970s are often seen as a period of transition between the turbulent 1960s and the more conservative 1980s and 1990s, many of the trends that are associated widely with the Sixties, from the Sexual Revolution...
Events and trends The 1980s marked an abrupt shift towards more conservative lifestyles after the momentous cultural revolutions which took place in the 1960s and 1970s and the definition of the AIDS virus in 1981. ...
In 2003, by disabling a set of genes, researchers accidentally created a more lethal and rapidly reproducing strain of tuberculosis bacteria.
Christmas Seals was started in 1904 in Denmark as a way to raise money for tuberculosis programs. It expanded to the United States and Canada in 1907-08 to help the National Tuberculosis Association, later called the American Lung Association. The US Christmas seal of 1925 features holly and mistletoe behind the candles. ...
The American Lung Association is a non-profit organization which fights lung disease in all its forms, with special emphasis on asthma, tobacco control and environmental health. It was founded in 1904 to fight tuberculosis as the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis. ...
Tuberculosis in art, literature, history and film It has been speculated that the real-life ubiquity of illness and death due to tuberculosis affected the portrayal of these issues in European art and literature as well as history.
David Brainerd (born: April 20, 1718, died: October 9, 1747) only lived 29 years. His diary has been published and reflects his reliance upon God's faithfulness amidst his battle with consumption. Brainard's diary has proven historically very influential, particularly to the modern Christian missionary movement. He was a close friend of Theologian and Pastor Jonathan Edwards in New England. More information about Brainerd's life can be found detailed by contemporary pastor/theologian John Piper here[2] (http://www.desiringgod.org/library/biographies/90brainerd.html), with Brainerd's diary being found here [3] (http://www.ccel.org/ccel/edwards/works2.ix.html). David Brainerd (April 20, 1718 - 1747), American missionary among the Native Americans, was born at Haddam, Connecticut. ...
Jonathan Edwards is the name of several individuals: An American theologian in the 18th century; see Jonathan Edwards (theology). ...
John Piper (artist), a prominent artist John Piper (politician), 19th-century lieutenant-governor of the Norfolk Island John Piper (theologian), a Reformed theologian and pastor This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ...
The Life and Death of Mr. Badman (1680) by John Bunyan - "Yet the captain of all these men of death that came against him to take him away, was the consumption, for it was that that brought him down to the grave." John Bunyan. ...
The pale, "haunted" appearance of tuberculosis sufferers has been seen as an influence on the works of Edgar Allan Poe and in vampire tales. In recent years, this aesthetic has been revived by the "Goth" subculture. Edgar Allan Poe - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ...
Count Orlok from Nosferatu A vampire is a mythical or folkloric creature said to subsist on human and/or animal blood often having magical powers and the ability to transform. ...
This article is about the contemporary goth subculture. ...
The heroine, Mimi, of Puccini's opera La Bohème suffers from tuberculosis (a theme carried over in the modern film adaptation Moulin Rouge!). Violetta, heroine of Verdi's La Traviata also dies of the disease. Giacomo Puccini Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini (December 22, 1858 – November 29, 1924) is regarded as one of the great operatic composers of the late 19th and early 20th century. ...
La Bohème is an often-adapted story first appearing in Henry Murgers magazine articles in the early 1800s. ...
Moulin Rouge! is a 2001 musical film directed by Baz Luhrmann, which tells the story of a young British poet, Christian, who falls in love with the star of the Moulin Rouge cabaret, Satine. ...
Giuseppe Verdi, by Giovanni Boldini, 1886 (National Gallery of Modern Art, Rome) Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (October 10, 1813 – January 27, 1901) was one of the great composers of Italian opera. ...
La Traviata is an opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi. ...
In Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, Jane's best friend in school dies of consumption. It is indicative of the horrible conditions of these types of schools in the 1800s.
In Sylvia Plath's novel The Bell Jar, the protagonist Esther's boyfriend Buddy Willard suffers from tuberculosis, much to her liking. Sylvia Plath (October 27, 1932 – February 11, 1963) was an American poet, author, and essayist. ...
The Bell Jar is Sylvia Plaths only novel, which was originally published under the pseudonym Victoria Lucas in 1963. ...
In Nicholas Nickleby, by Charles Dickens, Nickleby's faithful companion Smike is beset by tuberculosis. The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, (or Nicholas Nickleby for short) is a comic novel of Charles Dickens. ...
Charles Dickens used his rich imagination, sense of humour and detailed memories, particularly of his childhood, to enliven his fiction. ...
Extensively, in The Magic Mountain, by Thomas Mann, where a three week visit to a sanitarium turns into a seven year sabbatical. The Magic Mountain (Der Zauberberg) is a 1924 novel by Thomas Mann and one of the most influential works of 20th century German literature. ...
Thomas Mann (June 6, 1875–August 12, 1955) was a German novelist and essayist, lauded principally for a series of highly symbolic and often ironic epic novels and mid-length stories, noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and intellectual and an underlying eroticism informed by Mann...
Tuberculosis patients were frequent characters in 19th century Russian literature, and even inspired a character type; the consumptive nihilist, examples of which include Bazarov from Ivan Turgenev's Fathers and Sons, Katerina Ivanovna from Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment, and Kirillov from Fyodor Dostoevsky's Demons (aka The Possessed). Ippolit from Dostoevsky's The Idiot Russian literature refers to the literature of Russia or its emigrés, and to the Russian-language literature of several independent nations once a part of what was historically Russia or the Soviet Union. ...
Ivan Turgenev, photo by Félix Nadar (1820-1910) Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (Ива́н Серге́евич Турге́нев, November 9, 1818 - September 3, 1883) was a major Russian novelist and playwright. ...
Fathers and Sons was an 1862 novel by Ivan Turgenev, his best known work. ...
Fyodor Dostoevsky. ...
Fyodor Dostoevsky. ...
Pevear and Volokhonsky translation of Demons The Possessed, also known as The Devils or The Demons is a novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky. ...
The Idiot is a novel written by the Russian writer Fyodor Dostoevsky in 1869. ...
The hospitalized mother in the anime movie My Neighbor Totoro is thought to be suffering from tuberculosis (her ailment is not specifically named in the film, but tuberculosis is cited in the film's novelization). This is an autobiographical reference to the fact that writer/director Hayao Miyazaki's own mother spent several years of his childhood hospitalized with TB. A scene from Cowboy Bebop (1998) Anime (アニメ) is Japanese animation, often characterized by stylized colorful images depicting vibrant characters in a variety of different settings and storylines, aimed at a variety of different audiences. ...
My Neighbor Totoro (となりのトトロ - Tonari no Totoro) is a 1988 Japanese animated movie directed by Hayao Miyazaki and produced by Studio Ghibli. ...
For music albums named Autobiography, see Greek eauton = self, bios = life and graphein = write) is a form of biography, the writing of a life story. ...
Hayao Miyazaki (宮崎 駿 Miyazaki Hayao) (born January 5, 1941) is one of the most famous and respected creators of Anime, or Japanese animated films. ...
The Sick Child (1886) by Edvard Munch, portrait of his deceased sister Sophie who died of TB at 16. [4] (http://www.museumsnett.no/nasjonalgalleriet/munch/eng/innhold/ngm00839.html) Self portrait, 1895 Edvard Munch (December 12, 1863 – January 23, 1944) was a Norwegian expressionist painter and printmaker. ...
In Hocus Pocus by Kurt Vonnegut, the protagonist contracts TB later in his lifetime. Hocus Pocus is a 1990 novel by Kurt Vonnegut. ...
Kurt Vonnegut, Junior (born November 11, 1922) is an American novelist, satirist, and most recently, graphic artist. ...
In "A Long Days Journey Into Night" by Eugene O'Neill character Edmund Tyrone is sick with consumption. Eugene ONeill Eugene Gladstone ONeill (New York City, October 16, 1888 – November 27, 1953 in Boston) was an American playwright. ...
In the film "Moulin Rouge!", Satine (the beautiful courtesan) is dying from the disease. Moulin Rouge! is a 2001 musical film directed by Baz Luhrmann, which tells the story of a young British poet, Christian, who falls in love with the star of the Moulin Rouge cabaret, Satine. ...
A courtesan is a person paid and/or supported for the giving of social companionship and intimate liaisons to one or more partners. ...
In the Australian novel Seven Little Australians, Judy becomes consumptive after walking from the Blue Mountains to her home. Blue Mountains of New South Wales The Blue Mountains of New South Wales, Australia, roughly 100 kilometres west of Sydney, are a range of sandstone mountains that reach to 1111 metres above sea level at their highest, One Tree Hill, and form part of the Great Dividing Range that runs...
In the 2002 film The Twilight Samurai, the leading character Seibel Iguchi's wife dies of consumption at the beginning of the story. At the end, his opponent tells of the death of his own wife and daughter of consumption. The Twilight Samurai (たそがれ清兵衛, Tasogare Seibei) is a 2002 Japanese movie directed by Yamada Yoji. ...
See also This is a list of famous people and celebrities who had, or are believed to have had, tuberculosis. ...
Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) is a vaccine against tuberculosis that is prepared from a strain of the attenuated (weakened) live bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis that has lost its virulence in humans by specially culturing in artificial medium for years. ...
The Heaf test is a diagnostic skin test performed in order to determine whether or not a child has been exposed to tuberculosis. ...
A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. ...
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), or atypical mycobacteria or mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT), are mycobacteria which do not cause tuberculosis or Hansens disease (leprosy). ...
Binomial name Mycobacterium bovis Mycobacterium bovis is a type of bacterium that causes tuberculosis in cattle. ...
Father Damien was a Roman Catholic missionary who helped lepers on Hawaii and also died of the disease. ...
Buruli ulcer is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium ulcerans, from the same family of bacteria which causes tuberculosis and leprosy. ...
References - Core Curriculum on Tuberculosis: What the Clinician Should Know, 4th edition (2000). Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (Internet versionupdated (http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/tb/pubs/corecurr/default.htm) Aug 2003).
- Joint Tuberculosis Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Control and prevention of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom: Code of Practice 2000. Thorax 2000;55:887-901 (fulltext (http://thorax.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/55/11/887)).
- Thomas Dormandy (1999). The White Death: A History of Tuberculosis. ISBN 0814719279 HB - ISBN 1852853328 PB
- Mountains Beyond Mountains: The Quest of Dr. Paul Farmer, a Man Who Would Cure the World. Tracy Kidder, Random House 2000. ISBN 0812973011. A nonfiction account of treating TB in Haiti, Peru, and elsewhere.
- Ha SJ, Jeon BY, Youn JI, Kim SC, Cho SN, Sung YC. Protective effect of DNA vaccine during chemotherapy on reactivation and reinfection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Gene Ther. 2005 Feb 03; [Epub ahead of print] PMID 15690060
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta is recognized as the lead United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people by providing credible information to enhance health decisions, and promoting health through strong partnerships with state health departments and other organizations. ...
External links Organizations Other For other meanings of the acronym WHO, see WHO (disambiguation) WHO flag Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the World Health Organization (WHO) is an agency of the United Nations, acting as a coordinating authority on international public health. ...
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta is recognized as the lead United States agency for protecting the public health and safety of people by providing credible information to enhance health decisions, and promoting health through strong partnerships with state health departments and other organizations. ...
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