Anton Pannekoek

Anton Pannekoek (January 2, 1873 – April 28, 1960) was a Dutch astronomer and Marxist theorist. He is sometimes known as Antonie Pannekoek. Anton Pannekoek File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Anton Pannekoek File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... January 2 is the second day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1873 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calaber). ... April 28 is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 247 days remaining. ... 1960 (MCMLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1960 calendar). ... An astronomer or astrophysicist is a scientist whose area of research is astronomy or astrophysics. ... Link titleghjhjhjhjyhjInsert non-formatted text here #REDIRECT Insert textItalic text To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Pannekoek studied mathematics and science in Leiden from 1891. Even before he went to college he was interested in astronomy and studied the variability of Polaris. He published his first article, On the Necessity of Further Researches on the Milky Way, as a student. Some years after he had finished his study he started work at the Leidse Sterrewacht (Leiden observatory), where he wrote his thesis. Euclid, detail from The School of Athens by Raphael. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Science For the scientific journal named Science, see Science (journal). ... Leyden redirects here. ... 1891 (MDCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Lunar astronomy: the large crater is Daedalus, photographed by the crew of Apollo 11 as they circled the Moon in 1969. ... Polaris (α UMi / α Ursae Minoris / Alpha Ursae Minoris) is the brightest star in the constellation Ursa Minor. ...

After reading Edward Bellamy's Equality, Pannekoek became a convinced socialist and started studying Karl Marx's theories. Soon Pannekoek became a well-known Marxist writer, writing for both Dutch and German magazines. Dissatisfaction with his job at the observatory led him to move to Berlin, where he became a lecturer at the school funded by the Social Democratic Party of Germany. His radical opinions soon got him in trouble with both the German government and the unions. Edward Bellamy, circa 1889. ... Socialism is an ideology of a social and economic system in which the means of production are collectively owned and administered by all of society. ... Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 Trier, Germany – March 14, 1883 London) was an immensely influential German philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary organizer of the International Workingmens Association. ... SPD redirects here. ...

The First World War forced him to move back to the Netherlands, where he started work as a chemistry and science teacher. Though the Leidse Sterrewacht wanted him back, government opposition because of his Marxist sympathies made this fall through. Instead, the Amsterdam city council got him an appointment at the University of Amsterdam in 1925, first as a part time professor, and in 1932 also as a full professor. Combatants Allies: • Serbia, • Russia, • France, • Romania, • Belgium, • British Empire and Dominions, • United States, • Italy, • ...and others Central Powers: • Germany, • Austria-Hungary, • Ottoman Empire, • Bulgaria Casualties Military dead: 5 million Civilian dead: 3 million Total: 8 million Full list Military dead: 3 million Civilian dead: 3 million Total: 6 million Full... Multicolored chemicals are frequent hallmarks of chemistry. ... Amsterdam Location Flag Country Netherlands Province North Holland Population 742,951(1 January 2005) Coordinates 52°22′N 4°54′E Website www. ... From Athenaeum Illustre to University In January 1632 two internationally acclaimed scientists, Caspar Barlaeus and Gerardus Vossius, held their inaugural speech in the Athenaeum Illustre - the illustrious school - which had its seat in the 14th-century Agnietenkapel. ... 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar). ... A professor (Latin: one who publicly professes to be an expert) (or prof for short) is a senior teacher, lecturer and researcher, usually in a college or university. ... 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (the link will take you to a full 1932 calendar). ...

Astronomy

In his scientific work, Pannekoek started studying the distribution of stars through the Milky Way, as well as the structure of our galaxy. Later he became interested in the nature and evolution of stars. Because of these studies, he is considered to be the founder of astrophysics as a separate discipline in the Netherlands. Note: This article contains special characters. ... Spiral Galaxy ESO 269-57 Astrophysics is the tree of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties (luminosity, density, temperature and chemical composition) of astronomical objects such as stars, galaxies, and the interstellar medium, as well as their interactions. ...

Apart from his theoretical work, he also went on several foreign expeditions to observe solar eclipses and take spectra of stars. In 1926 he undertook an expedition to Java in order to chart the Southern Constellations. He was also interested in the history of astronomy and his book about this, A History of Astronomy, was published in Dutch and English. Photo taken during the French 1999 eclipse A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes in front of the Sun and obscures it totally or partially. ... 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Map of Java Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. ... The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ...

His work in galactic structure, astrophysics and the history of astronomy was of international renown and won him an honorary degree from Harvard University in 1936, as well as the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1951. Perhaps the greatest honour he received was when Pannekoek crater on the Moon was named after him. The asteroid 2378 Pannekoek is also named after him. Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and a member of the Ivy League. ... 1936 (MCMXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Gold Medal awarded to Asaph Hall The Gold Medal is the highest award of the Royal Astronomical Society. ... 1951 (MCMLI) was a common year starting on Monday; see its calendar. ... Pannekoek is a lunar impact crater that is situated on the far side of the Moon, and it can not be viewed directly from the Earth. ... For other moons in the solar system see natural satellite. ... An asteroid is a small, solid object in our Solar System, orbiting the Sun. ...

The Astronomical Institute at the University of Amsterdam, of which he had been a director, still carries his name. From Athenaeum Illustre to University In January 1632 two internationally acclaimed scientists, Caspar Barlaeus and Gerardus Vossius, held their inaugural speech in the Athenaeum Illustre - the illustrious school - which had its seat in the 14th-century Agnietenkapel. ...

Council communism

As a recognized Marxist theorist, Pannekoek was one of the founders of the council communist tendency and a main figure in the radical left in the Netherlands and Germany. Council communism is a Radical Left movement originating in Germany and the Netherlands in the 1920s. ... The term Radical, from the latin radix meaning root. ... Look up Left and left in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

He was best known for his writing on workers' councils. He regarded these as a new form of organisation capable of overcoming the limitations of the old organs of the labour movement, the trade unions and social democratic parties. Basing his theory on what he regarded as the practical lessons of the Russian revolution, Pannekoek argued that the workers' revolution and the transition from capitalism to communism had to be achieved by the workers themselves, democratically organised in workers' councils. A workers council is a council, or deliberative body, composed of working class or proletarian members. ... This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. ... The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a series of political events in Russia, which, after the elimination of the Russian autocracy system, and the Provisional Government (Duma), resulted in the establishment of the Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party. ... Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Capitalism Capitalism has been defined in various ways. ... This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ...

He was a sharp critic of Lenin and Leninism. His analysis of the failure of the Russian revolution was that after Lenin and the Bolsheviks came to power, they crippled the soviets. Instead of workers' councils, the Bolsheviks had instituted the rule of their party, which in Pannekoek's view is what led to the institution of the Bolsheviks as a new ruling class. He put his views forward in his 1938 book, Lenin as Philosopher. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ( Russian: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин  listen?), original surname Ulyanov (Улья́нов) ( April 22 (April 10 ( O.S.)), 1870 – January 21, 1924), was a Russian revolutionary, the leader of the Bolshevik party, the first Premier of the Soviet Union, and the founder of the ideology of Leninism. ... Vladimir Lenin in 1920 Leninism is a political and economic theory which builds upon Marxism (the forerunner of Communism) and is a branch in its own right (it has been the dominant branch of Marxism in the world since the 1920s). ... Bolshevik Party Meeting. ... Soviet redirects here. ... 1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

External links

• Anton Pannekoek texts at Libertarian Communist Library
• Anton Pannekoek Archive of his Marxist writings
• Anton Pannekoek and the Quest For an Emancipatory Socialism
• Anton Pannekoek Astronomical Institute