Anwar Al Sadat, officially Muhammad Anwar Al Sadat, Arabic: محمد أنورالسادات Muhammad 'Anwar as-Sādāt (December 25, 1918 - October 6, 1981) was the third President of Egypt, serving from October 15, 1970 until his assassination. He is considered to be one of the most important and influential Egyptian and Arab figures in modern history. , Sadat is a town and a nagar panchayat in Ghazipur district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 400 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (600 × 900 pixel, file size: 162 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... The President of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the elected Head of State of Egypt. ... For other uses, see 5th October (Serbia). ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... Gamal Abdel Nasser (Arabic: - ; Masri: جمال عبد الناصر - also transliterated as Jamal Abd al-Naser, Jamal Abd an-Nasser and other variants; January 15, 1918 – September 28, 1970) was the President of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970. ... Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic: محمد حسنى سيد مبارك Muḥammad ḤusnÄ« Mubārak), commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (Arabic: حسنى مبارك ḤusnÄ« Mubārak), has been the President of Egypt since 14 October 1981. ... is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Image File history File links Egypt_flag_1882. ... Mit Abu al-Kum (Arabic ميت أبو الكوم) is a village in the Egyptian Nile Delta and the Al-Minufiyah governorate. ... is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Egypt_1972. ... Nickname: Egypt: Site of Cairo (top center) Coordinates: , Government  - Governor Dr. Abdul Azim Wazir Area  - City 214 km²  (82. ... The Arab Socialist Union (Arabic: , ; French: lUnion Socialiste Arabe) is one of a number of loosely related political parties based on the principles of Nasserist Arab socialism in a number of countries. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... The Early Days Other spellings: Jehan Sadat, Jihan elSadat, Jihan Al Sadat. ... For people named Islam, see Islam (name). ... “Arabic” redirects here. ... is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... The President of the Arab Republic of Egypt is the elected Head of State of Egypt. ... is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1970 (MCMLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Assassin and Assassins redirect here. ... Languages Arabic and other minority languages Religions Islam, Christianity, Druzism and Judaism Arab woman from Ramallah wearing traditional dress in 1915. ...

Early life

Sadat was born on December 25, 1918 in Mit Abu al-Kum, al-Minufiyah, Egypt to a poor family, one of 13 brothers and sisters. His father was Egyptian, his mother was Sudanese.^[1] He graduated from the Royal Military Academy in Cairo in 1938 and was appointed in the Signal Corps. He entered the army as a second lieutenant and was posted in Sudan (Egypt and Sudan were one country at the time). There, he met Gamal Abdel Nasser, and along with several other junior officers they formed the secret Free Officers Movement committed to freeing Egypt from British domination and royal corruption. is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Mit Abu al-Kum (Arabic ميت أبو الكوم) is a village in the Egyptian Nile Delta and the Al-Minufiyah governorate. ... Nickname: Egypt: Site of Cairo (top center) Coordinates: , Government  - Governor Dr. Abdul Azim Wazir Area  - City 214 km²  (82. ... Gamal Abdel Nasser (Arabic: - ; Masri: جمال عبد الناصر - also transliterated as Jamal Abd al-Naser, Jamal Abd an-Nasser and other variants; January 15, 1918 – September 28, 1970) was the President of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970. ... In Egypt, the clandestine revolutionary Free Officers Movement was founded by Colonel Gamal Abdul Nasser in the aftermath of Egypts sense of national disgrace from the War of 1948. ...

During the Second World War he was imprisoned by the British for his efforts to obtain help from the Axis Powers in expelling the occupying British forces. Along with his fellow Free Officers, Sadat participated in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 which overthrew King Farouk I. When the coup which launched the Revolution was initiated, he was assigned to take over the radio networks to announce the news of the Revolution to the Egyptian people. Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The 1952 Revolution (Arabic:ثورة 23 يوليو 1952), in Egypt also known as the July 23 Revolution, began with a military coup détat that took place on July 23, 1952 by a group of young army officers who named themselves The Free Officers Movement. The revolution was initially aimed at overthrowing... King Farouk of Egypt (February 11, 1920 - March 18, 1965) was the penultimate King of Egypt, succeeding his father Fuad I in 1936. ...

In 1964, after holding many positions in the Egyptian government, he was chosen to be vice president by President Nasser. He served in that capacity until 1966, and again from 1969 to 1970. A vice president is an officer in government or business who is next in rank below a president. ...

During Nasser's presidency

During the presidency of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sadat was appointed Minister of State in 1954. In 1959, he assumed the position of Secretary to the National Union. Sadat was the President of the National Assembly (1960-1968) and then vice president and member of the Presidential Council in 1964. Sadat was reappointed as vice president again in December 1969. He survived the turmoil of Nasser's presidency by loyal obedience to him. Minister of State is a title borne by officials in certain countries governed under the parliamentary system. ... The Peoples Assembly (Arabic: Majilis Al-Sha’ab مجلس الشعب) is the lower house of Egypts bicameral parliament. ...

Presidency

Sadat ascended to the presidency after Nasser's death in 1970 by very clever means. Considering him nothing but a puppet of the former President, Nasser's supporters in government settled on Sadat as someone they could easily manipulate. For months, he was known as the donkey as he learned to control the levers of power. Nasser's supporters were well satisfied for six months until Sadat instituted The Corrective Revolution and purged Egypt of most of its other leaders and other elements of the Nasser era. Binomial name Linnaeus, 1758 For other uses, see Donkey (disambiguation). ... An expression used in Arab politics by several governments, to give a revolutionary touch to an internal political or bureaucratic power struggle, and also to indicate continued adherence to the ideals of an earlier revolution despite the overthrow of its previous leadership and/or major policy changes. ...

In 1971, Sadat endorsed in a letter the peace proposals of UN negotiator Gunnar Jarring which seemed to lead to a full peace with Israel on the basis of Israel's withdrawal to its pre-war borders. This peace initiative failed as neither the United States nor Israel accepted the terms as discussed then. UN and U.N. redirect here. ... Gunnar Jarring (12 October 1907-29 May 2002) was a Swedish turkologist and diplomat. ...

Sadat likely perceived that Israel's desire to negotiate was directly correlated to how much of a military threat they perceived from Egypt, which, after the Six-Day War of 1967, was at an all time low. Israel also viewed the most substantial part of the Egyptian threat as the presence of Soviet equipment and personnel (in the thousands at this time). It was for those reasons that Sadat expelled the Soviet military advisors from Egypt and proceeded to whip his army into shape for a renewed confrontation with Israel. Combatants Israel Egypt Syria Jordan Iraq Commanders Yitzhak Rabin, Moshe Dayan, Uzi Narkiss, Israel Tal, Mordechai Hod, Ariel Sharon Abdel Hakim Amer, Abdul Munim Riad, Zaid ibn Shaker, Hafez al-Assad Strength 264,000 (incl. ...

On October 6, 1973, in conjunction with Hafez al-Assad of Syria, Sadat launched the Yom Kippur War, a surprise attack against the Israeli forces occupying the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights in an attempt to retake the territory captured by Israel six years earlier. The Egyptian and Syrian performance in the initial stages of the war (see The Crossing) astonished both Israel and the Arab World as Egyptian forces pressed approximately 15 km into the Sinai Peninsula beyond the Bar Lev Line. This line is popularly thought to have been an impregnable defensive chain, while it in fact was a lightly held chain of observation bunkers designed to give Israel an early warning of an impending attack. As the war progressed, Israel managed to reverse much of these gains, and by October 22, 1973, three divisions of the Israeli army (IDF) led by then General Ariel Sharon had crossed the Suez Canal, encircling the Egyptian Third Army. Prompted by an agreement between the United States and Egypt's Soviet allies, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 338 on October 24, 1973, calling for an immediate ceasefire. [1] is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... Hafez al-Assad (Arabic: ) (October 6, 1930 – June 10, 2000) was president of Syria for three decades. ... Combatants  Israel  Egypt,  Syria,  Iraq Commanders Moshe Dayan, David Elazar, Ariel Sharon, Shmuel Gonen, Benjamin Peled, Israel Tal, Rehavam Zeevi, Aharon Yariv, Yitzhak Hofi, Rafael Eitan, Abraham Adan, Yanush Ben Gal Saad El Shazly, Ahmad Ismail Ali, Hosni Mubarak, Mohammed Aly Fahmy, Anwar Sadat, Abdel Ghani el-Gammasy, Abdul Munim... The Crossing is a term used in Egypt to refer to the west to east crossing of the Suez Canal by the Egyptian army at the start of the Yom Kippur War in 1973. ... Sinai Peninsula, Gulf of Suez (west), Gulf of Aqaba (east) from Space Shuttle STS-40 For other uses of the word Sinai, please see: Sinai (disambiguation). ... The Bar Lev Line (arabic: خط برليف, Hebrew: קו בר לב) was a chain of fortifications built by Israel along the eastern coast of the Suez Canal after it captured the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt during the 1967 Six-Day War. ... is the 295th day of the year (296th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ... General is a military rank, in most nations the highest rank, although some nations have the higher rank of Field Marshal. ...   (Hebrew: , also known by his diminutive Arik אָרִיק) (born February 27, 1928) is a former Israeli politician and general. ... For other uses, see Suez (disambiguation). ... “Security Council” redirects here. ... The three-line United Nations Security Council Resolution 338 (S/RES/338), approved on October 22, 1973, called for a cease fire in the Yom Kipur War in accordance with a joint proposal by the United States and the Soviet Union. ... is the 297th day of the year (298th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the song by James Blunt, see 1973 (song). ...

Anwar Al Sadat, 1977 Man of the Year for Time magazine

The initial Egyptian and Syrian victories in the war restored popular morale throughout Egypt and the Arab World, and for many years after Sadat was known as the "hero of the Crossing". Israel recognized Egypt as a formidable foe, and Egypt's renewed political significance eventually led to regaining and reopening the Suez Canal through the peace process. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Person of the Year is an annual issue of United States (U.S.) newsmagazine Time that features a profile on the man, woman, couple, group, idea, place, or machine that [1] // The tradition of selecting a Man of the Year began in 1927, when Time editors contemplated what they could... “TIME” redirects here. ...

On November 19, 1977, Sadat became the first Arab leader to officially visit Israel when he met with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, and spoke before the Knesset in Jerusalem about his views on how to achieve a comprehensive peace to the Arab-Israeli conflict, which included the full implementation of UN Resolutions 242 and 338. He made the visit after receiving an invitation from Begin and once again sought a permanent peace settlement (much of the Arab World was outraged by the visit, due to their widespread view of Israel as a rogue state, and a tyrannical symbol of imperialism). This visit went against the U.S. and Soviet Union’s intentions, which were to revive the international Geneva Conference. In 1978, this resulted in the Camp David Peace Agreement, for which Sadat and Begin received the Nobel Peace Prize. However, the action was extremely unpopular in the Arab World and the wider Muslim World. Egypt was the most powerful Arab state and an icon of Arab nationalism. Many hopes were placed on Egypt to help extract concessions from Israel for the displaced Palestinians and others in the Arab World. By signing the accords, Sadat left all the other Arab states (who were reluctant to engage into such détente politics towards Israel) hanging by themselves, and steered Egypt towards a strategic relationship with the U.S. This was seen as a betrayal of his predecessor Nasser's pan-Arabism, destroying visions of a united Arab front and elimination of the "Zionist Entity." is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... A prime minister is the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. ...   (‎, August 16, 1913 – March 9, 1992) was a Polish-Jewish head of the Zionist underground group the Irgun, Nobel Peace Prize laureate and the first Likud Prime Minister of Israel. ... Type Unicameral Speaker of the Knesset Dalia Itzik, Kadima since May 4, 2006 Deputy Speaker Majalli Wahabi, Kadima since May 4, 2006 Members 120 Political groups Kadima Labour-Meimad Shas Likud Last elections March 28, 2006 Meeting place Knesset, Jerusalem, Israel Web site www. ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... Combatants Arab nations Israel Arab-Israeli conflict series History of the Arab-Israeli conflict Views of the Arab-Israeli conflict International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict Arab-Israeli conflict facts, figures, and statistics Participants Israeli-Palestinian conflict · Israel-Lebanon conflict · Arab League · Soviet Union / Russia · Israel and the United... United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 (S/RES/242) was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967 in the aftermath of the Six Day War. ... Rogue state is a term applied by some international theorists to states considered threatening to the worlds peace. ... The Geneva Conference of 1973 was an attempt to negotiate a solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict as called for in UN Security Council Resolution 338 which was passed after the 1973 Arab-Israeli War. ... Celebrating the signing of the Camp David Accords: Menachem Begin, Jimmy Carter, Anwar Al Sadat. ... Lester B. Pearson after accepting the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is the name of one of five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. ... For other uses of Palestinian, see Definitions of Palestine and Palestinian. ... Détente is a French term, meaning a relaxing or easing; the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s. ... Pan-Arabism is a movement for unification among the Arab peoples and nations of the Middle East. ...

In 1979, the Arab League suspended Egypt's membership in the wake of Egypt's peace agreement with Israel; the League moved its headquarters from Cairo to Tunis. It was not until 1989 that the League re-admitted Egypt as a member, and returned its headquarters to Cairo. Many believed that only a threat of force would make Israel negotiate over the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and the Camp David accords removed the possibility of Egypt, the major Arab military power, from providing such a threat. As part of the peace deal, Israel withdrew from the Sinai peninsula in phases, returning the entire area to Egypt on April 25, 1982. Headquarters Cairo, Egypt1 Official languages Arabic Membership 22 Arab states 2 observer states Leaders  -  Secretary General Amr Moussa (since 2001)  -  Council of the Arab League Sudan  -  Speaker of the Arab Parliament Nabih Berri Establishment  -  Alexandria Protocol March 22, 1945  Area  -  Total 13,953,041 (Western Sahara Included) = 13,687,041... Nickname: Egypt: Site of Cairo (top center) Coordinates: , Government  - Governor Dr. Abdul Azim Wazir Area  - City 214 km²  (82. ... is the 115th day of the year (116th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ...

Also contributing to Sadat's unpopularity were the January 1977 "Bread Riots" protesting al-Sadat's economic liberalization and specifically a government decree lifting price controls on basic necessities like bread. 120 buses and hundreds of buildings burned in Cairo alone. Dozens of nightclubs on the famous Pyramids Street were sacked by Islamists. Following the riots the government reversed itself and recontrolled prices.^[2][3]

Unpopularity and conspiracy theories

The last years of Sadat's reign were marked by turmoil and there were several allegations of corruption against him and his family.

Near the end of his presidency, most of Sadat's advisors resigned in protest of his internal policies. The deaths of the Defense Minister Ahmed Badawi and 13 senior Egyptian Army officers in a helicopter crash on March 6, 1981 near the Libyan border increased the public anger at Sadat and his policy. Conspiracy theorists allege the pilot could not have survived the crash without injury while 14 generals using the same helicopter died. Nor should these generals all have been in the helicopter as Egyptian army regulations do not allow three generals to use the same car or helicopter together. In 1992, Abboud Elzomour, one of those convicted of Sadat's assassination, cleared the latter from the plot of the assassination of Badawi. According to him the helicopter was fully fueled in the airport and became overweight. Thus the pilot couldn't lift it to safe altitude; the tail fan hit a high tension cable, and the helicopter rolled and went down on the right side, where the main exit is located. The pilot and his assistant managed to get out by breaking the front windshield, and Badawi's secretary was thrown out of the aircraft when the tail unit broke after the helicopter hit the ground.^{[citation needed]} is the 65th day of the year (66th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ...

General Badawi commanded an infantry brigade in the Egyptian Third Army in Sinai in the 1973 war. There were rumors that the Defense Minister had issued an ultimatum to President Sadat to change his internal policies right before the accident.^{[citation needed]} An ultimatum (Latin: ) is a demand whose fulfillment is requested in a specified period of time and which is backed up by a threat to be followed through in case of noncompliance. ...

Meanwhile, internal support for Sadat disappeared under the pressure of an economic crisis.^{[citation needed]}

Also enraged by Sadat's Sinai treaty with Israel were Islamists, particularly the radical Islamist group Islamic Jihad, aka Al-Jihad. The group was recruiting military officers and accumulating weapons, waiting for the right moment to launch "a complete overthrow of the existing order" in Egypt. Chief strategist of Al-Jihad was Aboud al-Zumar, a colonel in the military intelligence whose This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

plan was to kill the main leaders of the country, capture the headquarters of the army and State Security, the telephone exchange building, and of course the radio and television building, where news of the Islamic revolution would then be broadcast, unleashing - he expected - a popular uprising against secular authority all over the country.^[4]

In February 1981, Egyptian authorities were alerted to Al-Jihad's plan by the arrest of an operative carrying crucial information. Sadat ordered a highly unpopular roundup of more than 1500 people, including many Al-Jihad members, but also intellectuals and activists of all ideological stripes, imprisoning communists, Nasserists, feminists, Islamists, homosexuals, Coptic Christian clergy, university professors, journalists and members of student groups.^{[citation needed]}

The round up missed an al-Jihad cell in the military led by Lieutenant Khaled Islambouli, who succeeded in assassinating Anwar Sadat that October.^[5]

Assassination

On October 6, 1981, the month after the crackdown, Sadat was assassinated during the annual 6th October victory parade in Cairo. A fatwa approving the assassination had been obtained from Omar Abdel-Rahman, a cleric later convicted in the U.S. for his role in the February 26, 1993 World Trade Center Bombing. Sadat was protected by four layers of security and the army parade should have been safe due to ammunition-seizure rules. However, the officers in charge of that procedure were on hajj to Mecca. is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... A fatwā (Arabic: ; plural fatāwā Arabic: ), is a considered opinion in Islam made by a mufti, a scholar capable of issuing judgments on Sharia (Islamic law). ... Omar Abdel-Rahman Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman (Arabic: عمر عبد الرحمن) (born May 3, 1938) is a blind Egyptian Muslim cleric who is currently serving a life sentence at the Federal Administrative Maximum Penitentiary hospital in Florence, Colorado, United States. ... is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ... The World Trade Center bombing was the February 26, 1993 attack in the garage of the New York City World Trade Center. ... Ammunition, often referred to as ammo, is a generic term meaning (the assembly of) a projectile and its propellant. ... This article is about the Islamic tradition. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ...

As air force Mirage jets flew overhead, distracting the crowd, a troop truck halted before the presidential reviewing stand, and a lieutenant strode forward. Sadat stood to receive his salute, whereupon the assassins rose from the truck, throwing grenades and firing assault rifle rounds. The attack lasted about two minutes. The lead assassin Khalid Islambouli shouted "Death to Pharaoh!" as he ran towards the stand and shot Sadat in the head. After he fell to the floor, people around Sadat threw chairs on his body to try to protect him from the bullets. 11 others were killed, including the Cuban ambassador and a Coptic Orthodox bishop, and 28 were wounded, including James Tully, the Irish Minister for Defence, and four U.S. military liaison officers. Sadat was then rushed to a hospital, but was declared dead within hours. This was the first time in Egyptian history that the head of state had been assassinated by Egyptian citizens. Two of the attackers were killed and the others were arrested by military police on-site. Islambouli was later found guilty and was executed in April 1982. Former South African Air Force Mirage IIICZ The Dassault Mirage III is a supersonic fighter aircraft designed in France during the 1950s, and manufactured both in France and a number of other countries. ... The AK-47 is the worlds most common assault rifle. ... Image:Sadat assassination. ... Pharaoh was the ancient Egyptian name for the office of kingship. ... The term Oriental Orthodoxy refers to the churches of Eastern Christian traditions that keeps the faith of only the first three ecumenical councils of the undivided Church - the councils of Nicea, Constantinople and Ephesus. ... James Tully (born 18 September 1915) was a prominent Irish trade unionist, politician and Deputy Leader of the Irish Labour Party who served as a minister in a series of Irish Fine Gael-Labour coalition governments. ... The Minister for Defence is in charge of the Department of Defence in the Republic of Ireland. ...

In conjunction with the assassination, an insurrection was organized in Asyut in Upper Egypt. Rebels took control of the city for a few days and 68 policemen and soldiers were killed in the fighting. Government control was not restored until paratroopers from Cairo arrived. Most of the militants convicted of fighting received light sentences and served only three years in prison.^[6]

Sadat was succeeded by his vice president Hosni Mubarak, whose hand was injured during the attack. Sadat's funeral was attended by a record number of dignitaries from around the world, including a rare simultaneous attendance by three former U.S. presidents: Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter and Richard Nixon. No Arab leaders attended the funeral, apart from Sudan's President Gaafar Nimeiry. Sadat was buried in the unknown soldier memorial in Cairo. Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic: محمد حسنى سيد مبارك Muḥammad Ḥusnī Mubārak), commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (Arabic: حسنى مبارك Ḥusnī Mubārak), has been the President of Egypt since 14 October 1981. ... For other persons named Gerald Ford, see Gerald Ford (disambiguation). ... For other persons named Jimmy Carter, see Jimmy Carter (disambiguation). ... Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. ... Gaafar Muhammad an-Nimeiry (otherwise known as Jaafar Nimeiry, Gaafar Nimeiry or Gafar Muhammad an-Numayri; born 1 January 1930) (Arabic: جعفر محمد النميري) was the President of Sudan from 1971 to 1985. ...

Over three hundred Islamic radicals were indicted in the trial of assassin Khalid Islambouli, including Ayman al-Zawahiri, Omar Abdel-Rahman and Abd al-Hamid Kishk. The trial was covered by the international press and Zawahiri's knowledge of English made him the de facto spokesman for the defendants. Zawahiri was released from prison in 1984, before travelling to Afghanistan and forging a close relationship with Osama Bin Laden. Ayman Muhammad Rabaie al-Zawahiri (Arabic: ) or closer to the original Arabic pronunciation al-Zawahri (born June 19, 1951) is an extremist Muslim leader and prominent member of al-Qaeda, and was the second and last emir of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, having succeeded Abbud al-Zummar in the latter role... Sheikh Abd al-Hamid Kishk (Arabic:عبد الحميد كشك) (b. ... Osama bin Muhammad bin Awad bin Laden (Arabic: ‎; born March 10, 1957[1]), most often mentioned as Osama bin Laden or Usama bin Laden, is a Saudi Arabian militant Islamist and is widely believed to be one of the founders of the organization called al-Qaeda. ...

Despite these facts, the nephew of the late President, Talaat al-Sadat, claimed that the assassination was an international conspiracy. In October 31, 2006, he was sentenced to a year in prison for defaming Egypt's armed forces, less than a month after he gave the interview accusing Egyptian generals of masterminding his uncle's assassination. In an interview with a Saudi television channel, he also claimed both the United States and Israel were involved: "No one from the special personal protection group of the late president fired a single shot during the killing, and not one of them has been put on trial," he said. It should be noted that in the late 1970s the training of Sadat's personal bodyguards was handled by the private American security firm of JJ Cappucci. In 1980, however, the CIA agent William Francis Buckley took over the training. is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The 1970s decade refers to the years from 1970 to 1979, also called The Seventies. ... “CIA” redirects here. ... William Francis Buckley (May 30, 1928 – June 3, 1985) was a U.S. Army officer and intelligence agency operative. ...

Family

Sadat was married twice. He was first married to Ehsan Madi at age 22, and divorced her ten years later, just 17 days after the birth of their third daughter, Camelia. He then married half-Egyptian/half-British Jehan Raouf (later known as Jehan Sadat), who was barely 16 at the time, on May 29, 1949, and they had one son. Jehan Sadat was the 2001 recipient of the Pearl S. Buck Award. Anwar Sadat's autobiography, In Search of Identity, was published in the USA in 1977. Currently, Mrs. Sadat is an Associate Resident Scholar at the University of Maryland where The Anwar Sadat Chair for Development and Peace was established and fully endowed in 1997 to honor her husband's legacy. A nephew, Talaat Sadat, was imprisoned in October 2006 for accusing the Egyptian military of complicity in his uncle's assassination. The Early Days Other spellings: Jehan Sadat, Jihan elSadat, Jihan Al Sadat. ... is the 149th day of the year (150th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Pearl Sydenstricker Buck, most familiarly known as Pearl S. Buck (birth name Pearl Comfort Sydenstricker; Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (June 26, 1892 – March 6, 1973), was a prolific American writer and Nobel Prize winner. ... Cover of the first English edition of 1793 of Benjamin Franklins autobiography. ... Talaat Sadat (born 1954) is a former Egyptian politician and current political prisoner. ...

Media portrayals of Anwar Sadat

In 1983, Sadat, a miniseries, aired on U.S. television with Oscar-winning actor Louis Gossett, Jr. in the title role, though it was temporarily banned by the Egyptian government due to historical inaccuracies as reported by a former officer in the Ministry of the Interior, Ahmed Y. Zohny, who was a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Pittsburgh at the time. The two-part series earned Gossett an Emmy nomination. Although he never won an Oscar for any of his movie performances, the comedian Bob Hope received two honorary Oscars for his contributions to cinema. ... Louis Gossett Jr. ... Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated Ph. ... The University of Pittsburgh, commonly referred to as Pitt, is a state-related, doctoral/research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. ... An Emmy Award. ...

The first Egyptian depiction of Sadat's life came in 2001, when Ayam El-Sadat (English: Days of Sadat) was released in Egyptian Cinemas. The movie was a major success in Egypt, and was hailed as Ahmed Zaki's greatest performance to date.[2] Ayam El Sadat (English: Days of Sadat) is the biographical movie about the late president of Egypt, Mohammed Anwar El Sadat (sometimes credited simply as Anwar El-Sadat). ... The Early Days Was born as: Ahmed Abdullrahman Zaki 18 November 1949 - 27 March 2005 in the Nile Delta city of Zagazig, about 50 miles north of Cairo, Egypt. ...

Sadat is a minor character in Ken Follet's "The Key to Rebecca". Ken Follett (born June 5, 1949) is a British author of thrillers and historical novels. ...

Books by Anwar Sadat

Anwar Sadat wrote many books during his life. These include:

• The Full Story of the Revolution (1954).^[7]
• Unknown Pages of the Revolution (1955).
• Revolt on the Nile (1957), about his work with German spies during World War II and the revolt of the army officers after the war.
• Son, This Is Your Uncle Gamal - Memoirs of Anwar el-Sadat (1958), about Nasser.
• In Search of Identity: An Autobiography (1978), the story of his life and of his country after 1918.

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References

• Finklestone, Jos. Anwar Sadat, Routledge, 1 edition, June 30, 1996.
• Haykal, Muhammad Hasanayn. Autumn of Fury: The Assassination of Sadat, Wm Collins & Sons & Co, 1982.
• Meital, Yoram. Egypt’s Struggle for Peace: Continuity and Change, 1967-1977.
• Waterbury, John. The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: The Political Economy of Two Regimes, Princeton University Press, Limited Edition, May 1983.
• Wright, Lawrence, Looming Tower : Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11, Knopf, 2006

The Harvard University Press is a publishing house, a division of Harvard University, that is highly respected in academic publishing. ... Location in Massachusetts Coordinates: , Country United States State Massachusetts County Middlesex County Settled 1630 Incorporated 1636 Government  - Type Mayor-council city  - Mayor Kenneth Reeves (D) Area  - City  7. ... The University of Pennsylvania Press (or Penn Press) was originally incorporated with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania on 26 March 1890, and the imprint of the University of Pennsylvania Press first appeared on publications in the closing decade of the nineteenth century--among the earliest such imprints in America. ... is the 181st day of the year (182nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ... The Princeton University Press is a publishing house, a division of Princeton University, that is highly respected in academic publishing. ...

External links

• Official website (Arabic) & (English)
• http://www.anwarelsadat.com/ (Arabic)
• http://www.elsadat.info/
• http://www.bsos.umd.edu/sadat
• Video of Sadat's assassination
• Another video of Sadat's assassination
• Al Jazeera Video detailed coverage of the cause of Sadat's Assassination (Arabic)

is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... Nickname: Egypt: Site of Cairo (top center) Coordinates: , Government  - Governor Dr. Abdul Azim Wazir Area  - City 214 km²  (82. ...