Apabhramsa (Ap.) is the name of the tertiary stage of the Middle Indo-Aryan, current during the period between A.D. As Apabhramsa forms the previous stage of modern Indo-Aryan languages like Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi, Bengali etc., its study is essential not only for its literature but also for the formation of modern Indian languages.
Texts were classified according to the place of their composition and the linguistic data was arranged in a chronological sequence and thus the space-time context of each form was determined.
The texts were regionally grouped as: (1) Western Apabhramsa, the area of present day Gujarati, Hindi, Rajasthani dialects; (2) Southern Ap., roughly Marathi speaking area and its adjoining districts; and (3) Eastern Ap., the area of modern Bengali, Bihari, Oriya.
The '''Apabhramsa language''' was the next modification in the spoken language of North India after Prakrit, in a period broadly lasting from the 5th century 5th to the 10th century.
Apabhramsa developed into modern-day Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindustani language Hindustani, Bengali language Bengali, and Punjabi language Punjabi.
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