Geronimo, before surrender to General Crook, 17 Apr 1886

The Apache Wars were fought during the nineteenth century between the U.S. military and many western tribes. These wars depleted the Native Americans' numbers, divided their leadership, and drove them onto reservations, often located far from their homelands and in inhospitable climates. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (414x640, 33 KB) Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Collection TITLE: Scene in Geronimos camp. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (414x640, 33 KB) Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Collection TITLE: Scene in Geronimos camp. ... The armed forces of the United States of America consist of the United States Army United States Navy United States Air Force United States Marine Corps United States Coast Guard Note: The United States Coast Guard has both military and law enforcement functions. ... An Aani (Atsina) named Assiniboin Boy. ...

As was often the case, the U.S. military fought the Navajos and Apaches (known by themselves as Inde, T`Inde, N`ne = "people") largely for their lands on behalf of white settlers. The Civil War brought many soldiers to the Southwest, including General James Carleton, who decided to remove the Navajos and Apaches to reservations so that the lands of the Rio Grande Valley could be used for settlement and mining. Carleton enlisted the one-time friend of the Navajos, Kit Carson, to force them from their homelands through starvation. The Navajo Nation (Navajo: Naabeehó Dineé) is a sovereign Native American tribe traditionally known as Diné. The Navajo Indian Reservation covers about 27,000 square miles (70,000 square kilometres) of land, occupying all of northeastern Arizona, and extending into Utah and New Mexico, and is the largest land area... Group of Apaches Apachean tribes ca. ... The small river Inde has its source in Eastern Belgium, runs through Aachen-Kornelimünster, Eschweiler and Inden, and flows into the river Rur near Jülich. ... Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert Edward Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total... The Rio Grande Valley is an area located in the southernmost tip of Texas. ... Kit Carson Kit Carson (December 24, 1809 – May 23, 1868), born Christopher Houston Carson, was an American frontiersman. ...

Before his campaign against the Navajos, Carleton began forcing the various bands of Mescalero Apaches onto the reservation at Fort Sumner. Apache leaders like Mangas Coloradas of the Bedonkohe, Cochise of the Chokonen (also known as Chiricahua), Victorio of the Chihenne band, Juh of the Nednhi band, Delshay of the Tonto and Geronimo of the Bedonkohe led raids to drive whites from their land and resisted the military's attempts, by force and persuasion, to relocate their people to a reservation. Categories: Stub | Na-Dené languages | Native American tribes | Native American languages | Apachean languages | Apache tribe | Languages of North America | Athabaskan languages ... Fort Sumner, was a military fort charged with the internment of nearby Navajo and Mescalero Apache populations from 1863-1868. ... Mangas Coloradas Mangas Coloradas or Dasoda-hae (Red Sleeves), 1793?-1863 was a famous Apache chief, a member of the Eastern Chiricahuas, whose homeland stretched west from the Rio Grande to include most of what is present-day southwestern New Mexico. ... Dragoon Mountains where Cochise hid with his warriors Cochise (A-da-tli-chi = hardwood, also Cheis) (c. ... Seal of the Fort Sill Apache Tribe of Oklahoma Chiricahua (also Chiricahua Apaches, Chiricagui, Apaches de Chiricahui, Chiricahues, Chilicague, Chilecagez, Chiricagua) refers to a group of bands of Apache that formerly lived in the general areas of southwestern New Mexico, southeastern Arizona, and in northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico (it... Victorio Victorio (Bidu-ya, Beduiat) (c. ... Juh was an apache chief. ... Tonto may mean: Tonto (Lone Ranger character), the fictional sidekick to the Lone Ranger. ... Geronimo Geronimo (Chiricahua Goyaałé One Who Yawns; often spelled Goyathlay in English) (June 16, 1829–February 17, 1909) was a prominent Native American leader of the Chiricahua Apache who long warred against the encroachment of the United States on tribal lands. ...

Soldiers and civilians, especially from Tucson, constantly pursued the Apaches through the 1860s and 70s. After two decades of guerrilla warfare, Cochise chose to make peace and agreed to relocate to a reservation in the Chiricahua Mountains. Not long afterward, Cochise died. When the U.S. government came to move the Chiricahuas to the San Carlos reservation, half of them complied. The other half, led by a man named Geronimo, escaped to Mexico. Nickname: The Old Pueblo Location in Pima County and the state of Arizona Coordinates: Country United States State Arizona Counties Pima Mayor Bob Walkup (R) Area    - City 505. ... // Events and trends Technology The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States is built in the six year period between 1863 and 1869. ... // Events and Trends Technology The invention of the telephone (1876) by Alexander Graham Bell. ... The Chiricahua Mountains are a mountain range in western North America. ... Geronimo Geronimo (Chiricahua Goyaałé One Who Yawns; often spelled Goyathlay in English) (June 16, 1829–February 17, 1909) was a prominent Native American leader of the Chiricahua Apache who long warred against the encroachment of the United States on tribal lands. ...

In the spring of 1877, the U.S. captured Geronimo and brought him to the San Carlos reservation. He stayed there until September 1881, when a gathering of soldiers around the reservation caused him to fear that he would be imprisoned for his past deeds. He fled to Mexico, taking 700 Apaches with him. In April of the following year, Geronimo returned to San Carlos with horses and guns and liberated the rest of the Apaches, leading many of them back to Mexico. 1877 (MDCCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

Geronimo's Camp before surrender to General Crook, 17 Apr 1886

In the spring of 1883, General George Crook was put in charge of the Arizona and New Mexico reservations. With 200 Apaches, he journeyed to Mexico, found Geronimo’s camp, and persuaded him and his people to return to the San Carlos reservation. Crook instituted several reforms on the reservation, but local newspapers criticized him for being too lenient and demonized Geronimo. On 17 May 1885, Geronimo, drunk and intimidated by demands for his death printed in the papers, escaped once again to Mexico. Image File history File links Geronimo_camp_17apr1886. ... Image File history File links Geronimo_camp_17apr1886. ... 1883 (MDCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Portrait of George Crook George Crook (September 8, 1828 – March 21, 1890) was a career U.S. Army officer, most noted for his distinguished service during the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. ... Official language(s) English Capital Phoenix Largest city Phoenix Area  Ranked 6th  - Total 113,998 sq mi (295,254 km²)  - Width 310 miles (500 km)  - Length 400 miles (645 km)  - % water 0. ... Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Area  Ranked 5th  - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²)  - Width 342 miles (550 km)  - Length 370 miles (595 km)  - % water 0. ... Reservation may refer to: Reservation, a tract of land set apart for a special purpose: an area for indigenous peoples to live in: Indian reservation Indian reserve (in Canada) Reservation, an area where hunting animals is not permitted. ... May 17 is the 137th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (138th in leap years). ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday. ...

Again, Crook went after Geronimo, but this time the negotiations fell through. The War Department reprimanded Crook for the failure and he resigned. He was replaced by Brigadier General Nelson Miles in April of 1886. Miles deployed over 2 dozen hiolographs points, coordinating 5,000 soldiers, 500 Apache scouts, and thousands of civilian militia against Geronimo and twenty-four warriors. Geronimo was found in September 1886 and persuaded to surrender. He and many other Apaches were sent to Fort Marion in Florida, where many died because of the climate. Many Apache children were taken to the Carlisle school in Pennsylvania, where fifty of them died. Line drawing of the Department of Wars seal. ... A Brigadier General, or one-star general, is the lowest rank of general officer in the United States and some other countries, ranking just above Colonel and just below Major General. ... Nelson Appleton Miles ( August 8, 1839 – May 15, 1925) was an American soldier who served in the American Civil War, Indian Wars, and the Spanish-American War. ... Carlisle Indian Industrial School, (1879 - 1918), in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, the first federally supported school for Native Americans to be established off a reservation, was founded in 1879 by Richard Henry Pratt. ... Official language(s) None Capital Harrisburg Largest city Philadelphia Area  Ranked 33rd  - Total 46,055 sq mi (119,283 km²)  - Width 160 miles (255 km)  - Length 280 miles (455 km)  - % water 2. ...

See also

• Indian Campaign Medal
• Navajo Wars
• Navajo_Scouts
• George_Crook#Indian_Wars General Crook, Indian Wars section

Apache, 1903

The Indian Campaign Medal is a decoration of the United States Army which was first created in 1905. ... The Navajo Wars were fought during the nineteenth century between the U.S. military and many western tribes. ... The U.S. Army employed Navajos as Indian Scouts between 1873 and 1895, which included the Apache Wars. ... Portrait of George Crook George Crook (September 8, 1828 – March 21, 1890) was a career U.S. Army officer, most noted for his distinguished service during the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (512x640, 30 KB) Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Collection TITLE: Apache Yenin Guy CALL NUMBER: LOT 12310-A [item] [P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-112202 (b&w film copy neg. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (512x640, 30 KB) Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Collection TITLE: Apache Yenin Guy CALL NUMBER: LOT 12310-A [item] [P&P] REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-112202 (b&w film copy neg. ...

Resources

• Lavender, David. The Rockies. Revised Edition. N.Y.: Harper & Row, 1975.
• Limerick, Patricia Nelson. The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West. N.Y.: W.W. Norton, 1987.
• Smith, Duane A. Rocky Mountain West: Colorado, Wyoming, & Montana, 1859-1915. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992.
• Williams, Albert N. Rocky Mountain Country. N.Y.: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1950.
• Thrapp, Dan L. The Conquest of Apacheria. Norman:University of Oklahoma Press, 1967 LCCCN 67-15588
• Bourke, John G. On the Boarder with Crook. Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press, 1971 LCCCN 74-155699 ISBN 00-8032-5741-4