Approximate area of the Apalachee culture region.

The Apalachee were an Indian tribe that lived in Apalachee Province, Florida until the tribe was largely destroyed and dispersed in the 18th century. They lived between the Aucilla River and Ochlockonee River, at the head of Apalachee Bay, and were first encountered by Spanish explorers in the 16th century. The Apalachee spoke a now-extinct Muskogean language, documented by letters written in the Spanish Colonial period. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. ... Approximate area of the Apalachee culture region. ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami metropolitan area Area  Ranked 22nd  - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²)  - Width 361 miles (582 km)  - Length 447 miles (721 km)  - % water 17. ... The Aucilla River arises close to Thomasville, Georgia and passes through the Big Bend region of Florida, emptying into the Gulf of Mexico at Apalachee Bay. ... The Ochlockonee River is a fast running river originating in Georgia and terminating in Florida. ... Apalachee Bay is an arm of the Gulf of Mexico occupying an indentation of the Florida coast to the west of where the Florida peninsula joins the rest of the United States mainland. ... An extinct language is a language which no longer has any native speakers, in contrast to a dead language, which is is a language which has stopped changing in grammar, vocabulary, and the complete meaning of a sentence. ... Pre-contact distribution of Muskogean languages Muskogean (also Muskhogean, Muskogee) is a language family of the U.S. Southeast. ...

The Appalachian Mountains were named after them. Appalachians in North Carolina The Appalachian Mountains (French: les Appalaches) are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. ...

Culture

In about 1100 agriculture became important in the area that became the Apalachee domain. This area was part of the Fort Walton Culture, the Florida sub-culture of the Mississippian culture with their capital as Anhaica. The Apalachee lived in towns of various size, or on individual farmsteads of 1/2 acre or so in size. Smaller settlements might have a single mound and a few houses. Larger towns (50 to 100 houses) would have several mounds. Villages and towns were often situated by lakes. The largest Apalachee community was at Lake Jackson on the north side of present-day Tallahassee, Florida. This community had several mounds, some of which are now protected in Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park, and 200 or more houses. The Apalachee grew corn, beans, squash, pumpkins and sunflowers. They gathered wild strawberries, the roots and shoots of the greenbrier vine, greens such as lambsquarters, the roots of one or more unidentified aquatic plants used to make flour, hickory nuts, acorns, saw palmetto berries and persimmons. They caught fish and turtles in the lakes and rivers, and oysters and fish on the Gulf Coast. They hunted deer, black bears, rabbits and ducks. Fort Walton Culture was a mound-building Native American culture that flourished near Ft. ... The Mississippian culture was a mound-building Native American culture that flourished in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from approximately 900 to 1500 CE, varying regionally. ... Anhaica (also known as Iviahica, Yniahico, and pueblo of Apalache) was an Apalachee Indian town and capital of Apalachee Province located near Myers Park in the present-day city of Tallahassee, Florida. ... Look up mound in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Lake Jackson is a lake on the north side of Tallahassee in Leon County. ... For other uses, see Tallahassee (disambiguation). ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami metropolitan area Area  Ranked 22nd  - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²)  - Width 361 miles (582 km)  - Length 447 miles (721 km)  - % water 17. ... Lake Jackson Mounds State Archaeological Site is one of Floridas State Parks. ... This article is about the maize plant. ... For other uses, see Bean (disambiguation). ... Species - hubbard squash, buttercup squash - cushaw squash C. moschata- butternut squash C. pepo- most pumpkins, acorn squash, summer squash References: ITIS 223652002-11-06 Hortus Third Squashes are four species of the genus Cucurbita, also called pumpkins and marrows depending on variety or the nationality of the speaker. ... For the film, see Pumpkin (film). ... For other uses, see Sunflower (disambiguation). ... Species 20+ species; see text The strawberry (Fragaria) is a genus of plants in the family Rosaceae and the fruit of these plants. ... Binomial name Smilax rotundifolia L. Common Greenbriar (Smilax rotundifolia) is a common woody vine native to the Eastern United States [1]. The leaves are glossy green, petioled, alternate, and circular to heart-shaped. ... Binomial name Chenopodium album L. Fat Hen (Chenopodium album), also called white goosefoot, lambs quarters, lambsquarters, or pigweed, is a fast-growing, upright, weedy annual species of goosefoot, very common in temperate regions, growing almost everywhere in soils rich in nitrogen, especially on wasteland. ... Species See text Comparison of Carya nuts Ripe hickory nuts ready to fall, Andrews, SC Hickory is a tree of the genus Carya, including 17-19 species of deciduous trees with pinnately compound leaves and large nuts. ... For other uses, see Acorn (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Serenoa repens Hooker Saw Palmetto, Serenoa repens, is the sole species currently classified in the genus Serenoa. ... Species See text A Persimmon is any of a number of species of trees of the genus Diospyros, and the edible fruit borne by them. ... For other uses, see Turtle (disambiguation). ... Crassostrea gigas, Marennes-Oléron Crassostrea gigas, Marennes-Oléron Crassostrea gigas, Marennes-Oléron, opened The name oyster is used for a number of different groups of mollusks which grow for the most part in marine or brackish water. ... Binomial name Zimmermann, 1780 The White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), also known as the Virginia deer, or simply as the whitetail, is a medium-sized deer found throughout most of the continental United States, southern Canada, Mexico, Central America and northern portions of South America as far south as Peru. ... “Black Bear” redirects here. ... Genera Pentalagus Bunolagus Nesolagus Romerolagus Brachylagus Sylvilagus Oryctolagus Poelagus Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha, found in several parts of the world. ... Subfamilies Dendrocygninae Oxyurinae Anatinae Aythyinae Merginae Duck is the common name for a number of species in the Anatidae family of birds. ...

The Apalachee were part of a trade network that extended from the Gulf Coast to the Great Lakes, and westward to what is now Oklahoma. The Apalachee acquired copper artifacts, sheets of mica, greenstone and galena through this trade. The Apalachee probably paid for these imports with shells, pearls, shark teeth, preserved fish and sea turtle meat, salt and cassina leaves and twigs (used to make the black drink). States that border the Gulf of Mexico are shown in red The Gulf Coast region of the United States comprises the coasts of states which border the Gulf of Mexico. ... The Great Lakes from space The Laurentian Great Lakes are a group of five large lakes in North America on or near the Canada-United States border. ... Official language(s) None Capital Oklahoma City Largest city Oklahoma City Area  Ranked 20th  - Total 69,898 sq mi (181,196 km²)  - Width 230 miles (370 km)  - Length 298 miles (480 km)  - % water 1. ... Rock with mica Mica sheet Mica flakes The mica group of sheet silicate minerals includes several closely related materials having highly perfect basal cleavage. ... New Zealand greenstone is formed by the metamorphism of basalt. ... Galena is a lead ore. ... Genera Family Cheloniidae (Oppel, 1811) Caretta Chelonia Eretmochelys Lepidochelys Natator Family Dermochelyidae Dermochelys Family Protostegidae (extinct) Family Toxochelyidae (extinct) Family Thalassemyidae (extinct) Sea turtles (Chelonioidea) are turtles found in all the worlds oceans except the Arctic Ocean. ... Binomial name Ilex vomitoria Yaupon Holly (Ilex vomitoria), also called cassina (a name shared with the Dahoon Holly), is an evergreen holly found in the southeast United States. ... 15th-century engraving of an Indian ceremony involving the black drink Black drink was the name given by colonists to a ritual beverage called Asi brewed by Native Americans in the Southeastern United States. ...

The Apalachee made tools from stone, bone and shell. They made pottery, wove cloth and cured buckskin. They built houses covered with palm leaves or the bark of cypress or poplar trees. They stored food in pits in the ground lined with matting, and smoked or dried food on racks over fires. (When Hernando de Sotò seized the Apalachee town of Anhaico in 1539, he found enough stored food to feed his 600 men and 220 horses for five months.) Buckskin is the soft, pliable, porous preserved hide of an animal, usually deer, moose or elk, but potentially any animals hide. ... Genera Many; see list of Arecaceae genera Arecaceae or Palmae (also known by the name Palmaceae, which is taxonomically invalid. ... Species Taxodium ascendens - Pond Cypress Taxodium distichum - Bald Cypress Taxodium mucronatum - Montezuma Cypress Taxodium is a genus of one to three species (depending on taxonomic opinion) of extremely flood-tolerant conifers in the cypress family, Cupressaceae, one of several genera in the family commonly known as cypresses. ... This article is about woody plants of the genus Populus. ... This article is about a piece of fabric. ... Wikibooks Cookbook has more about this subject: Smoking Smoking is the process of preserving, cooking, or flavoring food by exposing it to the smoke from burning or smoldering plant materials, most often wood. ... A whole potato, sliced pieces (right), and dried sliced pieces (left) Drying is a method of food preservation that works by removing water from the food, which prevents the growth of microorganisms and decay. ... For the Peruvian economist, see Hernando de Soto (economist). ...

The Apalachee men wore a deerskin loincloth. The women wore a skirt of Spanish moss or other plant fibers. The men painted their bodies with red ochre placed feathers in their hair when they prepared for battle. The men smoked tobacco. A loincloth is a one-piece male garment, sometimes kept in place by a belt, which covers the genitals and, at least partially, the buttocks. ... Binomial name (L.) L. Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) closely resembles its namesake (Usnea, or beard lichen). ... Red ochre and yellow ochre (pronounced //, from the Greek ochros, yellow) are pigments made from naturally tinted clay. ... Shredded tobacco leaf for pipe smoking Tobacco can also be pressed into plugs and sliced into flakes Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in genus Nicotiana. ...

The Apalachee scalped opponents they killed, and exhibited the scalps as a sign of their ability. Taking a scalp was a means of entering the warrior class, and was celebrated with a scalp dance using headdresses made of bird beaks and animal fur. The village or clan of a slain warrior was expected to avenge his death. Native American Big Mouth Spring with decorated scalp lock on right shoulder. ... Drawing of a Thracian peltast of 400 BC A warrior is a person habitually engaged in warfare. ...

The Apalachee played a ball game that was described in detail by Spaniards in the 17th century. Two teams kicked and hit a small ball, made by wrapping buckskin around dried mud, trying to hit a goal post. There was only one goal, with an eagle's nest set on top. Players scored one point if they hit the post with the ball, and two points if the ball landed in the nest. Eleven points won the game. Spectators gambled heavily on the games. Binomial name (Linnaeus, 1766) Bald Eagle range  Resident, breeding Summer visitor, breeding Winter visitor On migration only Star: accidental records Subspecies (Linnaeus, 1766) Southern Bald Eagle Audubon, 1827) Northern Bald Eagle Synonyms Falco leucocephalus Linnaeus, 1766 The Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is a bird of prey found in North America...

Up to 50 men played on a team. The best players were highly prized, and villages gave them houses, planted their fields for them, and overlooked their misdeeds in an effort to keep such players on their teams. The giving of challenges for a game and the erection of goalposts involved rituals and ceremonies. The game itself had few rules and could be quite violent. Serious injuries and even deaths occurred in the games.

Spanish encounters

Two Spanish expeditions encountered the Apalachee in the first half of the 16th century. The expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez entered the Apalachee domain in 1528. Spanish cruelty towards the Apalachee was met with resistance, and the Narváez expedition turned to the coast on Apalachee Bay, where it built five boats, and attempted to sail to Mexico. Pánfilo de Narváez Pánfilo de Narváez (1470 – 1528) was a Spanish conqueror and soldier in the Americas. ... The Narváez Expedition was a Spanish attempt, in 1527–1528, to install Pánfilo de Narváez as adelantado (governor) of Florida. ...

In 1539, Hernando de Sotò landed with a large contingence of men and horses on the west coast of the peninsula of Florida, searching for gold. The people he encountered told him that gold could be found in Apalachee. It is not known if this was a reference to the mountains of northern Georgia, which is a source of gold, or to the copper artifacts that the Apalachee had acquired through trade. In any case, it served to send de Sotò and his men away. A peninsula in Croatia A peninsula is a piece of land that is bordered on three or more sides by water. ...

Due to their prior experience with the Narváez expedition and to the reports they heard of the fighting between the de Sotò expedition and the tribes it encountered, the Apalachee feared and hated the Spanish. The de Sotò expedition entered the Apalachee domain, and the Spanish soldiers are described as lancing every Indian encountered on both sides of the road. De Sotò and his men seized the Apalachee town of Anhaica, on the site of present-day Tallahassee, Florida, and spent the winter of 1539-1540 there. Anhaica (also known as Iviahica, Yniahico, and pueblo of Apalache) was an Apalachee Indian town and capital of Apalachee Province located near Myers Park in the present-day city of Tallahassee, Florida. ... For other uses, see Tallahassee (disambiguation). ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami metropolitan area Area  Ranked 22nd  - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²)  - Width 361 miles (582 km)  - Length 447 miles (721 km)  - % water 17. ...

The Apalachee fought back with small raids and ambushes. Their arrows could penetrate two layers of chain mail. They quickly learned to target the horses, which previously gave the Spanish a large advantage against the unmounted Apalachee. The Apalachee were described as being more pleased in killing one of these animals than they were in killing four Christians. In the spring of 1540, de Sotò and his men left the Apalachee domain and headed north into what is now the state of Georgia. For other uses, see Chainmail (disambiguation). ...

Spanish missions

Flag of the Apalachee Nation

About 1600 the Spanish Franciscans founded a successful mission among them, but in 1704 (during Queen Anne's War) forces from the Province of Carolina in North America, made up mostly of Creek and Yamasee Indians, traveled southwards to Florida and attacked the Apalachee and the Spanish missionaries who lived amongst them, in what became known as the Apalachee Massacre. Some of the Apalachee were killed, others who were captured and sold into slavery kept their tribal identity for some time. Others were taken as slaves by the Creek and Yamasee Indians to be sold in the British Indian slave trade, and others fled westward accepting an offer to live in French-controlled Mobile. In 1763, most of these Apalachees relocated to Rapides Parish in Louisiana. The tribe's descendants are still in Rapides Parish Louisiana under the guidance of Chief Gilmer Bennett.^[1] Image File history File links Apalachee_Nation_flag. ... Image File history File links Apalachee_Nation_flag. ... Queen Annes War (1702–1713) was the second in a series of four French and Indian Wars fought between France and Great Britain in North America for control of the continent and was the counterpart of War of the Spanish Succession in Europe. ... The Carolina Colony grants Haystack of 1663 and 1665 The Province of Carolina from 1663 to 1729, was a North American British colony. ... North America North America is a continent[1] in the Earths northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. ... The Creek are an American Indian people originally from the southeastern United States, also known by their original name Muscogee (or Muskogee), the name they use to identify themselves today. ... The Yamasee were a Muskogean Native American tribe that lived in coastal region of present-day northern Florida and southern Georgia near the Savannah River. ... Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami metropolitan area Area  Ranked 22nd  - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²)  - Width 361 miles (582 km)  - Length 447 miles (721 km)  - % water 17. ... The Apalachee Massacre was an episode that took place during Queen Annes War. ... Indian slavery was the practice of using indigenous peoples of the Americas as slaves, which existed with the Spanish from the earliest days on the Caribbean islands they first settled. ... It has been suggested that List of people from Mobile, Alabama be merged into this article or section. ... 1763 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Rapides Parish is a parish located in the state of Louisiana. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ...

More about the Apalachee today

As of 2006, Gilmer Bennett is Chief of the Apalachees

Today the tribal office located in Libuse, Louisiana serves approximately 300 members. As of 2006, Gilmer Bennett is Chief of the Apalachees.^[1] The tribe has been featured in The Wall Street Journal along with other news publications. The Public Broadcasting Service show History Detectives aired a special about the tribe in 2006.^[2] Mission San Luis, a living history museum in Tallahassee, Florida,^[3] that re-creates one of the Spanish missions to the Apalachee, also received the Preserve America Presidential Award in 2006.^[4] Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Libuse, Louisiana is a populated place in Rapides Parish, Louisiana, U.S.A.. It was founded in 1914 by Czech immigrants, and named after Libuše. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... “PBS” redirects here. ... History Detectives is a popular television program on PBS. A group of researchers (listed on right) help people to seek answers to various historical questions they have, usually centering around a family heirloom, an old house or other historic object or structure. ...

See also

• Muskogean languages
• Queen Anne's War

Pre-contact distribution of Muskogean languages Muskogean (also Muskhogean, Muskogee) is a language family of the U.S. Southeast. ... Queen Annes War (1702–1713) was the second in a series of four French and Indian Wars fought between France and Great Britain in North America for control of the continent and was the counterpart of War of the Spanish Succession in Europe. ...

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} The Talimali Band of Apalachee
2. ^ Mystery Crystal Cross
3. ^ Friends of Mission San Luis, Inc. home page
4. ^ Presentation of the Preserve America award by President Bush

References

• Horwitz, Tony - "Apalachee Tribe, Missing for Centuries, Comes Out of Hiding", The Wall Street Journal, March 9, 2005; Page A1
• Raeke, Richard - "The Apalachee Trail", St. Petersburg Times; July 20, 2003
• Handbook of American Indians, ed. F. W. Hodge (Washington, 1907).
• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
• Brown, Robin C. 1994. Florida's First People. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. ISBN 1-56164-032-8

Encyclopædia Britannica, the eleventh edition The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is perhaps the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ... Cà dZan - a 1925 Sarasota residence that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places Sarasota is a city located in Sarasota County on the central west coast of Florida, USA. Its official limits include Sarasota Bay and several barrier islands between the bay and the Gulf of...

External links

• Florida lessons
• Apalachee
• [1] regional folk life