| ? Apatosaurus
Conservation status: Fossil |
| | Scientific classification | | | | | Apatosaurus ajax
Apatosaurus excelsus
Apatosaurus louisae
| Apatosaurus (pronounced /əˈpæ.təˌsɔː.rəs/) meaning "deceptive lizard", because its chevron bones were like those of Mosasaurus (Greek apatelos or "apatelios" = deceptive + sauros = lizard), often mistakenly referred to as Brontosaurus, is a genus of sauropod dinosaurs that lived about 140 million years ago, during the Jurassic period. They were some of the largest land animals that ever existed, about 4.5 metres (15 feet) tall at the hips, with a length of up to 21m (70 feet) and a mass up to 35 metric tonnes (40 tons). Image File history File links Apatosaurus. ...
Scientific classification or biological classification is how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms (as opposed to folk taxonomy). ...
Phyla Subregnum Parazoa Porifera (sponges) Subregnum Agnotozoa Placozoa (trichoplax) Orthonectida (orthonectids) Rhombozoa (dicyemids) Subregnum Eumetazoa Radiata (unranked) (radial symmetry) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria (coral, jellyfish, anemones) Bilateria (unranked) (bilateral symmetry) Acoelomorpha (basal) Orthonectida (parasitic to flatworms, echinoderms, etc. ...
Typical Classes Subphylum Urochordata - Tunicatas Ascidiacea Thaliacea Larvacea Subphylum Cephalochordata - Lancelets Subphylum Myxini - Hagfishes Subphylum Vertebrata - Vertebrates Petromyzontida - Lampreys Placodermi (extinct) Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fishes Acanthodii (extinct) Actinopterygii - Ray-finned fishes Actinistia - Coelacanths Dipnoi - Lungfishes Amphibia - Amphibians Reptilia - Reptiles Aves - Birds Mammalia - Mammals Chordates (phylum Chordata) include the vertebrates, together with...
Clades Subclass Anapsida Subclass Diapsida Infraclass Lepidosauromorpha Infraclass Archosauromorpha Sauropsida is an amniote clade that includes all recent and all or almost all extinct reptiles (excluding the Synapsida), and birds. ...
Orders & Suborders Saurischia Sauropodomorpha Theropoda Ornithischia Thyreophora Ornithopoda Marginocephalia Dinosaurs were vertebrate animals that dominated the terrestrial ecosystem for over 160 million years, first appearing approximately 230 million years ago. ...
Groups Sauropodomorpha Saturnalia Prosauropoda Sauropoda Theropoda Eoraptor Herrerasauridae Ceratosauria Tetanurae Aves(extant) Saurischians (from the Greek Saurischia meaning lizard hip) are one of the two orders/branches of dinosaurs. ...
Groups Saturnalia Prosauropoda Sauropoda The Sauropodomorpha were a group of long-necked, herbivorous dinosaurs that eventually dropped down on all fours and became the largest animals that ever the walked the earth. ...
Families Brachiosauridae Camarasauridae Cetiosauridae Diplodocidae Dicraeosauridae Euhelopodidae Nemegtosauridae Omeisauridae Rebbachisauridae Titanosauridae/Saltosauridae Vulcanodontidae Sauropoda, the sauropods, are a suborder or infraorder of the saurischian (lizard-hipped) dinosaurs. ...
Genera Subfamily Apatosaurinae: Apatosaurus Eobrontosaurus Subfamily Diplodocinae: Barosaurus Diplodocus Seismosaurus Supersaurus Diplodocids, or members of the family Diplodocidae, are sauropod dinosaurs such as the Diplodocus and the Apatosaurus. ...
Othniel Charles Marsh (October 29, 1831 - March 18, 1899) was one of the pre-eminent paleontologists of the 19th century, who discovered and named many fossils found in the American West. ...
In biology, a species is the basic unit of biodiversity. ...
IPA may refer to: The International Phonetic Alphabet or India Pale Ale ...
Chevron bones are a series of bones on the underside of the tail of reptiles. ...
Mosasaurus (MOH-zah-sawr-us) was a mosasaur, a carnivorous, aquatic reptile, somewhat resembling a crocodile, with elongated heavy jaws: it lived in the Maastrichtian age of the Cretaceous period (Mesozoic era), around 70-65 millions years ago. ...
1989 US Postage stamp featuring the Brontosaurus The dinosaur genus originally known as Brontosaurus is now officially designated Apatosaurus. ...
In biology, a genus (plural genera) is a taxonomic grouping. ...
Families Brachiosauridae Camarasauridae Cetiosauridae Diplodocidae Euhelopodidae Nemegtosauridae Titanosauridae Vulcanodontidae Sauropoda, the sauropods, are a suborder or infraorder of the saurischian (lizard-hipped) dinosaurs. ...
Orders & Suborders Saurischia Sauropodomorpha Theropoda Ornithischia Thyreophora Ornithopoda Marginocephalia Dinosaurs were vertebrate animals that dominated the terrestrial ecosystem for over 160 million years, first appearing approximately 230 million years ago. ...
Mega-annum, usually abbreviated as Ma, is a unit of time equal to one million years. ...
The Jurassic period is a major unit of the geologic timescale that extends from about 200 Ma (million years ago) at the end of the Triassic to 146 Ma at the beginning of the Cretaceous. ...
In geology, a period or age is a time span of many millions of years that are assumed to have had similar characteristics. ...
Phyla Subregnum Parazoa Porifera (sponges) Subregnum Agnotozoa Placozoa (trichoplax) Orthonectida (orthonectids) Rhombozoa (dicyemids) Subregnum Eumetazoa Radiata (unranked) (radial symmetry) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria (coral, jellyfish, anemones) Bilateria (unranked) (bilateral symmetry) Acoelomorpha (basal) Orthonectida (parasitic to flatworms, echinoderms, etc. ...
The metre, or meter, is a measure of length, approximately equal to 3. ...
This article is about a foot as a unit of length. ...
A tonne (also called metric ton) is a non-SI unit of mass, accepted for use with SI, defined as: 1 tonne = 103 kg (= 106 g). ...
The short ton is a unit of mass equal to 907. ...
The cervical vertebrae and the bones in the legs were bigger and heavier than that of Diplodocus but they both had the long neck and tail. The tail was held above the ground during normal locomotion. Like most sauropods, Apatosaurus had only a single large claw on each forelimb. The skull was first identified in 1975, a century after this dinosaur acquired its name. Species (Hatcher, 1901) (Holland, 1924) (Marsh, 1878; holotype) Diplodocus (dih-PLOH-doc-us) meaning double beam in reference to its double-beamed chevron bones (Greek diplos = double + dokos = beam) is a type of dinosaur of subgroup Sauropoda. ...
1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ...
According to Robert Bakker, it is a major possibility that Apatosaurus may have had thick, moose-like lips.
Environment
Early on, it was believed that Apatosaurus was too massive to support its own weight on dry land, so it was theorized that the sauropod must have lived partly submerged in water, perhaps in a swamp. Recent findings do not support this. In fact, like its relative Diplodocus, Apatosaurus was a grazing animal with a very long neck, and a long tail that served as a counterweight. Fossilized footprints indicate that it probably lived in herds. To aid in processing food, Apatosaurus may have swallowed gizzard stones (gastroliths) the same way that many birds do today, as its jaws lacked molars with which to chew tough plant fibers. Species (Hatcher, 1901) (Holland, 1924) (Marsh, 1878; holotype) Diplodocus (dih-PLOH-doc-us) meaning double beam in reference to its double-beamed chevron bones (Greek diplos = double + dokos = beam) is a type of dinosaur of subgroup Sauropoda. ...
Grazing is the regular consumption of part of one organism without killing it by another organism. ...
This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ...
Apatosaurus browsed the tops of trees, on riverbanks. Scientists believe that these sauropods could not raise their necks to an angle of 90 degrees, as doing so would slow blood flow to the brain excessively; blood starting at the body proper would take two or more minutes to reach the brain. Furthermore, studies of the structure of the neck vertebrae have revealed that the neck was not as flexible as previously thought. No one knows how Apatosaurs ate enough food to satisfy their enormous bodies. They probably ate constantly, pausing only to cool off, drink or to remove parasites. They must have slept standing upright. If attacked by a predator, Apatosaurus could defend itself by swinging its tail from side to side, or stomping on the meat-eater.your dumb The physicist Albert Einstein is probably historys most widely recognized scientist. ...
Classification and history
 Apatosaurus' correct head In 1877, Othniel Charles Marsh published notes on his discovery of Apatosaurus ajax, and then in 1879 described another, more complete dinosaur species, which he speculated to represent a new genus and named Brontosaurus excelsus. In 1903, it was discovered that Brontosaurus excelsus was in fact an adult Apatosaurus, and the name Apatosaurus, having been published first, was deemed to have priority as the official name; Brontosaurus was relegated to being a synonym. In the 1970s, it was proven that the traditional "Brontosaurus" image known to all was, in fact, an Apatosaurus excelsus with a Camarasaurus head incorrectly placed on its body. Image File history File links Apatosaurus2. ...
Image File history File links Apatosaurus2. ...
Othniel Charles Marsh (October 29, 1831 - March 18, 1899) was one of the pre-eminent paleontologists of the 19th century, who discovered and named many fossils found in the American West. ...
Species (holotype) The Camarasaurus (pronounced KAM-a-rah-SORE-us) was a genera of quadrupedal, herbivorous dinosaurs. ...
Fossils of this animal have been found in Nine Mile Quarry and Bone Cabin Quarry in Wyoming, and at sites in Colorado, Oklahoma, Utah, USA. Official language(s) English Capital Largest city Cheyenne Cheyenne Area Ranked 10th - Total 97,872 sq mi (253,554 km²) - Width 280 miles (450 km) - Length 360 miles (580 km) - % water 0. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Denver Largest city Denver Area - Total - Width - Length - % water - Latitude - Longitude Ranked 8th 104,185 sq mi 269 837 km² 280 miles 451 km 380 miles 612 km 0. ...
Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Salt Lake City Largest city Salt Lake City Area Ranked 13th - Total 84,876 sq. ...
Species - A. ajax is the type species of the genera, and was named by the paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh in 1877 after Ajax, the hero from Greek mythology. It is the holotype for the genus and two partial skeletons have been found, including part of a skull.
- A. excelsus (originally Brontosaurus) was named by Marsh in 1879. It is known from six partial skeletons, including part of a skull, which have been found in the United States, in Oklahoma, Utah, and Wyoming.
- A. louisae was named by William Holland, in 1915. It is known from one partial skeleton, which was found in Colorado, in the United States.
Robert T. Bakker made A. yahnahpin the type species of a new genus, Eobrontosaurus in 1998, so it is now properly Eobrontosaurus yahnahpin. It was named by Filla, James and Redman in 1994. One partial skeleton has been found in Wyoming. Type specimens When a new species is discovered, more important than creating a new and unique name for the species is developing a reasonably detailed description. ...
A paleontologist carefully chips rock from a column of dinosaur vertebrae. ...
Othniel Charles Marsh (October 29, 1831 - March 18, 1899) was one of the pre-eminent paleontologists of the 19th century, who discovered and named many fossils found in the American West. ...
For other uses of the name Ajax, see Ajax. ...
Heroine, the feminine of hero, should not be confused with heroin, the drug. ...
// Greek mythology consists in part in a large collection of narratives that explain the origins of the world and detail the lives and adventures of a wide variety of gods, goddesses, heroes, and heroines. ...
A holotype is one of several possible types. ...
A hippopotamus skull A skull, or cranium, is a bony structure of Craniates which serves as the general framework for a head. ...
Please wikify (format) this article as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Salt Lake City Largest city Salt Lake City Area Ranked 13th - Total 84,876 sq. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Largest city Cheyenne Cheyenne Area Ranked 10th - Total 97,872 sq mi (253,554 km²) - Width 280 miles (450 km) - Length 360 miles (580 km) - % water 0. ...
Rev. ...
Official language(s) English Capital Denver Largest city Denver Area - Total - Width - Length - % water - Latitude - Longitude Ranked 8th 104,185 sq mi 269 837 km² 280 miles 451 km 380 miles 612 km 0. ...
Robert T. Bakker (Bob Bakker) (born March 24, 1945) in Bergen County, New Jersey, is an American paleontologist who has helped re-shape modern theories about dinosaurs, particularly by adding support to the theory that some dinosaurs were homeothermic (warm-blooded). ...
A holotype is one of several possible types. ...
Physiology With such a large body mass, combined with a long neck, physiologists encounter problems determining how these animals managed to breathe. Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. ...
Beginning with the assumption that Apatosaurus, like crocodilians, did not have a diaphragm, the dead-space volume (the amount of unused air remaining in the mouth, trachea, and air tubes after each breath) has been estimated at about 184 liters for a 30kg specimen. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
In physiology, dead space is air that is inhaled by the body in breathing, but does not partake in gas exchange. ...
Its tidal volume (the amount of air moved in or out during a single breath) has been calculated based on the following respiratory systems: The average pair of human lungs can hold about 5 litres of air, but only a small amount is used during normal breathing. ...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
- 904 liters if avian
- 225 liters if mammalian
- 19 liters if reptilian
On this basis, its respiratory system could not have been reptilian, as its tidal volume would not have been able to replace its dead-space volume. Likewise, the mammalian system would only provide a fraction of new air on each breath. Therefore, it must have had either a system unknown in the modern world or one like birds, i.e. multiple air sacs and a flow-through lung. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Orders Many - see section below. ...
Furthermore, an avian system would only need a lung volume of about 600 liters compared to a mammalian requirement of 2,950 liters, which would exceed the available space. The overall thoracic volume of Apatosaurus has been estimated at 1,700 liters allowing for a 500-liter, four-chambered heart (like birds, not three-chambered like reptiles) and a 900-liter lung capacity. That would allow about 300 liters for the necessary tissue. The heart and lungs, from an older edition of Grays Anatomy. ...
Orders Many - see section below. ...
Orders See text. ...
Biological tissue is any substance made up of cells that perform a similar function within an organism. ...
Assuming Apatosaurus had an avian respiratory system and a reptilian resting-metabolism (it certainly could not fly), it would need to consume only about 262 liters (69 gallons) of water per day. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
Reference Frank V. Paladino, James R. Spotila, Peter Dodson [1997]. “34: A Blueprint for Giants: Modeling the Physiology of Large Dinosaurs”, James O. Farlow and M.K. Brett-Surman The Complete Dinosaur (in English), 491-504, Indiana University Press. 0253333490.
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