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Encyclopedia > Aphrodisiac

An aphrodisiac is an agent which is used to increase sexual desire [1]. The name comes from the Greek goddess of Sensuality Aphrodite. Throughout history, many foods, drinks, and behaviors have had a reputation for making sex more attainable and/or pleasurable. However, from a historical and scientific standpoint, the desired results may be because their users have chosen to believe they will be effective (the placebo effect). Medical science has not substantiated claims that any particular food increases sexual desire or performance.[2] Afrodisiac is the fourth album by American singer Brandy, released in the United States on June 29, 2004 (see 2004 in music) on Atlantic Records. ... The word lust means sexual desire (this meaning is sometimes metaphorically extended to other forms of desire, e. ... The bust of Zeus found at Otricoli (Sala Rotonda, Museo Pio-Clementino, Vatican) Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the Ancient Greeks concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices. ... The Birth of Venus, (detail) by Sandro Botticelli, 1485 For other uses, see Aphrodite (disambiguation). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Placebo. ...

A rhinoceros horn, believed by some to have aphrodisiac properties.
A rhinoceros horn, believed by some to have aphrodisiac properties.

Some aphrodisiacs appear to gain their reputation from the principles of sympathetic magic, e.g. oysters, due to their shape. This also explains the trade in the phallic-looking horn of the rhinoceros, which is endangering this animal. Other animal-based aphrodisiacs gain their reputation from the apparent virility or aggressiveness of the animal source — such as tiger penis — also endangering the species. Additionally, the Alwaus, a large walrus-like mammal is considered a particularly potent aphrodisiac animal, as it feeds on many of the well known aphrodisiac substances, such as ginkgo, eggs, ginseng, oysters, and the penis of a tiger (often in a thick, pungent stew). Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 418 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1454 × 2083 pixel, file size: 356 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This picture may have usage restrictions Horn Source: own pictures File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 418 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1454 × 2083 pixel, file size: 356 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This picture may have usage restrictions Horn Source: own pictures File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert... Magic (also called magick to distinguish it from stage magic) is a supposed way of influencing the world through supernatural, mystical, or paranormal means. ... For other uses, see Rhinoceros (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Tiger (disambiguation). ...

Contents

Aphrodisiac drugs

Testosterone

Libido is clearly linked to levels of sex hormones, particularly testosterone.[3] When reduced sex drive occurs in individuals with relatively low levels of testosterone[4] (e.g., post-menopausal women or men over age 60[5]), testosterone supplements will often increase libido. Approaches using a number of precursors intended to raise testosterone levels have been effective in older males,[6] but have not fared well when tested on other groups.[7] Other anabolic steroids such as trenbolone which mimic the effects of testosterone may also cause increased libido in users, although side effects such as testicular atrophy are likely to decrease libido, possibly permanently, following prolonged use of these drugs. For other uses, see Libido (disambiguation). ... Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group. ... Anabolic steroids are a class of natural and synthetic steroid hormones that promote cell growth and division, resulting in growth of muscle tissue and sometimes bone size and strength. ... Trenbolone is a steroid used by veterinarians on livestock to increase muscle growth and appetite. ... Testicular atrophy is a medical condition in which the male reproductive organs (the testes, which in humans are located in the scrotum) diminish in size and may be accompanied by ceasing to function. ...


Yohimbine

Yohimbine is the main alkaloid of Yohimbe. As a weak MAO inhibitor and alpha-adrenergic antagonist, yohimbine may increase genital bloodflow and sexual sensitivity for some people.[8][9] Yohimbine, also known under the outdated names quebrachin, aphrodin, corynine, yohimvetol and hydroergotocin, is the principal alkaloid of the bark of the West-African tree Pausinystalia yohimbe Pierre (formerly Corynanthe yohimbe), family Rubiaceae (Madder family). ... Chemical structure of ephedrine, a phenethylamine alkaloid An alkaloid is, strictly speaking, a naturally occurring amine produced by a plant,[1] but amines produced by animals and fungi are also called alkaloids. ... Yohimbine, also known under the outdated names quebrachin, aphrodin, corynine, yohimvetol, and hydroergotocin, is the principal alkaloid of the bark of the West-African tree Pausinystalia yohimbe Pierre (formerly Corynanthe yohimbe), family Rubiaceae (Madder family). ... Monoamine oxidase Monoamine oxidases (singular abbreviation MAO) (EC 1. ...


Bremelanotide

Bremelanotide, formerly known as PT-141, is currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of sexual arousal disorder and erectile dysfunction. It is intended for both men and women. Preliminary results are encouraging.[10] Chemical structure of Bremelanotide (formerly PT-141) Bremelanotide (formerly PT-141) is the generic term for a new medication for use in treating sexual dysfunction in men (erectile dysfunction or impotence) as well as sexual dysfunction in women (sexual arousal disorder). ... Sexual arousal disorder, a condition found in the DSM-IV, is generally defined as the inability to attain or maintain typical responses to sexual arousal. ... Impotence or, more clinically, erectile dysfunction is the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis for satisfactory sexual intercourse regardless of the capability of ejaculation. ...


PEA

There is some debate in lay circles as to whether a chemical called phenylethylamine present in chocolate is an aphrodisiac. There is some evidence to support the theory that phenethylamine release in the brain may be involved in sexual attraction and arousal, but this compound is quickly degraded by the enzyme MAO and so it is unlikely that any significant concentrations would reach the brain when phenethylamine is taken orally. Phenethylamine is an alkaloid and monoamine. ... For other uses, see Chocolate (disambiguation). ... Monoamine oxidase Monoamine oxidases (singular abbreviation MAO) (EC 1. ...


Other drugs

Stimulants affecting the dopamine system such as cocaine and amphetamines (e.g. Methamphetamine, aka Crystal meth) are frequently associated with hyperarousal and hypersexuality, though both may impair sexual functioning, particularly in the long term. A newer dopamine reuptake inhibitor MDPV has also been noted to have characteristic hypersexual effects. For other uses, see Dopamine (disambiguation). ... Cocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. ... Methamphetamine (commonly known as crystal meth, crystal, or just meth) is a strong stimulant often used recreationally as a party drug. ... Methamphetamine is a synthetic stimulant drug which induces a strong feeling of euphoria and is highly psychologically addictive. ... This page may meet Wikipedia’s criteria for speedy deletion. ...


Some directly acting dopamine agonists may also cause increased libido, although they can also cause various side effects. Pramipexole is the only dopamine agonist used in medicine as an aphrodisiac, and is sometimes prescribed to counteract the decrease in libido associated with SSRI antidepressant drugs. The older dopamine agonist apomorphine has been used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, but is of poor efficacy and has a tendency to cause nausea. Other dopamine agonists such as bromocriptine may also be associated with increased libido, as can the dopamine precursor L-Dopa, but this is often part of a spectrum of side effects which can include mood swings and problem gambling and so these drugs are not prescribed for this purpose. Dopamine agonist is a synthetic drug that mimics the effect of the neurotransmitter dopamine. ... Pramipexole (INN, trade names Mirapex® and Sifrol®) is a medication indicated for treating Parkinsons disease and restless legs syndrome (RLS). ... Apomorphine is a type of dopaminergic agonist, a morphine derivative. ... Erectile dysfunction (ED) or impotence is a sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis. ... For other uses, see Nausea (disambiguation). ... Bromocriptine is an ergoline derivative dopamine agonist that is used in the treatment of pituitary tumors and Parkinsons disease. ... // Therapeutic use L-DOPA is used to replace dopamine lost in Parkinsons disease because dopamine itself cannot cross the blood-brain barrierwhere its precursor can. ... A mood swing is an extreme change in mood. ... Problem gambling is an urge to gamble despite harmful negative consequences or a desire to stop. ...


Drugs not considered aphrodisiacs

Some psychoactive substances such as alcohol, cannabis,[11] methaqualone, GHB and MDMA may increase libido and sexual desire in some people. However these drugs are not aphrodisiacs in the strict sense of the definition, as they do not consistently produce an aphrodisiac effect and this effect is instead more of a side effect which may arise from the other actions of the drug. However these drugs are sometimes used to increase sexual pleasure and to reduce sexual inhibition. A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical that alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness, or behaviour. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about the plant genus Cannabis. ... Methaqualone tablets and capsules. ... Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (4-hydroxybutanoic acid, C4H8O3), commonly abbreviated GHB, is a neuroprotective therapeutic drug that is illegal in a number of countries[1], and is a naturally-occurring substance found in the central nervous system, wine, beef, small citrus fruits, and almost all living creatures in small amounts. ... ecstasy and religious ecstasy MDMA, most commonly known today by the street name ecstasy, is a synthetic entactogen of the phenethylamine family whose primary effect is to stimulate the brain to rapidly secrete large amounts of serotonin, causing a general sense of openness, empathy, energy, euphoria, and well-being. ... Sexual arousal is the process and state of an animal being ready for sexual intercourse. ... A sexual inhibition denotes a conservative attitude to or a reservation relating to specific sexual practises. ...


Anti-erectile dysfunction drugs, such as Viagra and Levitra, are not considered aphrodisiacs because they do not have any direct effect on the brain, although increased ability to attain an erection may be interpreted as increased sexual arousal by users of these drugs. Erectile dysfunction (ED) or impotence is a sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis. ... // ... Categories: Pages needing attention | Medicine stubs | Sexology | PDE5 inhibitors ...


Aphrodisiac foods and herbs

Some natural items purported to be aphrodisiacs when ingested (not at all exhaustive):

Some newly introduced exotic foods often acquire such a reputation, at least until they become more familiar; for example: Binomial name (L.) Cav. ... Binomial name Atta laevigata F. Smith, 1860 The Fatass ant, Atta laevigata, is an edible ant specie (see entomophagy) mainly found in north-eastern Colombia in the Department of Santander. ... A partially shelled balut egg, ready to be eaten. ... Binomial name Cuatrecasas 1948 Borojoa patinoi, commonly known as Borojó, is a mid sized (3 to 5m) Tropical forest tree that belongs to the Rubiaceae family. ... For other uses, see Chocolate (disambiguation). ... A Cornish pasty or Cornish pastie is a type of pie, originating in Cornwall, United Kingdom. ... Binomial name Turnera diffusa Willd. ... EGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGSEGGS This page may meet Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... This article is about the milk-based beverage. ... Binomial name Jack Eurycoma longifolia Jack (aka, Tongkat Ali or Pasak Bumi) is a flowering plant in the family Simaroubaceae, native to Indonesia and Malaysia. ... Binomial name Ginkgo biloba L. The Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), sometimes also known as the Maidenhair tree, is a unique tree with no living relatives. ... Not to be confused with ginger. ... Families Alariaceae Chordaceae Laminariaceae Lessoniaceae Phyllariaceae Pseudochordaceae Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... Binomial name Lepidium meyenii Walp Maca (Lepidium meyenii) is a herbaceous biennial plant or annual plant grown at altitudes from approximately 12,500-14,500 feet in the Andes in Peru. ... The name oyster is used for a number of different groups of mollusks which grow for the most part in marine or brackish water. ... Binomial name Socratea exorrhiza (Mart. ... Binomial name Lytta vesicatoria Linnaeus, 1758 The Spanish fly is an emerald-green beetle Lytta vesicatoria, (from Greek lytta = rage and Latin vesica = blister) in the family Meloidae. ... Cantharidin is a poisonous chemical compound secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. ... Binomial name Linnaeus Tribulus terrestris is a flowering plant in the family Zygophyllaceae, native to warm temperate and tropical regions of the Old World in southern Europe, southern Asia, throughout Africa, and in northern Australia. ...

Artichokes are three types of vegetables, two in the daisy family Asteraceae, and one in the deadnettle family Lamiaceae. ... For the botanical genus, see Asparagus (genus). ... Strawberries Promo Strawberries is an album by The Damned released October 1982 on Bronze Records (catalogue #BRON 542). ... For other uses, see Tomato (disambiguation). ... Species Tuber melanosporum Tuber brumale Tuber aestivum Tuber uncinatum Tuber mesentericum Tuber magnatum Truffle describes a group of edible mycorrhizal (symbiotic relationship between fungus and plant) fungi (genus Tuber, class Ascomycetes, division Ascomycota). ... For other uses, see Turtle (disambiguation). ... MaNGOS (Massive Network Game Object Server [2]) is a free, open source, cross-platform, object-oriented MMORPG server project, hosted on SourceForge. ... A Mamey sapote (Pouteria sapota) is a fruit common in many Latin American countries and widely enjoyed by Cubans living in Cuba and south Florida. ... A home-cooked hot dog with mayonnaise, onion, and pickle relish A hot dog is the term for either a type of sausage or, alternatively, a sandwich with the bun and sausage. ... Pumpkin pie Wikibooks Cookbook has an article on Pumpkin Pie Pumpkin pie is a traditional North American dessert usually made in the late fall and early winter, especially for Halloween, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. ...

External links and references

Sources

  1. ^ Definition at thefreedictionary.com
  2. ^ Article on aphrodisiacs at the US Food and Drugs Administration website.
  3. ^ R. Shabsigh (1997). "The effects of testosterone on the cavernous tissue and erectile function". World J. Urol. PMID 9066090. Retrieved on 2007-07-11. 
  4. ^ Goldstat, Rebecca; Esther Briganti, Jane Tran, Rory Wolfe, Susan R. Davis (Sept. 2003). "Transdermal testosterone therapy improves well-being, mood, and sexual function in premenopausal women.". Menopause 10 (5): 390-8. PMID 14501599. Retrieved on 2007-07-11. 
  5. ^ Gray, P.B.; A.B. Singh, L.J. Woodhouse, T.W. Storer, R. Casaburi, J. Dzekov, C. Dzekov, I. Sinha-Hikim, S. Bhasin (2005). "Dose-dependent effects of testosterone on sexual function, mood, and visuospatial cognition in older men". J Clin Endocrinol Metab.. PMID 15827094. Retrieved on 2007-07-11. 
  6. ^ Brown, G.A.; Vukovich MD, Martini ER, Kohut ML, Franke WD, Jackson DA, King DS. (2001). "Effects of androstenedione-herbal supplementation on serum sex hormone concentrations in 30- to 59-year-old men". Int J Vitam Nutr Res. PMID 11725694. Retrieved on 2007-07-11. 
  7. ^ Brown, G.A.; Vukovich MD, Reifenrath TA, Uhl NL, Parsons KA, Sharp RL, King DS. (2000). "Effects of anabolic precursors on serum testosterone concentrations and adaptations to resistance training in young men.". Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. PMID 10997957. Retrieved on 2007-07-11. 
  8. ^ Adeniyi, A.A.; Brindley GS, Pryor JP, Ralph DJ. (2007). "Yohimbine in the treatment of orgasmic dysfunction". Asian J Androl. PMID 17486282. Retrieved on 2007-07-11. 
  9. ^ Kovalev, V.A.; Koroleva SV, Kamalov AA. (2000). "Pharmacotherapy of erectile dysfunction.". Urologiia. PMID 16856460. Retrieved on 2007-07-11. 
  10. ^ King, S.H.; Mayorov AV, Balse-Srinivasan P, Hruby VJ, Vanderah TW, Wessells H. (2007). "Melanocortin receptors, melanotropic peptides and penile erection.". Curr Top Med Chem.. PMID 17584130. Retrieved on 2007-07-11. 
  11. ^ Cannabis Puts Females in the Mood for Love. Mark Henderson, The Times (29 January 2001). Retrieved on 23 August 2007.
  12. ^ Ang, H.H.; M.K. Sim (1997). "Eurycoma longifolia Jack enhances libido in sexually experienced male rats.". Exp Anim.. PMID 9353636. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. 
  13. ^ Ang, H.H.; Lee KL, Kiyoshi M. (2004). "Sexual arousal in sexually sluggish old male rats after oral administration of Eurycoma longifolia Jack.". J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol.. PMID 15803965. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. 
  14. ^ McKay, D. (2004). "Nutrients and botanicals for erectile dysfunction: examining the evidence.". Altern Med Rev.. PMID 15005641. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. 
  15. ^ Cohen, A.J.; Bartlik B. (1998). "Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction.". J Sex Marital Ther.. PMID 9611693. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. 
  16. ^ Sandroni, P. (Oct. 2001). "Aphrodisiacs past and present: a historical review.". Clin Auton Res. 11 (5): 303-7.. PMID 11758796. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. 
  17. ^ Murphy, L.L.; Lee TJ. (2002). "Ginseng, sex behavior, and nitric oxide.". Ann N Y Acad Sci.. PMID 12076988. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. 
  18. ^ Gonzales, G.F.; Córdova A, Vega K, Chung A, Villena A, Góñez C. (2003). "Effect of Lepidium meyenii (Maca), a root with aphrodisiac and fertility-enhancing properties, on serum reproductive hormone levels in adult healthy men.". J Endocrinol.. PMID 12525260. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. 
  19. ^ Gonzales, G.F.; Córdova A, Vega K, Chung A, Villena A, Góñez C, Castillo S. (2002). "Effect of Lepidium meyenii (MACA) on sexual desire and its absent relationship with serum testosterone levels in adult healthy men.". Andrologia.. PMID 12472620. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. 
  20. ^ Karras, D.J.; Farrell SE, Harrigan RA, Henretig FM, Gealt L. (1996). "Poisoning from "Spanish fly" (cantharidin).". Am J Emerg Med.. PMID 8765116. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. 
  21. ^ Gauthaman, K.; A.P. Ganesan, R.N. Prasad. (2003). "Sexual effects of puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) extract (protodioscin): an evaluation using a rat model.". J Altern Complement Med.. PMID 12804079. Retrieved on 2007-07-11. 
  22. ^ Gauthaman, K.; P.G. Adaikan, R.N. Prasad. (2002). "Aphrodisiac properties of Tribulus Terrestris extract (Protodioscin) in normal and castrated rats.". Life Sci.. PMID 12127159. Retrieved on 2007-07-11. 
  23. ^ Neychev, V.K.; V.I. Mitev (2005). "The aphrodisiac herb Tribulus terrestris does not influence androgen production in young men.". J Ethnopharmacol.. PMID 15994038. Retrieved on 2007-07-11. 

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See also


  Results from FactBites:
 
GourmetSleuth - Aphrodisiac Foods & Recipes (1941 words)
Aphrodisiacs were first sought out as a remedy for various sexual anxieties including fears of inadequate performance as well as a need to increase fertility.
Procreation was an important moral and religious issue and aphrodisiacs were sought to insure both male and female potency.
Although it has been promoted as an aphrodisiac, most investigators feel that any clinical change in sexual powers after its use is probably due to suggestion, because stimulatory effects are elicited only with toxic doses.
Natural aphrodisiac food woman man female herbal aphrodisiac food (1731 words)
The natural aphrodisiac food and nutrition public exchange solutions puts the power of natural living strategy, innovation and performance to work for you when it comes to find life vitality and global food and nutrition opportunities.
Aphrodisiac medical information changes rapidly and while onecer and its content providers make efforts to update the content on the site, some information may be out of date.
It is an organic aphrodisiac and mood enhancer.
  More results at FactBites »

 

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