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Aphthous ulcer
Classification & external resources

Mouth ulcer on the lower lip
ICD-10	K12.0
ICD-9	528.2
MedlinePlus	000998
eMedicine	ent/700  derm/486 ped/2672

An aphthous ulcer or canker sore is a type of mouth ulcer which presents as a painful open sore inside the mouth, caused by a break in the mucous membrane. The condition is also known as aphthous stomatitis, and alternatively as "Sutton's Disease," especially in the case of multiple or recurring ulcers. Image File history File links Emblem-important. ... Taken 21 April 2005. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO). ... // K00-K93 - Diseases of the digestive system (K00-K14) Diseases of oral cavity, salivary glands and jaws (K00) Disorders of tooth development and eruption (K01) Embedded and impacted teeth (K02) Dental caries (K03) Other diseases of hard tissues of teeth (K04) Diseases of pulp and periapical tissues (K040) Pulpitis (K05... The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify diseases and a wide variety of signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or disease. ... The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. ... MedlinePlus (medlineplus. ... eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996. ... Mouth ulcer on the lower lip A mouth ulcer (from Latin ulcus) is the name for the appearance of an open sore inside the mouth caused by a break in the mucous membrane or the epithelium on the lips or surrounding the mouth. ... Sore can be: a synonym of pain a synonym of angry a small wound, usually open from skin infection. ... For other uses, see Mouth (disambiguation). ... The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular: mucosa) are linings of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, and are involved in absorption and secretion. ...

The term aphtha means ulcer; it has been used for many years to describe areas of ulceration on mucous membranes. Aphthous stomatitis is a condition which is characterized by recurrent discrete areas of ulceration which are almost always painful. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) can be distinguished from other diseases with similar-appearing oral lesions, such as certain viral exanthems, by their tendency to recur, and their multiplicity and chronicity. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is one of the most common oral conditions. At least 10% of the population suffers from it. Women are more often affected than men. About 30–40% of patients with recurrent aphthae report a family history.[1][2][3] Endoscopic images of a duodenal ulcer. ... Skin lesions caused by Chickenpox A lesion is any abnormal tissue found on or in an organism, usually damaged by disease or trauma. ... This article is about biological infectious particles. ... An exanthem is a widespread rash, usually of viral origin, and usually occurring in children. ...

Presentations of aphthous stomatitis

Aphthous ulcers are classified according to the diameter of the lesion. DIAMETER is a computer networking protocol for AAA (Authentication, Authorization and Accounting). ...

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis is a T-cell mediated localized destruction of oral mucosa associated with an increased relative ratio of CD8+ T-cells to CD4+ T-cells. T cells belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. ... Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of macrophages and NK-cells, the production of antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. ...

Large aphthous ulcer on the inner side of the lower lip: 10 mm (1 cm) length and 5 mm width.

Image File history File linksMetadata Mouth_sore. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Mouth_sore. ...

Minor aphthous ulcerations

This is the most common and least severe form of the disease. Aphthous ulcers develop in childhood and adolescence, and continue sporadically throughout life. Aphthous ulcers occur exclusively on non-keratinized, moveable mucosa, such as buccal (cheeks) and lingual mucosa, the floor of the mouth, and the soft palate. It is characterized as a yellow-gray ulcer surrounded by an erythematous halo less than 10 mm in diameter. They tend to heal without scarring in 7–10 days. Typical treatment is with topical steroids, although treatment is not necessary for healing to occur. Childhood (song) Childhood is a broad term usually applied to the phase of development in humans between infancy and adulthood. ... “Adolescent” redirects here. ... Epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. ... Many animals have longer and more flexible tongues than humans. ... The soft palate, or velum, is the soft tissue comprising the back of the roof of the mouth. ... Erythema is an abnormal redness of the skin caused by capillary congestion. ... This article is about the chemical family of steroids. ...

Major aphthous ulcerations

Major aphthous ulcers have the same appearance as minor ulcerations, but are greater than 10 mm in diameter and are extremely painful. They usually take more than a month to heal, and frequently leave a scar. These typically develop after puberty with frequent recurrences. They occur on moveable non-keratinizing oral surfaces, but the ulcer borders may extend onto keratinized surfaces. The lesions heal with scarring and cause severe pain and discomfort. This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Puberty refers to the process of physical changes by which a childs body becomes an adult body capable of reproduction. ... Not to be confused with kerogen or carotene. ...

Major aphthous ulcer in the back of the mouth

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 633 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (640 × 606 pixel, file size: 98 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Aphthous ulcer in the back of the mouth. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 633 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (640 × 606 pixel, file size: 98 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Aphthous ulcer in the back of the mouth. ...

Herpetiform aphthous ulcerations

This is the most severe form. It occurs more frequently in females, and onset is often in adulthood. It is characterized by small, numerous, 1–3 mm lesions that form clusters. They typically heal in less than a month without scarring. Palliative treatment is almost always necessary.^[1] See Adult. ... Palliative care (from Latin palliare, to cloak) is any form of medical care or treatment that concentrates on reducing the severity of disease symptoms, rather than providing a cure. ...

Symptoms

Aphthous ulcers often begin with a tingling or burning sensation at the site of the future mouth ulcer. In a few days, they often progress to form a red spot or bump, followed by an open ulcer.

The aphthous ulcer appears as a white or yellow oval with an inflamed red border. Sometimes a white circle or halo around the lesion can be observed. The grey-, white-, or yellow-colored area within the red boundary is due to the formation of layers of fibrin, a protein involved in the clotting of blood. The ulcer, which itself is often extremely painful, especially when agitated, may be accompanied by a painful swelling of the lymph nodes below the jaw, which can be mistaken for toothache. Fibrin is a protein involved in the clotting of blood. ... A representation of the 3D structure of myoglobin, showing coloured alpha helices. ... Coagulation is the thickening or congealing of any liquid into solid clots. ... Lymph nodes are components of the lymphatic system. ... A toothache, also known as odontalgia or, less frequently, as odontalgy, is an aching pain in or around a tooth. ...

Causes

The exact cause of aphthous ulcers is unknown. Factors that provoke them include stress, fatigue, illness, injury from accidental biting, hormonal changes, menstruation, sudden weight loss, food allergies, the foaming agent in toothpaste (SLS), and deficiencies in vitamin B12, iron, and folic acid.^[2] Some drugs, such as nicorandil, also have been linked with mouth ulcers. In some cases they are thought to be caused by an overreaction by the body's own immune system. Stress (roughly the opposite of relaxation) is a medical term for a wide range of strong external stimuli, both physiological and psychological, which can cause a physiological response called the general adaptation syndrome, first described in 1936 by Hans Selye in the journal Nature. ... The word fatigue is used in everyday living to describe a range of afflictions, varying from a general state of lethargy to a specific work induced burning sensation within muscle. ... Illness (sometimes referred to as ill-health) can be defined as a state of poor health. ... For other uses, see Bite (disambiguation). ... Norepinephrine A hormone (from Greek όρμή - to set in motion) is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. ... Not to be confused with Mensuration. ... Weight loss, in the context of medicine or health or physical fitness, is a reduction of the total body weight, due to a mean loss of fluid, body fat or adipose tissue and/or lean mass, namely bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendon and other connective tissue. ... A food allergy is an immunologic response to a food protein. ... Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS or NaDS) (CH3(CH2)11OSO3Na) (FW 288. ... Cobalamin or vitamin B12 is a chemical compound that is also known as cyanocobalamine. ... For other uses, see Iron (disambiguation). ... Folic acid and folate (the anion form) are forms of the water-soluble Vitamin B9. ... Nicorandil is a drug used to treat coronary heart disease. ... Autoimmunity is the failure of an organism to recognize its own constituent parts (down to the sub-molecular levels) as self, which results in an immune response against its own cells and tissues. ...

Trauma to the mouth is the most common trigger of aphthous ulcers.[4][5][6] Physical trauma, such as that caused by toothbrush abrasions, laceration with sharp foods or objects, accidental biting (particularly common with sharp canine teeth), or dental braces can cause mouth ulcers by breaking the mucous membrane. Other factors, such as chemical irritants or thermal injury, may also lead to the development of ulcers. The large majority of toothpastes sold in the U.S. contain Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), which is known to cause aphthous ulcers in certain individuals. Using a toothpaste without SLS will reduce the frequency of aphthous ulcers in persons who experience aphthous ulcers caused by SLS.^[3][4][5] However, some studies find no connection between SLS in toothpaste and mouth ulcers.^[6] In medicine, a trauma patient has suffered serious and life-threatening physical injury resulting in secondary complications such as shock, respiratory failure and death. ... Abrasion on the palm of a right hand, shortly after falling Abrasions on elbow and lower arm. ... A canine may refer to: a canine tooth. ... Braces Dental braces (also known as orthodontic braces) are a device used in orthodontics to correct alignment of teeth and their position with regard to bite. ... Example of a thermal column between the ground and a cumulus This article is about the atmospheric phenomenon. ... Sodium dodecyl sulfate (or sulphate) (SDS or NaDS) (C12H25NaO4S), also known as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), is an ionic surfactant that is used in household products such as toothpastes, shampoos, shaving foams and bubble baths for its thickening effect and its ability to create a lather. ... Modern toothpaste gel Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice used to clean and improve the aesthetic appearance and health of teeth. ...

Artificial sugars, such as those found in diet cola and sugarless gum, have been reported as causes of aphthous ulcers as well. They can also be linked to an increased intake of acids such as ascorbic acid (one form of Vitamin C) or citric acid. In this case the sores disappear after intake decreases (for example, by substituting ascorbate salts for ascorbic acid). Several different brands of cola. ... Chewing gum Chewing gum is a type of confectionery which is designed to be chewed rather than swallowed. ... This article deals with the molecular aspects of ascorbic acid. ... This article is about the nutrient. ... Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. ... Ascorbic acid is an organic acid with antioxidant properties. ... For other uses, see Salt (disambiguation). ...

According to small-scale experiments by one patent applicant Hau, (6,248,718 ), topical preparations of high doses of penicillin resulted in accelerated healing of mouth ulcers. For other uses, see Patent (disambiguation). ... For the Japanese rock band, see Penicillin (band). ...

There is a commonly held belief that another cause of aphthous ulcers is gluten intolerance (Celiac disease), whereby consumption of wheat, rye, barley and sometimes oats can result in chronic mouth ulcers. However, two small studies of patients with Celiac disease have demonstrated no link between the disease and aphthous ulcers.^[7][8] If patients with aphthous ulcers do happen to have gluten intolerance, they may experience benefit in eliminating breads, pastas, cakes, pies, scones, biscuits, beers and so on from their diet and substituting gluten-free varieties where available.^[7] Coeliac disease (also called celiac disease, non-tropical sprue, c(o)eliac sprue and gluten intolerance) is a digestive disorder. ... Coeliac disease (also termed non-tropical sprue, celiac disease and gluten intolerance) is an autoimmune disease characterised by chronic inflammation of the proximal portion of the small intestine caused by exposure to certain dietary gluten proteins. ... Species T. aestivum T. boeoticum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. monococcum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii References:   ITIS 42236 2002-09-22 Wheat Wheat For the indie rock group, see Wheat (band). ... Binomial name Secale cereale M.Bieb. ... For other uses, see Barley (disambiguation). ... Species References ITIS 41455 2002-09-22 Oats are the seeds of any of several cereal grains in the genus Avena. ... For other uses, see Bread (disambiguation). ... Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. ... For other uses, see Cake (disambiguation). ... This article is about the baked good, for other uses see Pie (disambiguation). ... For the foodstuff see Scone (bread). ... For other uses, see Biscuit (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Beer (disambiguation). ...

Although the exact cause is not known, aphthous ulcers are thought to form when the body becomes aware of and attacks molecules which it does not recognize.^[9] The presence of the unrecognized molecules garners a reaction by the T-cells, which trigger a reaction that causes the damage of a mouth ulcer. People who get these ulcers have lower numbers of regulatory T-cells.^[9] In science, a molecule is the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its chemical composition and properties. ... 3D (left and center) and 2D (right) representations of the terpenoid molecule atisane. ... T cells belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. ... T cells belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. ...

Repeat episodes of aphthous ulcers can be indicative of an immunodeficiency, signalling low levels of immunoglobulin in the mucous membrane of the mouth.^{[citation needed]} Certain types of chemotherapy cause mouth ulcers as a side effect.^[10] Mouth ulcers may also be symptoms or complications of several diseases listed in the following section. The treatment depends on the believed cause. In medicine, immune deficiency (or immunodeficiency) is a state where the immune system is incapable of defending the organism from infectious disease. ... Schematic of antibody binding to an antigen An antibody is a protein complex used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. ... Chemotherapy is the use of chemical substances to treat disease. ...

Pain relief and healing

Any mouth sore that does not heal after two weeks should be looked at by a dentist or an oral surgeon as it could be a sign of a more serious condition such as oral cancer. Oral cancer is any cancerous tissue growth located in the mouth. ...

Aphthous ulcers normally heal without treatment within 1 to 2 weeks. Good oral hygiene should be maintained, and spicy, acidic, and salty foods and drinks are best avoided, as they may irritate existing ulcers. Strong mouthwash such as Listerine has also been known to cause irritation because of its strong ingredients, and many oral care professionals discourage the use of it while having a mouth ulcer. Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness. ... Various Listerine products Listerine is a brand name for antiseptic mouthwash. ...

Pain can be mitigated by an OTC pain-relieving gel, such as Anbesol, Bonjela, Campho-Phenique, Orabase B, Orajel, Zilactin, or Kanka, available in drugstores. Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medicines that may be sold without a prescription, in contrast to prescription drugs. ... Anbesol is an oral anesthetic gel. ... Bonjela is an oral gel, aimed to cure mouth ulcers and denture sores and relieve the pain associated with these ailments. ... Orabase B is a dental anesthetic used in the mouth to relieve pain and irritation. ... Orajel is an over-the-counter oral anesthetic intended for relief of toothaches and oral sores. ... Kanka is a gel-like pharmaceutical product marketed by Blistex used primarily to treat canker sores. ...

Triamcinolone Acetonide dental paste can be very effective; the steroid reduces the immune system's response in the area of the ulcer. It is available by prescription only for bigger pack size - 10g or over the counter for smaller pack size - 5g in pharmacies in the UK. Triamcinolone (trade names Kenalog, Aristocort, Nasacort, Tri-Nasal, Triderm, Azmacort, Trilone, Volon A, Tristoject, Fougera;) is a synthetic corticosteroid given orally, by injection, inhalation, or as a topical ointment or cream. ... This article is about the chemical family of steroids. ...

A recent study of the Oral-B product Amosan suggests that it may reduce anaerobic bacteria, such as those found in oral wounds. The study did not, however, demonstrate the efficacy of the product in treating mouth ulcers.^[11] Oral-B is a brand name of toothbrush and other dental care products (such as dental floss) manufactured by Procter and Gamble who acquired Gillette in 2005. ... Oral-B Amosan Amosan is an oral wound cleanser manufactured in Belgium and sold by Oral-B, a Proctor & Gamble company. ... An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen. ...

Tincture of benzoin can be used as a protectant for recurring aphthous ulcers, by forming a layer over the sore and protecting it from further irritation. Tincture of benzoin is a solution of benzoin resin in alcohol. ...

Home remedies

Some home remedies that have been suggested include:

• Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza) in the form of over-the-counter medicated disk patches may help heal or reduce the growth of canker sores if applied early on.[7]
• Sticking a small aspirin on the sore and applying pressure
• Apply three pinches of table salt on the sore. (Note this can be painful)

Antacid techniques suggested include the following: For other uses, see Salt (disambiguation). ... A bottle of antacid tablets An antacid is any substance, generally a base, which counteracts stomach acidity. ...

• Gargling warm water and salt sometimes provides temporary relief from pain, and the salt may promote healing.
• Swab the ulcers with Milk of Magnesia.[8]
• Make a paste of baking soda and water; apply directly to the ulcers.[9]
• Make a mix of half milk of magnesia and half Benadryl, and hold in the mouth for up to 3 minutes.^[12]

Milk of Magnesia, or Magnesium Hydroxide, Mg(OH)2 is a saline osmotic (hydrating) laxative. ... Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), or sodium hydrogen carbonate, also known as baking soda and bicarbonate of soda, is a soluble white anhydrous or crystalline compound, with a slight alkaline taste resembling that of sodium carbonate. ... Milk of Magnesia, or Magnesium Hydroxide, Mg(OH)2 is a saline osmotic (hydrating) laxative. ... Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (trade name Benadryl®, or Dimedrol outside the US) is an over-the-counter (OTC) antihistamine and sedative. ...

Treatment for severe cases

In very severe cases, a doctor may prescribe a steroid treatment. One such steroid is methylprednisolone (usually in a dose-pack), taken orally for a period of 7 days. Alternatively, the doctor may inject a steroid directly into the site of the ulcer (this treatment is performed with kenalog. Between 0.2 and 0.4 ml of kenalog is injected into the site of the ulcer, which will usually be completely healed 72 to 96 hours after the injection). This article is about the chemical family of steroids. ... Methylprednisolone (molecular weight 374. ... Triamcinolone (trade names Kenalog, Aristocort, Nasacort, Tri-Nasal, Triderm, Azmacort, Fougera;) is a synthetic corticosteroid given orally, by injection, inhalation, or as a topical ointment or cream. ...

Patients in whom ulcers do not respond to local treatment may benefit from a short course of pulsed prednisone. Prednisone is a synthetic corticosteroid drug which is usually taken orally but can be delivered by intramuscular injection and can be used for a great number of different conditions. ...

Some dentists recommend a sulfuric acid solution for treating mouth ulcers, such as debacterol. This article is about the dental profession. ... R-phrases S-phrases , , , Flash point Non-flammable Related Compounds Related strong acids Selenic acid Hydrochloric acid Nitric acid Related compounds Hydrogen sulfide Sulfurous acid Peroxymonosulfuric acid Sulfur trioxide Oleum Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...

Thalidomide has been effective in unresponsive aphthous stomatitis. Thalidomide has been used successfully generally to treat various inflammatory conditions characterized by tissue infiltration with polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs). Therapeutic benefit has been attributed to depression of PMNL chemotaxis and, possibly, PMNL phagocytosis. However, adverse effects can be both problematic and clinically significant. This article is about the drug. ... Granulocytes are a category of white blood cells, characterised by the fact that all types have differently staining granules in their cytoplasm on light microscopy. ... Chemotaxis is a kind of taxis, in which bodily cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. ... Steps of a macrophage ingesting a pathogen: a. ...

Another chemical treatment option is the application of silver nitrate to cauterize the sore. In clinical trials it was found that this treatment reduced pain in patients by 70% with one application but had no effect on healing compared to placebo.^[13] R-phrases , S-phrases , , , , Flash point non-flammable Supplementary data page Structure and properties n, εr, etc. ...

Another choice doctors have is to prescribe Aphthasol, the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved treatment specifically indicated for Aphthous ulcers. “FDA” redirects here. ...

Controversial therapies include levamisole, colchicine, gamma-globulin, dapsone, estrogen replacement, MAOIs, and tetracycline. [10] Levamisole hydrochloride (Ergamisol®) is an antibiotic medication used in combination with fluorouracil to treat colon cancer. ... Colchicine is a highly deadly poisonous alkaloid, originally extracted from plants of the genus Colchicum (Autumn crocus, also known as the Meadow saffron). Originally used to treat rheumatic complaints and especially gout, it was also prescribed for its cathartic and emetic effects. ... Globulin is one of the two types of serum proteins, the other being albumin. ... Dapsone is an antibiotic medication most commonly used for the treatment of Mycobacterium leprae infections (leprosy). ... Estriol. ... Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a class of antidepressant drugs prescribed for the treatment of depression. ... Tetracycline (INN) (IPA: ) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by the streptomyces bacterium, indicated for use against many bacterial infections. ...

Some evidence supports treatment with tetracycline. Tetracycline oral mouth rinse (ie, swish orally and swallow) decreases healing time and pain severity and duration. Whether this benefit is due to a direct antimicrobial effect, tetracycline's anti-inflammatory properties^[14] or to an inhibitory effect on chemotaxis and chemotoxicity is not known.

The miracle cures that are advertised should be viewed with skepticism. However, aqueous sulphuric acid products as listed above can provide significant pain relief, if not treating the underlying causes. Drinking water This article focuses on water as we experience it every day. ... Sulfuric acid (British English: sulphuric acid), H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. ...

Prevention

Oral and dental measures

• Regular use of mouthwash may help prevent or reduce the frequency of sores.^[15]

• In some cases, switching toothpastes can prevent mouth ulcers from occurring with research looking at the role of sodium dodecyl sulfate (sometimes called sodium lauryl sulfate, or simply SLS), a detergent found in most toothpastes. Using toothpaste free of this compound has been found in several studies to help reduce the amount, size and recurrence of ulcers.^[16][17][18]

• Dental braces are a common physical trauma that can lead to mouth ulcers and the dental bracket can be covered with wax to reduce abrasion of the mucosa. Avoidance of other types of physical and chemical trauma will prevent some ulcers, but since such trauma is usually accidental, this type of prevention is not usually practical.

• Take caution when brushing or flossing teeth, and be extra careful when using a toothpick.

For the Kate Nash song see Mouthwash (song) Mouthwash or mouth rinse is a product used for oral hygiene. ... Sodium dodecyl sulfate (or sulphate) (SDS or NaDS) (C12H25NaO4S), also known as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), is an ionic surfactant that is used in household products such as toothpastes, shampoos, shaving foams and bubble baths for its thickening effect and its ability to create a lather. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The mucous membranes (or mucosa) are linings of ectodermic origin, covered in epithelium, that line various body cavities and internal organs. ...

Nutritional therapy

• Zinc deficiency has been reported in people with recurrent mouth ulcers.^[19]The few small studies looking into the role of zinc supplementation have mostly reported positive results particularly for those people with deficiency,^[20][21]although some research has found no therapeutic effect.^[22]

General Name, symbol, number zinc, Zn, 30 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 12, 4, d Appearance bluish pale gray Standard atomic weight 65. ...

See also

• Mouth ulcer

Mouth ulcer on the lower lip A mouth ulcer (from Latin ulcus) is the name for the appearance of an open sore inside the mouth caused by a break in the mucous membrane or the epithelium on the lips or surrounding the mouth. ...

References

Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 222nd day of the year (223rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Oral lesions

• Animated-teeth.com canker sores
• MayoClinic.com: Canker sore
• Management of Aphthous Ulcers, American Family Physician
• MotherNature.com: Canker Sores