Aplysia
Aplysia californica
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Orthogastropoda Superorder: Heterobranchia Order: Opisthobranchia Suborder: Anaspidea Superfamily: Aplysioidea Family: Aplysiidae Genus: Aplysia Linnaeus, 1767
Species
See text. Image File history File links Aplysia_californica. ... Binomial name Aplysia californica Cooper, 1863 The California sea slug (Aplysia californica), also called the California sea hare, is a species of sea hare which belongs to the class Gastropoda in the phylum Mollusca. ... Scientific classification redirects here. ... For other uses, see Animal (disambiguation). ... Classes Aplacophora † ?Bellerophontida Bivalvia Caudofoveata Cephalopoda Gastropoda † Helcionelloida Monoplacophora Polyplacophora † Rostroconchia Scaphopoda † Tentaculita The molluscs (British spelling) or mollusks (American spelling) are members of the very large and diverse phylum of invertebrate animals known as Mollusca. ... Subclasses Eogastropoda (True Limpets and relatives) Orthogastropoda The class Gastropoda or the gastropods, also previously known as gasteropods, or univalves, and more commonly known as snails, are the most diversified class belonging to the phylum of mollusks, with 60,000-75,000 known living species. ... Infraclasses Apogastropoda Cocculiniformia Murchisoniina Neritopsina Vetigastropoda In their work, which has become a standard reference in the field, Ponder and Lindberg (1997) showed that the Orthogastropoda is one of two subclasses of the Gastropoda the class of molluscs, the other subclass being the Eogastropoda. ... Orders Heterostropha Opisthobranchia Pulmonata This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Suborders Cephalaspidea Sacoglossa Anaspidea Notaspidea Thecosomata Gymnosomata Nudibranchia   Infraorder Anthobranchia   Infraorder Cladobranchia For information on the anti-aircraft weapons system, see Sea Slug missile In zoology, the Opisthobranchia (Milne Edwards, 1848) (also known as opisthobranchs) used to be a subclass of gastropods, within the phylum Mollusca, but they are now... Families Superfamily Akeroidea Akeridae Superfamily Aplysioidea Aplysiidae Sea hares (also called sea slugs) are small marine gastropod molluscs of the suborder Anaspidea (P. Fisher, 1883) in the subclass Orthogastropoda, class Gastropoda, phylum Mollusca. ... Genera Aplysia Bursatella Dolabella Dolabrifera Notarchus Petalifera Phyllaplysia Syphonota Stylocheilus The superfamily Aplysioidea contains only one family, the Aplysiidae, or Sea Hares. ... Genera Aplysia Bursatella Dolabella Dolabrifera Notarchus Petalifera Phyllaplysia Syphonota Stylocheilus The superfamily Aplysioidea contains only one family, the Aplysiidae, or Sea Hares. ... A painting of Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné, and who wrote under the Latinized name Carolus Linnaeus (May 23, 1707 – January 10, 1778), was a Swedish scientist who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of taxonomy. ... For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ...

The genus Aplysia belongs to the family Aplysiidae and is a genus of sea hares, which are a type of large sea slug. The general description of these sea hares can be found under the entry about the superfamily Aplysioidea (Sea hares) Genera Aplysia Bursatella Dolabella Dolabrifera Notarchus Petalifera Phyllaplysia Syphonota Stylocheilus The superfamily Aplysioidea contains only one family, the Aplysiidae, or Sea Hares. ... Families Superfamily Akeroidea Akeridae Superfamily Aplysioidea Aplysiidae Sea hares (also called sea slugs) are small marine gastropod molluscs of the suborder Anaspidea (P. Fisher, 1883) in the subclass Orthogastropoda, class Gastropoda, phylum Mollusca. ... Suborders Cephalaspidea Sacoglossa Anaspidea Notaspidea Thecosomata Gymnosomata Nudibranchia   Infraorder Anthobranchia   Infraorder Cladobranchia For information on the anti-aircraft weapons system, see Sea Slug missile In zoology, the Opisthobranchia (Milne Edwards, 1848) (also known as opisthobranchs) used to be a subclass of gastropods, within the phylum Mollusca, but they are now... Genera Aplysia Bursatella Dolabella Dolabrifera Notarchus Petalifera Phyllaplysia Syphonota Stylocheilus The superfamily Aplysioidea contains only one family, the Aplysiidae, or Sea Hares. ...

These benthic herbivorous sea hares can become rather tall, compared with other mollusks. They graze in tidal and subtidal zones of tropical waters, mostly in the Indo-Pacific Ocean (23 species); but they can also be found in the Atlantic Ocean (12 species), with a few species occurring in the Mediterranean. In marine geology and biology, benthos are the organisms and habitats of the sea floor; in freshwater biology they are the organisms and habitats of the bottoms of lakes, rivers, and creeks. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ...

Aplysia, when threatened, releases clouds of ink to blind the attacker. Following the lead of Eric R. Kandel, the genus has been studied as a model organism by neurobiologists, because this ink release response, as studied in Aplysia californica, is mediated by electrical synapses, which allow several neurons to fire synchronously (Kandel et al., 2000). This quick neural response is necessary for a speedy reaction to danger by the animal. Eric Richard Kandel (born November 7, 1929) is a psychiatrist, a neuroscientist and professor of biochemistry and biophysics at Columbia University. ... A model organism is a species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms. ... Neurobiology is the study of cells of the nervous system and the organization of these cells into functional circuits that process information and mediate behavior. ... An electrical synapse is a mechanical and electrically conductive link between two abutting neurons that is formed at a narrow gap between the pre- and postsynaptic cells known as a gap junction. ... This article is about cells in the nervous system. ...

Species within the genus Aplysia

This list follows the studies of Medina et al. who established a phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus Aplysia through study of the partial mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data of ribosomal genes (rDNA). In cell biology, a mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes. ... Figure 1: Ribosome structure indicating small subunit (A) and large subunit (B). ...

• Aplysia brasiliana (Rang, 1828) Mottled sea hare, sooty sea hare (junior synonym of Aplysia fasciata; different geographical populations of the same species)
  • Distribution : West-Atlantic from New Jersey to Brazil, East-Atlantic around Ghana
  • Length : up to 27 cm
  • Color : variable
• Aplysia californica (J.G. Cooper, 1863) California sea hare, California black sea hare
  • Distribution : Northeast Pacific
• Aplysia cedrocensis (Bartsch & Rehder, 1939)
  • Distribution : Northeast Pacific
• Aplysia cervina (Dall & Simpson, 1901)
  • Distribution : West Atlantic
• Aplysia cornigera Sowerby, 1869
  • Distributuion: Indian Ocean, West Pacific
• Aplysia cronullae Eales, 1960
  • Distribution : Southwest Pacific
• Aplysia dactylomela (Rang, 1828) Spotted sea hare
  • Distribution : Cosmopolitan; tropical and temperate seas.
  • Color : from pale gray to green to dark brown.
  • Description : large black rings on the mantle; good swimmer
• Aplysia denisoni Smith, 1884
  • Distribution : Indian Ocean, West Pacific
• Aplysia depilans (Gmelin, 1791)
  • Distribution : Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean.
  • Description : thin, yellow inner shell
• Aplysia donca (Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1960)
  • Distribution : North America, West-Atlantic
• Aplysia dura Eales, 1960
  • Distribution : Southeast Atlantic, Southwest Pacific
• Aplysia euchlora Adams in M.E.Gray, 1850
  • Distribution : Northwest Pacific
• Aplysia extraordinaria (Allan, 1932) (possibly = Aplysia gigantea)
  • Distribution : Western Australia, New Zealand.
  • Length : more than 40 cm
• Aplysia fasciata (Poiret, 1798) ( Aplysia brasiliana Rang, 1828 is a junior synonym).
  • Distribution : East Atlantic, Mediterranean, West Africa, Red Sea
  • Length : 40 cm
  • Color : dark brown to black.
  • Description : sometimes a red border to the parapodia and oral tentacles;
• Aplysia geographica (Adams & Reeve, 1850) (?)
  • Distribution : Western Australia.
  • Length : 60 cm
  • Color : dark brown to black
  • Description : the skin secretions are very distasteful; washed up specimens; have been implicated in the deaths of dogs
• Aplysia gigantea Sowerby, 1869
  • Distribution : Indian Ocean, West Pacific
• Aplysia gracilis Eales, 1960
  • Distribution : Red Sea
• Aplysia inca d'Orbigny, 1837
  • Distribution : Southeast Pacific
• Aplysia juliana (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832) Walking sea hare
  • Distribution: cosmopolitan, circumtropicalin all warm seas
  • Color: various, from uniform to pale brown
  • Description: no purple gland, therefore no ink secretions; posterior end of the foot can act as a sucker
• Aplysia keraudreni Rang, 1828
  • Distribution: South Pacific
  • Length: 25 cm
  • Color: dark brown
• Aplysia kurodai (Baba, 1937)
  • Distribution: NW Pacific
  • Length: 30 cm
  • Color: dark brown to purplish black, dotted with white spots
• Aplysia maculata Rang, 1828
  • Distribution : Western Indian Ocean
• Aplysia morio (A. E. Verrill, 1901) Atlantic black sea hare, Sooty Sea Hare
  • Distribution: Northwest Atlantic
  • Length: 40 cm
  • Color: black to deep brown; no spots
• Aplysia nigra d'Orbigny, 1837
  • Distribution : Southwest Atlantic, South Pacific
• Aplysia nigra brunnea Hutton, 1875
  • Distribution: New Zealand
  • Length: 10 cm
  • Color: dark brown
• Aplysia oculifera (Adams & Reeve, 1850)
  • Distribution: Indian Ocean; West Pacific
  • Description: small brown eye-spots
• Aplysia parvula (Guilding in Moerch, 1863) Pygmy sea hare
  • Distribution : worldwide in warm to temperate seas
  • Length: 6 cm
  • Color: brown to green spots
• Aplysia pulmonica Gould, 1852
  • Distribution : West Pacific
• Aplysia punctata (Cuvier, 1803)
  • Distribution: NE Atlantic
  • Length: 20 cm
  • Color: very variable
• Aplysia rehderi Eales, 1960
  • Distribution : Northeast Pacific
• Aplysia reticulata Eales, 1960
  • Distribution : Southwest Pacific
• Aplysia reticulopoda (Beeman, 1960) Net-foot sea hare
  • Distribution : Northeast Pacific
• Aplysia robertsi Pilsbry, 1895
  • Distribution : Northeast Pacific
• Aplysia rudmani Bebbington, 1974
  • Distribution : Indian Ocean
• Aplysia sagamiana (Baba, 1949)
  • Distribution: East Australia, Japan; Nortwest Pacific
• Aplysia sibogae (Bergh, 1905) (?)(probably = Aplysia juliana)
• Aplysia sowerbyi Pilsbry, 1895
  • Distribution : Southwest Pacific
• Aplysia sydneyensis (Sowerby, 1869)
  • Distribution: Australia
  • Length: 15 cm
  • Description: not clearly defined
• Aplysia tanzanensis Bebbington, 1974
  • Distribution : Indian Ocean
• Aplysia vaccaria (Winkler, 1955) California black sea hare (possibly  ?= Aplysia cedrocensis)
  • Distribution: Pacific Coast of California
  • Length: very big – up to 75 cm
  • Color: black
  • Description: no purple ink; huge internal shell
• Aplysia willcoxi (Hellprin, 1886) (?)
• Aplysia winneba Eales, 1957
  • Distribution : tropical East Atlantic

Binomial name Aplysia californica Cooper, 1863 The California sea slug (Aplysia californica), also called the California sea hare, is a species of sea hare which belongs to the class Gastropoda in the phylum Mollusca. ... A cosmopolitan distribution is a term applied to a biological category of living things meaning that this category can be found anywhere around the world. ... Johann Friedrich Gmelin (August 8, 1748 - November 1, 1804) was a German naturalist and botanist. ... Jean René Constant Quoy (November 10, 1790 - July 4, 1869) was a French zoologist. ... Joseph Paul Gaimard (lithograph by Emile Lassalle) Joseph Paul Gaimard (1796 - 1858) was a French naturalist. ... Addison Emery Verrill (1839 - 1926) was an American zoologist. ... Georges Cuvier Baron Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert Cuvier (August 23, 1769–May 13, 1832) was a French naturalist and zoologist. ...

References

• Kandel Eric R., Schwartz, J.H., Jessell, T.M. 2000. Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed., p.180. McGraw-Hill, New York.
• Mónica Medina, Timothy Collins, and Patrick J. Walsh (2005). "PHYLOGENY OF SEA HARES IN THE APLYSIA CLADE BASED ON MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCE DATA". BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 76(3): 691–698, 2005 76 (3).  (full text as a pdf-file)

Eric Richard Kandel (born November 7, 1929) is a psychiatrist, a neuroscientist and professor of biochemistry and biophysics at Columbia University. ... Principles of Nerual Science cover First published in 1981, Principles of Neural Science is a neuroscience textbook edited by Eric R. Kandel, James Schwartz, and Thomas Jessell. ...

External links

Wikispecies has information related to:

Aplysia

• Photos Aplysia - MondoMarino.net