NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Apollo Moon landing

North American Apollo CSM
Apollo CSM in lunar orbit.
Description
Role:	Earth and Lunar Orbit
Crew:	3; CDR, CM pilot, LM pilot
Dimensions
Height:	36.2 ft	11.03 m
Diameter:	12.8 ft	3.9 m
Volume:	218 ft³	6.17 m³
Weights
Command module:	12,807 lb	5,809 kg
Service module:	54,064 lb	24,523 kg
Total:	66,871 lb	30,332 kg
Rocket engines
CM RCS (N₂O₄/UDMH) x 12:	92 lbf ea	412 N
SM RCS (N₂O₄/UDMH) x 16:	100 lbf ea	441 N
Service Propulsion System (N₂O₄/UDMH) x 1:	22,000 lbf ea	97.86 kN
Performance
Endurance:	14 days	200 orbits
Apogee:	240,000 miles	386,242 km
Perigee:	100 miles	160 km
Spacecraft delta v:	9,200 ft/s	2,804 m/s
Apollo CSM diagram
Apollo CSM diagram (NASA)
North American Apollo CSM

Apollo Program insignia

Project Apollo was a series of human spaceflight missions undertaken by the United States of America using the Apollo spacecraft and Saturn launch vehicle, conducted during the years 1961–1972. It was devoted to the goal of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth within the decade of the 1960s. This goal was achieved with the Apollo 11 mission in July 1969. The program continued into the early 1970s to carry out the initial hands-on scientific exploration of the Moon, with a total of six successful landings. As of 2005, there has not been any further human spaceflight beyond low earth orbit. The later Skylab program and the joint American-Soviet Apollo-Soyuz Test Project used equipment originally produced for Apollo, and are often considered to be part of the overall program. Apollo 17 CSM in lunar orbit (NASA) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The pound-force is a non-SI unit of force or weight (properly abbreviated lbf or lbf). The pound-force is equal to a mass of one pound multiplied by the standard acceleration due to gravity on Earth (which is defined as exactly 9. ... Description Line drawing of Apollo Command/Service Module Source http://www. ... Apollo program insignia. ... Apollo program insignia. ... Human spaceflight is space exploration with a human crew, and possibly passengers (in contrast to dog-manned space missions, which are remotely-controlled or robotic space probes). ... // Spacecraft Modules Apollo Spacecraft: Command Module, Service Module, Lunar Module. ... The Saturn family of rockets were developed to launch heavy payloads to Earth orbit and beyond. ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... Crust composition Oxygen 43% Silicon 21% Aluminium 10% Calcium 9% Iron 9% Magnesium 5% Titanium 2% Nickel 0. ... The 1960s, or The Sixties, in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1960 and 1969, but the expression has taken on a wider meaning over the past twenty years. ... The Apollo 11 mission was the first manned lunar landing. ... 1969 was a common year starting on Wednesday For other uses, see Number 1969. ... This article provides extensive lists of events and significant personalities of the 1970s. ... A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit in which objects such as satellites are below intermediate circular orbit (ICO) and far below geostationary orbit, but typically around 350 - 1400 km above the Earths surface. ... Drawing of Skylab with components labelled Americas first space station, the 75 metric ton Skylab, was in Earth orbit from 1973-1979, and visited by crews three times in 1973 and 1974. ... The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project was the first joint flight of the US and Soviet space programs. ...

1 Background
2 Choosing a mission mode
3 Flights
4 Apollo Applications Program
5 End of the Program
6 Reasons for Apollo
7 Miscellaneous information
8 Missions
9 See also
10 References
11 External links

Background

The Apollo Program was originally conceived late in the Eisenhower administration as a follow-on to the Mercury program, doing advanced manned earth-orbital missions. In fact, it became the third program, following Gemini. The Apollo Program was dramatically reoriented to an aggressive lunar landing goal by President Kennedy with his announcement at a special joint session of Congress on May 25, 1961: Dwight David Ike Eisenhower (October 14, 1890–March 28, 1969), American soldier and politician, was the 34th President of the United States (1953–1961) and supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II, with the rank of General of the Army. ... Description Role: Orbital spaceflight Crew: one, pilot Dimensions Height: 11. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... JFK redirects here. ... May 25 is the 145th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (146th in leap years). ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ...

"...I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important in the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish..." (Excerpt from "Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs" [1])

Choosing a mission mode

Having settled upon the Moon as a target, the Apollo mission planners were faced with the challenge of designing a set of flights that would meet Kennedy's stated goal while minimizing risk to human life, cost and demands on technology and astronaut skill.

Three possible plans were considered.

Apollo configuration for
Direct Ascent and
Earth Orbit Rendezvous - 1961 (NASA)

Direct ascent: This plan was to boost a spaceship directly to the moon. The entire spacecraft would land on and return from the moon. This would have required a Nova rocket far more powerful than any in existence at the time.

Earth orbit rendezvous: This plan, known as Earth orbit rendezvous (EOR), would have required the launch of two Saturn V rockets, one containing the space ship and one containing fuel. The spaceship would have docked in earth orbit and be fueled with enough fuel to make it to the moon and back. Again, the entire spacecraft would have landed on the moon.

Lunar orbit rendezvous: This plan, which was adopted, is credited to John Houbolt and used the technique of 'Lunar Orbit Rendezvous' (LOR). The spacecraft was modular, composed of a 'Command/Service Module' (CSM) and a 'Lunar Module' (LM; pronounced LEM, for Lunar Excursion Module, its initial name). The CSM contained the life support systems for the three man crew's five day round trip to the moon and the heat shield for their reentry to Earth's atmosphere. The LM would separate from the CSM in lunar orbit and carry two astronauts for the descent to the lunar surface, then back up to the CSM.

In contrast with the other plans, the LOR plan required only a small part of the spacecraft to land on the moon, thereby minimizing the mass to be launched from the moon's surface for the return trip. The mass to be launched was further minimized by leaving part of the LM (that with the descent engine) behind, on the moon. Apollo direct ascent or earth orbit rendezvous design - 1961 Downloaded from NASA Headquarters History Website. ... Apollo direct ascent or earth orbit rendezvous design - 1961 Downloaded from NASA Headquarters History Website. ... Diagram of Saturn I, Saturn V and Nova 8L rockets. ... The Saturn V (popularly known as the Moon Rocket) was a multistage liquid-fuel expendable rocket used by NASAs Apollo and Skylab programs. ... The Command/Service Module (CSM) was a spacecraft built for NASA by North American Aviation. ... The Apollo Lunar Module was the lander portion of the Apollo spacecraft built for the US Apollo program to achieve the transit from Moon orbit to the surface and back. ... In aeronautics, a heat shield is a protective layer on a spacecraft or ballistic missile that is designed to protect it from high temperatures, usually those that result from aerobraking during entry into a planets atmosphere. ... Layers of Atmosphere (NOAA) Earths atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth and retained by the Earths gravity. ...

Grumman Apollo LM
Apollo LM on lunar surface.
Description
Role:	Lunar landing
Crew:	2; CDR, LM pilot
Dimensions
Height:	20.9 ft	6.37 m
Diameter:	14 ft	4.27 m
Landing gear span:	29.75 ft	9.07 m
Volume:	235 ft³	6.65 m³
Weights
Ascent module:	10,024 lb	4,547 kg
Descent module:	22,375 lb	10,149 kg
Total:	32,399 lb	14,696 kg
Rocket engines
LM RCS (N₂O₄/UDMH) x 16:	100 lbf ea	441 N
Ascent Propulsion System (N₂O₄/Aerozine 50) x 1:	3,500 lbf ea	15.57 kN
Descent Propulsion System (N₂O₄/Aerozine 50) x 1:	9,982 lbf ea	44.4 kN
Performance
Endurance:	3 days	72 hours
Apogee:	100 miles	160 km
Perigee:	surface	surface
Spacecraft delta v:	15,387 ft/s	4,690 m/s
Apollo LM diagram
Apollo LM diagram (NASA)
Grumman Apollo LM

The Lunar Module itself was composed of a descent stage and an ascent stage, the former serving as a launch platform for the latter when the lunar exploration party blasted off for lunar orbit where they would dock with the CSM prior to returning to Earth. The plan had the advantage that since the LM was to be eventually discarded, it could be made very light, so the moon mission could be launched with a single Saturn V rocket. However, at the time that LOR was decided, some mission planners were uneasy at the large numbers of dockings and undockings called for by the plan. Apollo 16 LM on lunar surface (NASA) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Aerozine 50 is a 50/50 mix of hydrazine and unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine (UDMH). ... Aerozine 50 is a 50/50 mix of hydrazine and unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine (UDMH). ... Download high resolution version (500x698, 26 KB)line drawing of lunar module spacecraft This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Description Role: Lunar landing Crew: 2; CDR, LM pilot Dimensions Height: 20. ...

To learn lunar landing techniques, astronauts practiced in the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV), a flying vehicle that simulated (by means of a special, additional jet engine) the reduced gravity that the Lunar Module would actually fly in. Description Role: Research Aircraft Crew: one, pilot Dimensions Length: 22. ...

Flights

The Apollo program included eleven manned flights, designated Apollo 7 through Apollo 17, all launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Apollo 4 through Apollo 6 were unmanned test flights (officially there was no Apollo 2 or Apollo 3). The Apollo 1 designation was retroactively applied to the originally planned first manned flight which ended in a disastrous fire during a launch pad test that killed three astronauts in January 1967. The first of the manned flights employed the Saturn IB launch vehicle; the remaining flights all used the more powerful Saturn V. Two of the flights (Apollo 7 and Apollo 9) were Earth orbital missions, two of the flights (Apollo 8 and Apollo 10) were lunar orbital missions, and the remaining 7 flights were lunar landing missions (although one, Apollo 13, failed to land). Apollo 7 was the first manned mission in the Apollo program to be launched. ... Apollo 17 was the eleventh manned space mission in the NASA Apollo program, and was the sixth and last mission to date to land on the Moon. ... Merritt Island and Kennedy Space Center The John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) is the NASA space vehicle launch facility (spaceport) at Cape Canaveral on Merritt Island in Florida, United States. ... State nickname: Sunshine State Other U.S. States Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Governor Jeb Bush (R) Senators Bill Nelson (D) Mel Martinez (R) Official languages English Area 170,451 kmÂ² (22nd) - Land 137,374 kmÂ² - Water 30,486 kmÂ² (17. ... Apollo 4 was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V launch vehicle. ... Apollo 6, launched in April 1968, was the Apollo programs second and last unmanned test flight of its Saturn V launch vehicle. ... Apollo One is the name given to the Apollo/Saturn 204 (AS-204) spacecraft after it was destroyed by fire during a training exercise on January 27, 1967, at Pad 34 atop a Saturn IB rocket. ... 1967 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Saturn IB was an uprated verson of the Saturn I, which was the first manned launch vehicle that was not directly derived from an ICBM (though its tanks were derived from the Jupiter and Redstone tanks, and its first stage engines were Navaho derived). ... The Saturn V (popularly known as the Moon Rocket) was a multistage liquid-fuel expendable rocket used by NASAs Apollo and Skylab programs. ... Apollo 7 was the first manned mission in the Apollo program to be launched. ... Apollo 9 was the third manned mission in the Apollo program, a ten day earth-orbital mission launched 3 March 1969. ... Apollo 8 was the second manned mission of the Apollo space program that was launched. ... Apollo 10 was the fourth manned mission in the Apollo program, and the first (and only manned Saturn V) mission to launch from pad 39B. The mission included the second crew to orbit the Moon, and the test of the lunar module in lunar orbit. ... Apollo 13 was an American space mission, part of the Apollo program. ...

Apollo 7 tested the Apollo command and service modules (CSM) in Earth orbit. Apollo 8 tested the CSM in lunar orbit. Apollo 9 tested the lunar module (LM) in earth orbit. Apollo 10 tested the LM in lunar orbit. Apollo 11 achieved the first human lunar landing. Apollo 12 achieved the first lunar landing at a precise location. Apollo 13 failed to achieve a lunar landing, but succeeded in returning the crew safely to earth following a potentially disastrous in-flight explosion. Apollo 14 resumed the lunar exploration program. Apollo 15 introduced a new level of lunar exploration capability, with a long-stay-time LM and a lunar roving vehicle. Apollo 16 was the first manned landing in the lunar highlands. Apollo 17, the final mission, was the first to include a scientist-astronaut, and the program's first manned night launch. Apollo 7 was the first manned mission in the Apollo program to be launched. ... Apollo 8 was the second manned mission of the Apollo space program that was launched. ... Apollo 9 was the third manned mission in the Apollo program, a ten day earth-orbital mission launched 3 March 1969. ... Description Role: Lunar landing Crew: 2; CDR, LM pilot Dimensions Height: 20. ... Apollo 10 was the fourth manned mission in the Apollo program, and the first (and only manned Saturn V) mission to launch from pad 39B. The mission included the second crew to orbit the Moon, and the test of the lunar module in lunar orbit. ... The Apollo 11 mission was the first manned lunar landing. ... Apollo 12 was the sixth manned mission in the Apollo program and the second to land on the Moon. ... Apollo 13 was an American space mission, part of the Apollo program. ... Apollo 14 was the eighth manned mission in the Apollo program and the third mission to land on the moon. ... Apollo 15 was the ninth manned mission in the Apollo program and the fourth mission to land on the Moon. ... Apollo 16 was the tenth manned mission in the Apollo program and the fifth mission to land on the Moon. ... Apollo 17 was the eleventh manned space mission in the NASA Apollo program, and was the sixth and last mission to date to land on the Moon. ...

Apollo Applications Program

In the speech which initiated Apollo, Kennedy declared that no other program would have as great a long-range effect on America's ambitions in outer space. Following the success of Project Apollo, both NASA and its major contractors investigated several post-lunar applications for the Apollo hardware. The "Apollo Extension Series", later called the "Apollo Applications Program", proposed at least ten flights. Many of these would use the space that the lunar module took up in the Saturn rocket to carry scientific equipment. Outer space (also called just space) as a name for a region, refers to the relatively empty parts of the Universe, outside the atmospheres of celestial bodies. ... The Apollo Applications Program (AAP) was established by NASA headquarters in 1968 to develop science based manned space missions using surplus material from the Apollo Lunar Landing Program. ... Description Role: Lunar landing Crew: 2; CDR, LM pilot Dimensions Height: 20. ...

One plan involved using the Saturn IB to take the Command/Service Module (CSM) to a variety of low-earth orbits for missions lasting up to 45 days. Some missions would involve the docking of two CSMs, and transfer of supplies. The Saturn V would be necessary to take it to polar orbit, or sun-synchronous orbit (neither of which has yet been achieved by any manned spacecraft), and even to the geosynchronous orbit of Syncom 3, a communications satellite not quite in geostationary orbit. This was the first functioning communications satellite at that now-common great distance from the Earth, and it was small enough to be carried through the hatch and taken back to Earth for study as to the effects of radiation on its electronic components in that environment over a period of years. A return to the moon was also planned, this time to orbit for a longer time to map the surface with high-precision equipment. This mission would not include a landing. The Saturn IB was an uprated verson of the Saturn I, which was the first manned launch vehicle that was not directly derived from an ICBM (though its tanks were derived from the Jupiter and Redstone tanks, and its first stage engines were Navaho derived). ... The Command/Service Module (CSM) was a spacecraft built for NASA by North American Aviation. ... The Saturn V (popularly known as the Moon Rocket) was a multistage liquid-fuel expendable rocket used by NASAs Apollo and Skylab programs. ... A satellite in a polar orbit passes above or nearly above both poles of the planet (or other celestial body) on each revolution. ... By analogy with the geosynchronous orbit, a heliosynchronous orbit is a heliocentric orbit of radius 24. ... A geosynchronous orbit is a geocentric orbit that has the same orbital period as the sidereal rotation period of the Earth. ... Syncom-type satellite Syncom was a program of three experimental, active geosynchronous communication satellites which was started by NASA in 1961. ... A geostationary orbit (abbreviated GEO) is a circular orbit in the Earths equatorial plane, any point on which revolves about the Earth in the same direction and with the same period as the Earths rotation. ... U.S. military MILSTAR communications satellite A communications satellite (sometimes abbreviated to comsat) is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purposes of telecommunications. ...

Of all the plans only two were implemented; the Skylab space station (May 1973 – February 1974), and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (July 1975). Skylab's fuselage was constructed from the second stage of a Saturn IB, and the station was equipped with the Apollo Telescope Mount, itself based on a lunar module. The station's three crews were ferried into orbit atop Saturn IBs, riding in CSMs; the station itself had been launched with a modified Saturn V. Skylab's last crew departed the station on February 8, 1974, whilst the station itself returned prematurely to Earth in 1979, by which time it had become the oldest operational Apollo component. Drawing of Skylab with components labelled Americas first space station, the 75 metric ton Skylab, was in Earth orbit from 1973-1979, and visited by crews three times in 1973 and 1974. ... This article is about the month of May. ... 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. ... February is the second month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1974 is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ... The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project was the first joint flight of the US and Soviet space programs. ... July is the seventh month of the year in the Gregorian Calendar and one of seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 days. ... 1975 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... Drawing of Skylab with components labelled Americas first space station, the 75 metric ton Skylab, was in Earth orbit from 1973-1979, and visited by crews three times in 1973 and 1974. ... The Saturn IB was an uprated verson of the Saturn I, which was the first manned launch vehicle that was not directly derived from an ICBM (though its tanks were derived from the Jupiter and Redstone tanks, and its first stage engines were Navaho derived). ... Description Role: Lunar landing Crew: 2; CDR, LM pilot Dimensions Height: 20. ... The Saturn IB was an uprated verson of the Saturn I, which was the first manned launch vehicle that was not directly derived from an ICBM (though its tanks were derived from the Jupiter and Redstone tanks, and its first stage engines were Navaho derived). ... The Saturn V (popularly known as the Moon Rocket) was a multistage liquid-fuel expendable rocket used by NASAs Apollo and Skylab programs. ... February 8 is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1974 is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ... This page refers to the year 1979. ...

The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project involved a docking in Earth orbit between an un-named CSM and a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft. The mission lasted from July 15 to July 24, 1975. Although the Soviet Union continued to operate the Soyuz and Salyut space vehicles, NASA's next manned mission would not be until STS-1 on April 12, 1981. Soyuz TMA-6 spacecraft approaching International Space Station Soyuz 19 spacecraft as seen from Apollo CM Soyuz spacecraft of the Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) Early 7K-OK Soyuz at National Space Centre, Leicester, England Soyuz (Soyus, Ð¡Ð¾ÑŽÐ·, union) is a series of spacecraft designed by Sergey Korolev for the Soviet... July 15 is the 196th day (197th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 169 days remaining. ... July 24 is the 205th day (206th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 160 days remaining. ... 1975 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ... The Salyut (Russian: Ð¡Ð°Ð»ÑŽÑ‚, Salute or Firework) program was a series of space stations launched by the Soviet Union in the 1970s. ... The first Space Shuttle mission, STS-1, launched April 12, 1981, returned April 14. ... April 12 is the 102nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (103rd in leap years). ... 1981 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

End of the Program

Apollo command module in a museum

Originally three additional lunar landing missions had been planned, as Apollos 18 through Apollo 20. In light of the drastically shrinking NASA budget and the decision not to produce a second batch of Saturn Vs, these missions were cancelled to make funds available for the development of the Space Shuttle, and to make their Apollo spacecraft and Saturn V launch vehicles available to the Skylab program. Only one of the Saturn Vs was actually used; the others became museum exhibits. The Apollo 11 CM, Columbia, in the National Air & Space Museum, Washington DC. Taken in April 2004. ... The Apollo 11 CM, Columbia, in the National Air & Space Museum, Washington DC. Taken in April 2004. ... NASA Logo Listen to this article Â· (info) This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-09-01, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ... The Space Shuttle Columbia seconds after engine ignition, 1981 (NASA). ... Drawing of Skylab with components labelled Americas first space station, the 75 metric ton Skylab, was in Earth orbit from 1973-1979, and visited by crews three times in 1973 and 1974. ...

Another excerpt from Kennedy's Special Message to Congress:

"I believe we should go to the moon. But I think every citizen of this country as well as the Members of the Congress should consider the matter carefully in making their judgment, to which we have given attention over many weeks and months, because it is a heavy burden, and there is no sense in agreeing or desiring that the United States take an affirmative position in outer space, unless we are prepared to do the work and bear the burdens to make it successful. If we are not, we should decide today and this year.

Lunar lander LM2 at the National Air and Space Museum

"This decision demands a major national commitment of scientific and technical manpower, material and facilities, and the possibility of their diversion from other important activities where they are already thinly spread. It means a degree of dedication, organization and discipline which have not always characterized our research and development efforts. It means we cannot afford undue work stoppages, inflated costs of material or talent, wasteful interagency rivalries, or a high turnover of key personnel.

"New objectives and new money cannot solve these problems. They could in fact, aggravate them further--unless every scientist, every engineer, every serviceman, every technician, contractor, and civil servant gives his personal pledge that this nation will move forward, with the full speed of freedom, in the exciting adventure of space." (Excerpt from "Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs")

Download high resolution version (480x640, 118 KB)Lunar lander LM2 at the National Air & Space Museum, Washington DC. This was built for unmanned orbital tests, but following the success of LM1 on Apollo 5, its mission was scrapped. ... Download high resolution version (480x640, 118 KB)Lunar lander LM2 at the National Air & Space Museum, Washington DC. This was built for unmanned orbital tests, but following the success of LM1 on Apollo 5, its mission was scrapped. ... Interior of museum, with Gemini capsule, Soviet rockets, and Wright Flyer visible The National Air and Space Museum (NASM) of the United States Smithsonian Institution maintains the largest collection of aircraft and spacecraft in the world. ...

Reasons for Apollo

The Apollo program was at least partly motivated by psycho-political considerations, in response to persistent perceptions of American inferiority in space technology vis-a-vis the Soviets, in the context of the Cold War and Space race. In this respect it succeeded brilliantly. In fact, American superiority in manned spaceflight was achieved in the precursory Gemini program, even before the first Apollo flight. State motto (Russian): ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ð»ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð¸ Ð²ÑÐµÑ… ÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð°Ð½, ÑÐ¾ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÐ¹Ñ‚ÐµÑÑŒ! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) (Translated: Workers of the world, unite!) Anthems: The Internationale (1922-1944) / Hymn of the Soviet Union (1944-1991) Capital Moscow Official language None; Russian (de facto) Government Federation of Socialist republics/ Communist state Last Premier Ivan Silayev Last President Mikhail Gorbachev Area... For the generic term for a high-tension rivalry between countries, see cold war (war). ... Titan II rockets launched U.S. spacecraft from the 1960s through the 1980s. ...

The Apollo program stimulated many areas of technology. The flight computer design used in both the lunar and command modules was, along with the Minuteman Missile System, the driving force behind early research into integrated circuits. The fuel cell developed for this program was the first practical fuel cell. Computer controlled machining (CNC) was pioneered in fabricating Apollo structural components. The Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) was the first recognizably modern embedded system, used in real-time by astronaut pilots to collect and provide flight information, and to automatically control all of the navigational functions of the Apollo spacecraft. ... The LGM-30 Minuteman is a United States nuclear missile, a land-based intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). ... Optical Microscope image of an integrated circuit showing defects in the aluminium layer deposition. ... A fuel cell is an electrochemical device similar to a battery, but differing from the latter in that it is designed for continuous replenishment of the reactants consumed; i. ... A CNC Turning Center The abbreviation CNC stands for Computer(ized) Numerical(ly) Control(led), and refers specifically to the computer control of machine tools for the purpose of (repeatedly) manufacturing complex parts in metal as well as other materials, using a program written in a notation conforming to the...

Many astronauts and cosmonauts have commented on the profound effects that seeing earth from space has had on them. One of the most important legacies of the Apollo program was the now-common, but not universal view of Earth as a fragile, small planet, captured in the photographs taken by the astronauts during the lunar missions. The most famous of these photographs, taken by the Apollo 17 astronauts, is "The Blue Marble." These photographs have also motivated many people toward environmentalism and space colonization. U.S. Space Shuttle astronaut Bruce McCandless II using a manned maneuvering unit (MMU) outside the Challenger in 1984. ... U.S. Space Shuttle astronaut Bruce McCandless II using a manned maneuvering unit (MMU) outside the Challenger in 1984. ... Apollo 17 was the eleventh manned space mission in the NASA Apollo program, and was the sixth and last mission to date to land on the Moon. ... The Blue Marble is a famous photograph of the Earth taken on 7 December 1972 by the crew of the Apollo 17 spacecraft at a distance of about 45,000 kilometers or about 28,000 miles. ... Environmentalism is the support or involvement with the environmental movement by environmentalists. ... Artists conception of a space habitat called the Stanford torus, by Don Davis Space colonization, also called space settlement and space humanization, is the hypothetical permanent autonomous (self-sufficient) human habitation of locations outside Earth. ...

Miscellaneous information

The cost of the entire Apollo program: USD $25.4 billion -1969 Dollars ($135-billion in 2005 Dollars). See NASA Budget. (Includes Mercury, Gemini, Ranger, Surveyor, Lunar Orbitar, Apollo programs.) Apollo spacecraft and Saturn rocket cost alone, was about $ 83-billion 2005 Dollars (Apollo spacecraft cost $ 28-billion (CS/M $ 17-billion; LM $ 11-billion), Saturn I, IB, V costs about $ 46-billion 2005 dollars).
Amount of moon material brought back by the Apollo program: 381.7 kg (841.5 lb). Most of the material is stored at the Lunar Receiving Laboratory in Houston.

The United States dollar, or American dollar, is the official currency of the United States. ... NASA Budget 1958-2005 NASA Yearly Budgets in Billions of Dollars CPI = Consumer_Price_Index Categories: NASA ... Genesis Rock returned by the Apollo 15 mission. ... The international prototype, made of platinum-iridium, which is kept at the BIPM under conditions specified by the 1st CGPM in 1889. ... First samples from the Moon being delivered to LRL in 1969 The Lunar Receiving Laboratory (LRL) is a facility at NASAs Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (Building 37) that was constructed to quarantine astronauts and material brought back from the Moon during the Apollo program. ...

Missions

The Apollo program used four types of launch vehicles:

Little Joe II - unmanned suborbital launch escape system development.
Saturn I - unmanned suborbital and orbital hardware development.
Saturn IB - unmanned and manned earth orbit development and operational missions.
Saturn V - unmanned and manned earth orbit and lunar missions.

Something to note with Apollo flights is that Marshall Space Flight Center, which designed the Saturn rockets, referred to the flights as Saturn-Apollo (SA), while Kennedy Space Center referred to the flights as Apollo-Saturn (AS). This is why the unmanned Saturn 1 flights are referred to as SA and the unmanned Saturn 1B are referred to as AS. For the Mercury program flight, see Little Joe 2. ... Categories: Stub ... The Saturn I was Americas first large clustered rocket. ... The Saturn IB was an uprated verson of the Saturn I, which was the first manned launch vehicle that was not directly derived from an ICBM (though its tanks were derived from the Jupiter and Redstone tanks, and its first stage engines were Navaho derived). ... The Saturn V (popularly known as the Moon Rocket) was a multistage liquid-fuel expendable rocket used by NASAs Apollo and Skylab programs. ...

Dates given below are dates of launch.

Unmanned Saturn I

SA-1 - October 27, 1961. Test of the S-1 Rocket
SA-2 - April 25, 1962. Test of the S-1 Rocket and carried 109 m³ of water into the upper atmosphere to investigate effects on radio transmission and changes in local weather conditions.
SA-3 - November 16, 1962. Same as SA-2
SA-4 - March 28, 1963. Test effects of premature engine shutdown
SA-5 - January 29, 1964. First flight of live second stage
A-101 - May 28, 1964. Tested the structural integrity of a boilerplate Apollo Command and Service Module
A-102 - September 18, 1964. Carried the first programmable computer on the Saturn I vehicle; last test flight
A-103 - February 16, 1965. Carried Pegasus A micrometeorite satellite
A-104 - May 25, 1965. Carried Pegasus B micrometeorite satellite
A-105 - July 30, 1965. Carried Pegasus C micrometeorite satellite

The Saturn I was Americas first large clustered rocket. ... SA-1 was the first flight of a Saturn I launch vehicle and was part of the Apollo Program. ... October 27 is the 300th day of the year (301st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 65 days remaining. ... 1961 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... SA-2 was the second flight Saturn I launch vehicle, the first flight of Project High Water and was part of the Apollo Program. ... April 25 is the 115th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (116th in leap years). ... 1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... SA-3 was the third flight Saturn I launch vehicle, the second flight of Project High Water and was part of the Apollo Program. ... November 16 is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 45 days remaining. ... 1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... SA-4 was the fourth flight of a Saturn I launch vehicle and the last of the initial test phase of the first stage. ... March 28 is the 87th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (88th in Leap years). ... 1963 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... SA-5 was the first launch of the Block II Saturn I rocket and was part of the Apollo Program. ... January 29 is the 29th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1964 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... A-101 was the first Saturn rocket launch to carry a boilerplate Apollo spacecraft. ... May 28 is the 148th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (149th in leap years). ... 1964 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... A-102 was the first Saturn rocket launch to carry a boilerplate Apollo spacecraft. ... September 18 is the 261st day of the year (262nd in leap years). ... 1964 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... A-103 (SA-9) launch. ... February 16 is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (link goes to calendar). ... A-104 was the ninth test flight of the Saturn I. This mission was the second flight in the Saturn I operational series and the fourth vehicle to carry an Apollo boilerplate spacecraft. ... May 25 is the 145th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (146th in leap years). ... 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (link goes to calendar). ... A-105 was the third flight of an operational Saturn I and was the last in the series of Saturn I flights. ... July 30 is the 211th day (212th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 154 days remaining. ... 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (link goes to calendar). ...

Unmanned pad abort tests

Pad Abort Test (NASA)

Pad Abort Test-1 - November 7, 1963. Launch Escape System (LES) abort test from launch pad.
Pad Abort Test-2 - June 29, 1965. LES pad abort test of near Block-I CM.

Download high resolution version (346x608, 23 KB)Apollo LES Pad Abort Launch, White Sands, New Mexico. ... Download high resolution version (346x608, 23 KB)Apollo LES Pad Abort Launch, White Sands, New Mexico. ... Pad Abort Test 1 was the first abort test of the Apollo spacecraft. ... November 7 is the 311th day of the year (312th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 54 days remaining. ... 1963 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Pad Abort Test 2 was the second pad abort test of the Apollo spacecraft. ... June 29 is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 185 days remaining. ... 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (link goes to calendar). ...

Unmanned Little Joe II

QTV - August 28, 1963. Little Joe II qualification test.
A-001 - May 13, 1964. LES transonic abort test.
A-002 - December 8, 1964. LES maximum altitude, Max-Q abort test.
A-003 - May 19, 1965. LES canard maximum altitude abort test.
A-004 - January 20, 1966. LES test of maximum weight, tumbling Block-I CM.

For the Mercury program flight, see Little Joe 2. ... Little Joe II QTV was the first, Qualification Flight Test of the Apollo Little Joe II rocket. ... August 28 is the 240th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (241st in leap years), with 125 days remaining. ... 1963 was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ... A-001 was the second abort test of the Apollo spacecraft. ... May 13 is the 133rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (134th in leap years). ... 1964 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... A-002 was the third abort test of the Apollo spacecraft. ... December 8 is the 342nd day (343rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1964 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... A-003 was the fourth abort test of the Apollo spacecraft. ... May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (140th in leap years). ... 1965 was a common year starting on Friday (link goes to calendar). ... A-004 was the sixth and final abort test of the Apollo spacecraft. ... January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1966 was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-BÃ©del Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ...

Unmanned Apollo-Saturn IB and Saturn V

AS-201 - February 26, 1966. First test flight of Saturn IB rocket
AS-203 - July 5, 1966. Investigated effects of weightlessness on fuel tanks of S-IVB
AS-202 - August 25, 1966. Sub-orbital test flight of Command and Service Module
Apollo 4 - November 9, 1967. First test of the Saturn V booster
Apollo 5 - January 22, 1968. Test of the Saturn IB booster and Lunar Module
Apollo 6 - April 4, 1968. Test of the Saturn V booster

class="preview" id="pv210"> // Spacecraft Modules Apollo Spacecraft: Command Module, Service Module, Lunar Module. ... The Saturn IB was an uprated verson of the Saturn I, which was the first manned launch vehicle that was not directly derived from an ICBM (though its tanks were derived from the Jupiter and Redstone tanks, and its first stage engines were Navaho derived). ... The Saturn V (popularly known as the Moon Rocket) was a multistage liquid-fuel expendable rocket used by NASAs Apollo and Skylab programs. ... AS-201 (or SA-201) was the first flight of the Saturn IB launch vehicle. ... February 26 is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1966 was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-BÃ©del Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ... The Saturn IB was an uprated verson of the Saturn I, which was the first manned launch vehicle that was not directly derived from an ICBM (though its tanks were derived from the Jupiter and Redstone tanks, and its first stage engines were Navaho derived). ... AS-203 (or SA-203) was an unmanned flight Saturn IB launch vehicle. ... July 5 is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 179 days remaining. ... 1966 was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-BÃ©del Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ... The S-IVB was built by the Douglas Aircraft Company and served as the third stage on the Saturn V and second stage on the Saturn IB. It had one J-2 engine. ... AS-202 (or SA-202) was a sub-orbital test flight of the Saturn IB and Command and Service Module. ... August 25 is the 237th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (238th in leap years), with 128 days remaining. ... 1966 was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-BÃ©del Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ... // Spacecraft Modules Apollo Spacecraft: Command Module, Service Module, Lunar Module. ... Apollo 4 was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V launch vehicle. ... November 9 is the 313th day of the year (314th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 52 days remaining. ... 1967 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Apollo 5 was the first unmanned flight of the Apollo Lunar Module that landed man on the Moon. ... January 22 is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1968 was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... Description Role: Lunar landing Crew: 2; CDR, LM pilot Dimensions Height: 20. ... Apollo 6, launched in April 1968, was the Apollo programs second and last unmanned test flight of its Saturn V launch vehicle. ... April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ... 1968 was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ...

Manned

Apollo 1 - Crew died in spacecraft fire atop launch vehicle during pre-launch tests on January 27, 1967.
Apollo 7 - October 11, 1968. First manned Apollo flight, first manned flight of the Saturn IB.
Apollo 8 - December 21, 1968. First manned flight around the Moon, first manned flight of the Saturn V.
Apollo 9 - March 3, 1969. First manned flight of the Lunar Module.
Apollo 10 - May 18, 1969. First manned flight of the Lunar Module around the Moon.
Apollo 11 - July 16, 1969. First manned landing on the Moon, July 20.
Apollo 12 - November 14, 1969. First precise manned landing on the Moon.
Apollo 13 - April 11, 1970. Oxygen tank explodes en route, landing is cancelled, first (and, as of 2005, only) manned non-orbital lunar flight.
Apollo 14 - January 31, 1971. Alan Shepard, the sole astronaut of the Mercury MR-3 mission, walks on the Moon.
Apollo 15 - July 26, 1971. First mission with the Lunar Rover vehicle.
Apollo 16 - April 16, 1972. First landing in the lunar highlands.
Apollo 17 - December 7, 1972. Final Apollo lunar mission, first night launch, only mission with a professional geologist.

Apollo One is the name given to the Apollo/Saturn 204 (AS-204) spacecraft after it was destroyed by fire during a training exercise on January 27, 1967, at Pad 34 atop a Saturn IB rocket. ... January 27 is the 27th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1967 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Apollo 7 was the first manned mission in the Apollo program to be launched. ... October 11 is the 284th day of the year (285th in Leap years). ... 1968 was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... Apollo 8 was the second manned mission of the Apollo space program that was launched. ... December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1968 was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ... Apollo 9 was the third manned mission in the Apollo program, a ten day earth-orbital mission launched 3 March 1969. ... March 3 is the 62nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (63rd in leap years). ... 1969 was a common year starting on Wednesday For other uses, see Number 1969. ... Apollo 10 was the fourth manned mission in the Apollo program, and the first (and only manned Saturn V) mission to launch from pad 39B. The mission included the second crew to orbit the Moon, and the test of the lunar module in lunar orbit. ... May 18 is the 138th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (139th in leap years). ... 1969 was a common year starting on Wednesday For other uses, see Number 1969. ... The Apollo 11 mission was the first manned lunar landing. ... July 16 is the 197th day (198th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 168 days remaining. ... 1969 was a common year starting on Wednesday For other uses, see Number 1969. ... Apollo 12 was the sixth manned mission in the Apollo program and the second to land on the Moon. ... November 14 is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 47 days remaining. ... 1969 was a common year starting on Wednesday For other uses, see Number 1969. ... Apollo 13 was an American space mission, part of the Apollo program. ... April 11 is the 101st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (102nd in leap years). ... 1970 was a common year starting on Thursday. ... 2005(MMV) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Apollo 14 was the eighth manned mission in the Apollo program and the third mission to land on the moon. ... January 31 is the 31st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1971 is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar). ... Alan Bartlett Shepard, Jr. ... Crew Alan Shepard (flew on Mercury 3 & Apollo 14) Backup Crew John Glenn Mission parameters Mass: 1,295 kg (apogee) Maximum Altitude: 187. ... Apollo 15 was the ninth manned mission in the Apollo program and the fourth mission to land on the Moon. ... July 26 is the 207th day (208th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 158 days remaining. ... 1971 is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar). ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Apollo 16 was the tenth manned mission in the Apollo program and the fifth mission to land on the Moon. ... April 16 is the 106th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (107th in leap years). ... 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ... Apollo 17 was the eleventh manned space mission in the NASA Apollo program, and was the sixth and last mission to date to land on the Moon. ... December 7 is the 341st day (342nd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1972 was a leap year that started on a Saturday. ...

Cancelled missions

Main article: Cancelled Apollo missions

The original pre-lunar landing program was more conservative but as the 'all-up' test flights for the Saturn V proved successful missions were deleted. The revised schedule published in October 1967 had the first manned Apollo CSM earth orbit mission (Apollo 7) followed by an Earth Orbit Rendezvous of the CSM and LM launched on two Saturn 1Bs (Apollo 8) followed by a Saturn V launched CSM on a Large Earth Orbit Mission (Apollo 9) followed by the Saturn V launched dress rehearsal in Lunar Orbit with Apollo 10. By the summer of 1968 it became clear to program managers that a fully functional LM would not be available for the Apollo 8 mission. Rather than perform a simple earth orbiting mission, they chose to send Apollo 8 around the moon during Christmas. The original idea for this switch was the brainchild of George Low. Although it has often been claimed that this change was made as a direct response to Soviet attempts to fly a piloted Zond spacecraft around the moon, there is no evidence that this was actually the case. NASA officials were aware of the Soviet Zond flights, but the timing of the Zond missions does not correspond well with the extensive written record from NASA about the Apollo 8 decision. It is relatively certain that the Apollo 8 decision was primarily based upon the LM schedule, rather than fear of the Soviets beating the Americans to the moon. Due to budget constraints there were many cancelled Apollo missions during Project Apollo. ...

Apollo 18
Apollo 19
Apollo 20

Later missions using leftover Apollo hardware

Skylab - May 14, 1973.
- Skylab 2 - May 25, 1973.
- Skylab 3 - July 28, 1973.
- Skylab 4 - November 16, 1973.
Apollo-Soyuz - July 15, 1975.

Drawing of Skylab with components labelled Americas first space station, the 75 metric ton Skylab, was in Earth orbit from 1973-1979, and visited by crews three times in 1973 and 1974. ... May 14 is the 134th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (135th in leap years). ... 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. ... Skylab 2 or SL-2 was the first human spaceflight mission to Skylab, the first U.S. orbital space station. ... May 25 is the 145th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (146th in leap years). ... 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. ... Skylab 3 or SL-3 was the second manned mission to Skylab. ... July 28 is the 209th day (210th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 156 days remaining. ... 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. ... Skylab 4 or SL-4 was the fourth Skylab mission. ... November 16 is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 45 days remaining. ... 1973 was a common year starting on Monday. ... The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project was the first joint flight of the US and Soviet space programs. ... July 15 is the 196th day (197th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 169 days remaining. ... 1975 was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1975 calendar). ...

Apollo Launch Complex utilization

Launch Complex 34 - SA-1, SA-2, SA-3, SA-4, AS-201, AS-202, AS-204 (Apollo 1), AS-205 (Apollo 7)
Launch Complex 37A - no launches
Launch Complex 37B - SA-5, A-101, A-102, A-103, A-104, A-105, AS-203, AS-204 (Apollo 5)
Launch Complex 39A - AS-501 (Apollo 4), AS-502 (Apollo 6), AS-503 (Apollo 8), AS-504 (Apollo 9), AS-506 (Apollo 11), AS-507 (Apollo 12), AS-508 (Apollo 13), AS-509 (Apollo 14), AS-510 (Apollo 15), AS-511 (Apollo 16), AS-512 (Apollo 17), AS-513 (Skylab 1)
Launch Complex 39B - AS-505 (Apollo 10), AS-206 (Skylab 2), AS-207 (Skylab 3), AS-208 (Skylab 4), AS-210 (ASTP).

SA-1 was the first flight of a Saturn I launch vehicle and was part of the Apollo Program. ... SA-2 was the second flight Saturn I launch vehicle, the first flight of Project High Water and was part of the Apollo Program. ... SA-3 was the third flight Saturn I launch vehicle, the second flight of Project High Water and was part of the Apollo Program. ... SA-4 was the fourth flight of a Saturn I launch vehicle and the last of the initial test phase of the first stage. ... AS-201 (or SA-201) was the first flight of the Saturn IB launch vehicle. ... AS-202 (or SA-202) was a sub-orbital test flight of the Saturn IB and Command and Service Module. ... Apollo One is the name given to the Apollo/Saturn 204 (AS-204) spacecraft after it was destroyed by fire during a training exercise on January 27, 1967, at Pad 34 atop a Saturn IB rocket. ... Apollo 7 was the first manned mission in the Apollo program to be launched. ... SA-5 was the first launch of the Block II Saturn I rocket and was part of the Apollo Program. ... A-101 was the first Saturn rocket launch to carry a boilerplate Apollo spacecraft. ... A-102 was the first Saturn rocket launch to carry a boilerplate Apollo spacecraft. ... A-103 (SA-9) launch. ... A-104 was the ninth test flight of the Saturn I. This mission was the second flight in the Saturn I operational series and the fourth vehicle to carry an Apollo boilerplate spacecraft. ... A-105 was the third flight of an operational Saturn I and was the last in the series of Saturn I flights. ... AS-203 (or SA-203) was an unmanned flight Saturn IB launch vehicle. ... Apollo 5 was the first unmanned flight of the Apollo Lunar Module that landed man on the Moon. ... Apollo 4 was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V launch vehicle. ... Apollo 6, launched in April 1968, was the Apollo programs second and last unmanned test flight of its Saturn V launch vehicle. ... Apollo 8 was the second manned mission of the Apollo space program that was launched. ... Apollo 9 was the third manned mission in the Apollo program, a ten day earth-orbital mission launched 3 March 1969. ... The Apollo 11 mission was the first manned lunar landing. ... Apollo 12 was the sixth manned mission in the Apollo program and the second to land on the Moon. ... Apollo 13 was an American space mission, part of the Apollo program. ... Apollo 14 was the eighth manned mission in the Apollo program and the third mission to land on the moon. ... Apollo 15 was the ninth manned mission in the Apollo program and the fourth mission to land on the Moon. ... Apollo 16 was the tenth manned mission in the Apollo program and the fifth mission to land on the Moon. ... Apollo 17 was the eleventh manned space mission in the NASA Apollo program, and was the sixth and last mission to date to land on the Moon. ... Drawing of Skylab with components labelled Americas first space station, the 75 metric ton Skylab, was in Earth orbit from 1973-1979, and visited by crews three times in 1973 and 1974. ... Apollo 10 was the fourth manned mission in the Apollo program, and the first (and only manned Saturn V) mission to launch from pad 39B. The mission included the second crew to orbit the Moon, and the test of the lunar module in lunar orbit. ... Skylab 2 or SL-2 was the first human spaceflight mission to Skylab, the first U.S. orbital space station. ... Skylab 3 or SL-3 was the second manned mission to Skylab. ... Skylab 4 or SL-4 was the fourth Skylab mission. ... The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project was the first joint flight of the US and Soviet space programs. ...

References

Kranz, Gene, Failure is Not an Option. Factual, from the standpoint of a chief flight controller during the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo space programs. ISBN 0743200799
Chaikin, Andrew. A Man on the Moon. ISBN 0140272011. Chaikin has interviewed all the surviving astronauts, plus many others who worked with the program.
Murray, Charles; Cox, Catherine B. Apollo: The Race to the Moon. ISBN 0671611011. This is an excellent account of what it took to build and fly Apollo.
Cooper, Henry S. F. Jr. Thirteen: The Flight That Failed. ISBN 0801850975. Although this book focuses on Apollo 13, it is extremely well-researched and provides a wealth of background information on Apollo technology and procedures.
Wilhelms, Don E. To a Rocky Moon. ISBN 0816510652. Tells the history of Lunar exploration from a geologist's point of view.
Pellegrino, Charles R.; Stoff, Joshua. Chariots for Apollo: The Untold Story Behind the Race to the Moon. ISBN 0380802619. Tells Grumman's story of building the Lunar Modules.
Lovell, Jim; Kluger, Jeffrey. Lost Moon: The perilous voyage of Apollo 13 aka Apollo 13: Lost Moon. ISBN 0618056653. Details the flight of Apollo 13.
Collins, Michael . Carrying the Fire; an Astronaut's journeys. Astronaut Mike Collins autobiography of his experiences as an astronaut, including his flight aboard Apollo 11, the first landing on the Moon
Slayton, Donald K.; Cassutt, Michael. Deke! An Autobiograpy. ISBN 031285918X. This is an excellent account of Deke Slayton's life as an astronaut and of his work as chief of the astronaut office, including selection of the crews which flew Apollo to the Moon.
Chariots for Apollo: A history of Manned Lunar Spacecraft - NASA report (PDF format)
The Apollo spacecraft. Volume 1 - A chronology: From origin to 7 Nov. 1962 - (PDF format)
The Apollo spacecraft: Volume 2 - A chronology: 8 November 1962 - 30 September 1964 - (PDF format)
The Apollo spacecraft: Volume 3 - A chronology: 1 October 1964 - 20 January 1966 - (PDF format)
The Apollo spacecraft: Volume 4 - A chronology: 21 January 1966 - 13 July 1974 - (PDF format)
Apollo program summary report: Synopsis of the Apollo program - NASA report (PDF format)

Gene Kranz in a more recent photo. ... Project Mercury was the United Statess first successful manned spaceflight program. ... Project Gemini insignia Project Gemini was the second human spaceflight program in which the United States of America sent humans into space, between Projects Mercury and Apollo, during the years 1963-1966. ... U.S. Space Shuttle astronaut Bruce McCandless II using a manned maneuvering unit (MMU) outside the Challenger in 1984. ... Charles Shaar Murray is an English music journalist. ... The Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, later Grumman Aerospace Corporation, was a leading producer of military and civilian aircraft of the 20th century. ... Portrait of Apollo 13 Commander James A. Lovell, Jr. ... Michael Collins (born in Rome, October 31, 1930) was an astronaut in the Gemini and Apollo space programs. ... Deke Slayton prepares for a pre-mission test leading up to his Apollo-Soyuz flight Donald Kent Deke Slayton (March 1, 1924â€“June 13, 1993) was an American astronaut. ... November 8 is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 53 days remaining. ... 1962 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... September 30 is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 92 days remaining. ... 1964 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... October 1 is the 274th day of the year (275th in Leap years). ... 1964 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1966 was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-BÃ©del Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ... January 21 is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1966 was a common year starting on Saturday (link goes to calendar) // Events January January 1 - In a coup, Colonel Jean-BÃ©del Bokassa ousts president David Dacko and takes over the Central African Republic. ... July 13 is the 194th day (195th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 171 days remaining. ... 1974 is a common year starting on Tuesday (click on link for calendar). ...

External links

Official Apollo program website
Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft By Courtney G Brooks, James M. Grimwood, Loyd S. Swenson
NASA SP-4009 The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology
SP-4029 Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference by Richard W. Orloff
The Apollo Program (1963 - 1972)
The Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
Project Apollo (Kennedy Space Center)
Project Apollo Drawings and Technical Diagrams
Technical Diagrams and Drawings
Lunar Rock Inventory
The Project Apollo Archive
The Apollo Program (National Air and Space Museum)
OMWorld's ASTP Docking Trainer Page
Project Apollo for Orbiter spaceflight simulator
Google Moon: interactive map of the Moon and Apollo landing sites

Categories: Human spaceflight programmes | Apollo program

Results from FactBites:

Apollo Moon Photos: a Hoax? (1344 words)
	This test simulates the shadow "anomaly" in the Apollo photo and demonstrates that ground slant -- in addition to light source and viewer position -- is an important factor in shadow direction.
	Apollo critics cite other examples of shadow-direction "anomalies," all of those I've viewed are obviously a result of irregular ground slant.
	The claim that these known and mapped Moon mountains that are viewed from myriad angles in Apollo photos [3] are really a fake backdrop that was accidently used in two staged studio sets on Earth is not a theory but an exercise in silliness.

The Apollo Program (1036 words)
	Apollo Lunar Surface Journal: An excellent site containing the transcripts of all the transmissions between Earth and the Moon while the astronauts were on the surface.
	On the Moon with Apollo 16: A Guidebook to the Descartes Region: This guidebook contains many photographs and diagrams of the Descartes region and the equipment used on Apollo 16 for research and exploration and also explains the importance of scientific research in the region.
	Apollo Command Module Earth Entry: Dedicated to one of the most critical phases of the Apollo landing, the Earth re-entry.

More results at FactBites »

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