Areas included within the Appalachian Regional Commission's charter.

Appalachian zones of the US - USGS

Appalachia is a term used to describe a region in the eastern United States that stretches from southern New York state to northern Alabama, Mississippi, and Georgia. Although part of the Appalachian Mountains extend through New England and into Canada, this area is not included in the accepted geographical definition of Appalachia. Image File history File links Appalachian_region_of_United_States. ... Image File history File links Appalachian_region_of_United_States. ... Areas included within the Appalachian Regional Commissions charter The Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) is a United States federal-state partnership that works with the people of Appalachia to create opportunities for self-sustaining economic development and improved quality of life. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (432x613, 55 KB)The Appalachians - USGS http://3dparks. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (432x613, 55 KB)The Appalachians - USGS http://3dparks. ... Red shows states east of the Mississippi River, pink shows states not fully eastern or western The U.S. Eastern states are the states east of the Mississippi River. ... State nickname: Empire State Other U.S. States Capital Albany Largest city New York Governor George Pataki Official languages None Area 141,205 km² (27th)  - Land 122,409 km²  - Water 18,795 km² (13. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... The Appalachian Mountains are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. ... This article is about the region in the United States of America. ...

Over twenty million people live in Appalachia, an area roughly the size of the United Kingdom, covering mostly mountainous, often isolated areas from the border of Mississippi and Alabama in the south to Pennsylvania and New York in the north. Appalachia also includes parts of the states of Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, Ohio,and the entire state of West Virginia. The region contains few intermediate-sized cities, and only two large metropolitan areas are located entirely within the region—Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Knoxville, Tennessee. (However, the expansive region served by the Appalachian Regional Commission incorporates some additional urban areas, including Birmingham, Alabama, the northern part of the Atlanta metropolitan area, western fringes of the Charlotte area, western fringes of the Piedmont Triad area, western fringes of the Washington metropolitan area and the eastern fringes of the Nashville metropolitan area.) This article is about the U.S. state. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... This article is about the state. ... Official language(s) English Capital Columbia Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Columbia Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32° 2′ N to 35° 13′ N  - Longitude 78° 32′ W to 83... Official language(s) English Demonym North Carolinian Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Largest metro area Charlotte metro area Area  Ranked 28th in the US  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 150 miles (340 km)  - Length 560[1] miles (900 km)  - % water 9. ... This article is about the U.S. state of Tennessee. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Official language(s) None (English, de facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Largest metro area Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area Area  Ranked 42nd  - Total 12,407 sq mi (32,133 km²)  - Width 101 miles (145 km)  - Length 249 miles (400 km)  - % water 21  - Latitude 37° 53′ N to 39° 43′ N... Official language(s) English[1] Capital Frankfort Largest city Louisville Area  Ranked 37th  - Total 40,444 sq mi (104,749 km²)  - Width 140 miles (225 km)  - Length 379 miles (610 km)  - % water 1. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Official language(s) none (de facto English) Demonym West Virginian Capital Charleston Largest city Charleston Largest metro area Charleston metro area Area  Ranked 41st in the US  - Total 24,230 sq mi (62,755 km²)  - Width 130 miles (210 km)  - Length 240 miles (385 km)  - % water 0. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Pittsburgh redirects here. ... Knoxville redirects here. ... Areas included within the Appalachian Regional Commissions charter The Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) is a United States federal-state partnership that works with the people of Appalachia to create opportunities for self-sustaining economic development and improved quality of life. ... Nickname: Location in Jefferson County in the state of Alabama Coordinates: , Country State Counties Jefferson, Shelby Incorporated December 19, 1871 Government  - Type Mayor - Council  - Mayor Bernard Kincaid (Current) Larry Langford (Mayor-Elect) Area  - City 151. ... The Atlanta metropolitan area, commonly referred to as Metro Atlanta in Georgia, is the ninth-largest metropolitan area in the United States and consists of 28 counties in Georgia. ... Charlotte (also known as candle stick) is a figure skating grace move - one of the spirals, where the skater is bended and glides on its one leg with the other one lifted to the air. ... The Piedmont Triad, Triad, or North Carolina Triad is a region of North Carolina in the Piedmont that consists of the area centered around the cities of Greensboro, Winston-Salem, High Point, and Burlington. ... It has been suggested that National Capital Region (United States) be merged into this article or section. ... The Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro, TN is the 39th largest Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) in the United States[1] and the largest metropolitan area in the state of Tennessee, encompassing its north central section. ...

Culture

See also: Appalachian folk music, Country music, and Appalachian English

Appalachia has historically been the domain of numerous native communities, including the Cherokee, Shawnee and others. Appalachian folk music is a distinctive genre of folk music originating in the Appalachia region of the United States of America. ... Country music is a blend of popular musical forms originally found in the Southern United States and the Appalachian Mountains. ... Appalachian English is a common name for the Southern Midland dialect of American English. ...

Prior to the 20th century, some parts Appalachia were geographically isolated from the rest of the country; much of the region, though, had been connected through the coming of the pioneering roads, early iron, timber and coal speculations and ventures, and the railroads. As a result, many pioneers stayed in the region and preserved the culture of their ancestors (most of them Scots-Irish, Scottish, Irish, Welsh, German, and English), who settled the region in the 18th century. The region's culture includes a strong oral tradition (including music and song), self-sufficiency, modesty, and strong religious faith. Coal deposits in the region were tapped in the latter half of the 19th century and drew a new wave of immigrants from Ireland, Italy, and Central Europe. With this industrialization came increased urbanization. (19th century - 20th century - 21st century - more centuries) Decades: 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s As a means of recording the passage of time, the 20th century was that century which lasted from 1901–2000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1999 in the... Scots-Irish (formerly Scotch-Irish) is a term used to describe inhabitants of the USA and Canada of Scots-Irish (particularly Ulster-Scots) descent, who formed distinctive communities and had distinctive social characteristics. ... This article is about the Scottish people as an ethnic group. ... This article is about Welsh people who are considered to be an ethnic group and a nation. ... The English are an ethnic group originating in the lowlands of Great Britain and are descendent primarily from the Anglo-Saxons, the Celts with minor influences from the Scandanavians and other groups. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... West Virginia fiddler Edden Hammons, accompanied by his son James on the banjo Old-time music is a form of North American folk music, with roots in the folk musics of many countries, including England, Scotland, Ireland and Africa. ... Coal Example chemical structure of coal Coal is a fossil fuel formed in ecosystems where plant remains were saved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation. ... Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. ... Central Europe is the region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe. ... Industrialisation (or industrialization) or an industrial revolution (in general, with lowercase letters) is a process of social and economic change whereby a human society is transformed from a pre-industrial to an industrial state . ...

Long characterized as economically underdeveloped, Appalachia, in fact, was rich in minerals and saw a tremendous amount of wealth lifted from the region by outside corporations and business interests. A larger question over how Appalachians became impoverished through brutal land speculation and labor policies continues to be examined by historians.

Though the region is often characterized as educationally deficient, the inhabitants of the region established log cabin colleges as early as the 1790s and instilled a strong sense of education, literature, music and the arts. Appalachians have also preserved much historical lore today. For example, Appalachian people have preserved a lot of historical medical knowledge.^[1] People in the community know where to find, identify, harvest, and prepare various herbs that are medicinally used. Ancient arts, such as beelining, would be more likely to be familiar to an Appalachian person than one from other areas. Beeline or bee line can mean:- A straight line route: see wiktionary:beeline. ...

A long-running series of documentary films by Appalshop takes a historical and critical view of the region, especially the effects of coal mining, poverty, and other aspects of local life. A media arts center in Whitesburg, KY that has made a name for itself by documenting Appalachia from the inside out. ... Surface coal mining in Wyoming in the United States of America. ... A boy from Jakarta, Indonesia shows his find. ...

In 1965, the US Congress established an economic development agency called the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC). In the terminology of this agency, "Appalachia" applies to the whole territory of its mandate, in recognition of similarities of lifestyle and culture throughout the region. This similarity may come from the great migration of people from the northern to the southern part of Appalachia in the 19th century. Areas included within the Appalachian Regional Commissions charter The Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) is a United States federal-state partnership that works with the people of Appalachia to create opportunities for self-sustaining economic development and improved quality of life. ...

In the 20th century, many from the area migrated to northern & midwestern cities such as Detroit, and Chicago in search of jobs, and these cities still contain enclaves of Appalachian culture. Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus (We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes - this motto was adopted after the disastrous 1805 fire that devastated the city) Nickname: The Motor City and Motown Location in Wayne County, Michigan Founded Incorporated July 24, 1701 1815  County Wayne County Mayor... For other uses, see Chicago (disambiguation). ...

In the 1940s through the 60s, Wheeling, West Virginia became a cultural center of the region because it had a clear channel AM radio station WWVA, which could be heard throughout the entirety of eastern USA at night. Although stations such as Pittsburgh's KDKA and KQV were 50 kilowatt clear channels that dated back to the early 1920s (as well as spanning all the east coast in signal strength), WWVA prided itself on rural and farm programming that appealed to a wider audience in the rural region. A clear channel, in the general sense, is a communications channel (such as a radio frequency) on which only one transmitter operates at a time. ... WWVA is an AM radio station that broadcasts on a frequency of 1170 khz with studios in Wheeling, West Virginia, USA and owned by Clear Channel Communications. ... KDKA (1020 kHz. ... KQV is an all-news radio station in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ... The kilowatt (symbol: kW) is a unit for measuring power, equal to one thousand watts. ... Regional definitions vary from source to source. ... Sign in a rural area in Dalarna, Sweden Qichun, a rural town in Hubei province, China Rural areas (also referred to as the country, countryside) are settled places outside towns and cities. ...

As a scientific technical term, "Appalachia" may be used to describe some (particularly the central section), or all, of the Appalachian mountain range, for example as a geological formation, or an environmental habitat.

Appalachia as an academic interest was the product of a critical scholarship that emerged across the disciplines in the 1960s and 1970s. With a renewed interest in issues of power, scholars could not dismiss the social inequity, class conflict, and environmental destruction encountered by America's so-called "hillbillies." Appalachia's emergence in academia is a result of the intersection between social conditions and critical academic interests, and has resulted in the development of many Appalachian studies programs in colleges and universities across the region, as well as in the Appalachian Studies Association. Look up American in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Hillbilly is a term, often considered pejorative but sometimes endearing, referring to people who dwell in remote, rural, mountainous areas. ... Appalachian studies is the area studies field concerned with the Appalachian region of the United States. ...

Literature

Some of Appalachia's best known writers include James Still (River of Earth, From the Mountain, From the Valley: New and Collected Poems), Harriette Arnow (The Dollmaker, Hunter's Horn), Jesse Stuart (Taps for Private Tussie, The Thread That Runs So True), Denise Giardina (The Unquiet Earth, Storming Heaven), Lee Smith (Fair and Tender Ladies, On Agate Hill), Silas House (Clay's Quilt, A Parchment of Leaves), Wilma Dykeman (The Far Family, The Tall Woman), Maurice Manning (Bucolics, A Companion for Owls), Anne Shelby (Appalachian Studies, We Keep a Store), George Ella Lyon (Borrowed Children, Don't You Remember?), Pamela Duncan (Moon Women, The Big Beautiful), Chris Offutt (No Heroes, The Good Brother), Charles Frazier (Cold Mountain, Thirteen Moons), Lisa Alther (Kinflicks), Cormac McCarthy (The Orchard Keeper, Child of God), Sharyn McCrumb (The Hangman's Beautiful Daughter), Robert Morgan (Gap Creek), Jim Wayne Miller (The Brier Poems), Gurney Norman (Divine Right's Trip, Kinfolks), Breece D'J Pancake (The Stories of Breece D'J Pancake; nominated for Pulitzer Prize), Elizabeth Madox Roberts ("The Great Meadow, "The Time of Man"), Thomas Wolfe (Look Homeward Angel, You Can't Go Home Again) and Rachel Carson (The Sea Around Us, Silent Spring; Presidential Medal of Freedom). James Still (July 16, 1906 – April 28, 2001) was an Appalachian poet, novelist and folklorist who lived most of his life in a cabin along the Dead Mare Branch of Little Carr Creek, Knott County, Kentucky. ... Harriette Arnow ( July 7, 1908 - March 22, 1986) was a novelist, claimed by both Kentucky and Michigan as a native daughter. ... Jesse Hilton Stuart (August 8, 1906 - February 17, 1984) was an American writer who achieved prominence in the short story, poetry, and novels. ... Denise Giardina is an award-winning novelist. ... Lee Smith (born on November 1, 1944) is an American fiction author who typically incorporates much of her home roots in the Southeastern United States in her works of literature. ... Silas House (August 7, 1971- ) is the author of Clays Quilt, A Parchment of Leaves, and The Coal Tattoo. ... Wilma Dykeman Stokely (born May 20, 1920; died December 22, 2006) was an American writer of fiction and nonfiction whose works chronicled the people and land of Appalachia. ... Pamela Y. Duncan (1961), was born in Asheville, North Carolina, and raised in Black Mountain and Shelby, NC. Her novels include Moon Women (2001) and Plant Life (2003). ... Chris Offutt (August 24, 1962 in Lexington, Kentucky. ... Charles Frazier, American novelist, was born in 1950 in Asheville, North Carolina, graduated from the University of North Carolina in 1973, and received his Ph. ... Lisa Alther (born July 23, 1944) is an American author and novelist. ... For the musician, see Cormac McCarthy (musician). ... Sharyn McCrumb (born Sharyn Elaine Arwood February 26, 1948, Wilmington, North Carolina) is an American writer whose books celebrate the history and folklore of Appalachia. ... Gurney Norman (b. ... Breece DJ Pancake Breece DJ Pancake (June 29, 1952-April 8, 1979) was an author of short fiction whose promising career was cut short by an apparent suicide. ... Elizabeth Madox Roberts Elizabeth Madox Roberts (October 30, 1881 - March 13, 1941) was a Kentucky novelist and poet, primarily known for her novels and stories about the Kentucky mountain people, including The Time of Man (1926), The Great Meadow (1930) and A Buried Treasure (1931). ... Photo by Carl Van Vechten For the contemporary author and journalist, see Tom Wolfe Thomas Clayton Wolfe (October 3, 1900 – September 15, 1938) was an important American novelist of the 20th century. ... Rachel Louise Carson (May 27, 1907 – April 14, 1964) was an American marine biologist and nature writer whose writings are often credited with launching the global environmental movement. ... The Presidential Medal of Freedom The Presidential Medal of Freedom is one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States and is bestowed by the President of the United States (the other award which is considered its equivalent is the Congressional Gold Medal, which is bestowed by an...

Appalachian Regional Commission

The Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) was created by the U.S. Congress in 1965 to bring poor areas of the 13 U.S. states of the main (southern) range of the Appalachians into the mainstream of the American economy. The commission is a partnership of federal, state, and local governments, and was created to promote economic growth and improve the quality of life in the region. The region as defined by the ARC includes roughly 408 counties, including all of West Virginia and counties in 13 other states: Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. The ARC is a planning, research, advocacy and funding organization; it does not have any governing powers. Areas included within the Appalachian Regional Commissions charter The Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) is a United States federal-state partnership that works with the people of Appalachia to create opportunities for self-sustaining economic development and improved quality of life. ... The Congress of the United States is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States of America. ...

The ARC's geographic range of coverage was defined broadly so as to cover as many economically underdeveloped areas as possible; it extends well beyond the area usually thought of as "Appalachia". For instance, parts of Alabama and Mississippi were included in the commission because of problems with unemployment and poverty similar to those in Appalachia proper, and the ARC region extends into Northeastern states, which are never considered part of Appalachia culturally. The ARC's wide scope also grew out of the "pork barrel" phenomenon, as politicians from outside the traditional Appalachia area saw a new way to bring home federal money to their areas. A pork barrel, literally, is a barrel in which pork is kept. ...

Economy

The economy of Appalachia traditionally rested on agriculture, mining, timber, and in the cities, manufacturing. In the late twentieth century, tourism and second home developments have assumed an increasingly major role.

Coal mining, the industry most frequently associated with Appalachia in outsiders' minds, remains important; however, its economic role should not be overstated. Coal is mined only in some portions of the area traditionally thought of as Appalachia [1] [2]. Coal mining employment across the country has generally dropped over the last several decades with increased mechanization, notwithstanding a spike in employment accompanying the coal industry boomlet that started in about 2004 [3]. While with annual earnings of $55,000, Appalachian miners make more than most other local workers, Appalachian coal mining employed just under 50,000 in 2004. [4], [5] Restrictions on high sulfur coal in the 1980s resulted in the closure of some mines. The high, continuing "legacy" costs associated with earlier mining activities — retiree health care, environmental reclamation, and black lung disease compensation — impact Appalachian coal economics. The region still has very large coal reserves [6], however the least expensive, most accessible, thickest seams have largely been mined out, complicating the area's ability to compete with very low cost Colombian, Western U.S. and especially Powder River Basin strip mines. About two-thirds of Appalachia's coal is produced by underground mining, the rest by surface mining. [7], often referred to as strip mining. Mountaintop removal, a form of surface mining, is a highly controversial mining practice in central Appalachia due to its negative impacts on the natural and human environment. Surface coal mining in Wyoming in the United States of America. ... Surface coal mining in Wyoming in the United States of America. ... Pneumoconiosis is a lung condition caused by the inhalation of dust, characterized by formation of nodular fibrotic changes in lungs. ... The Republic of Colombia is a country in north-western South America. ... The Powder River Basin spanning the Montana — Wyoming border is the single largest source of coal mined in the United States. ... Surface coal mining in Wyoming in the United States of America. ... Surface coal mining in Wyoming in the United States of America. ... // Mountaintop removal coal mining at Kayford Mountain, West Virginia. ...

Poverty in Appalachia

Poverty in this region has been a problem for many years but was not brought to the attention of the rest of the United States until 1964 when US President Lyndon B. Johnson delivered a speech from a sagging front porch in a poor Appalachian mining town. A boy from Jakarta, Indonesia shows his find. ... Also Nintendo emulator: 1964 (emulator). ... For the pop band, see Presidents of the United States of America. ... LBJ redirects here. ...

In Appalachia, severe poverty and desolation is paired with the necessity for careful, cultural sensitivity. Many Appalachian people fear that the birth of a new modernized Appalachia will lead to a death of their traditional values and heritage. Because of the isolation of the region, Appalachian people have been unable to catch up to the modernization that lowlanders have achieved. In the 1960s, many people in Appalachia had a standard of living comparable to third world countries. The film series "West Virginia", produced during the term of Governor Gaston Caperton makes the point that at least on some level images of poverty were contrived.^{[citation needed]} Lyndon B. Johnson was the first president to bring attention to the growing problem of poverty in Appalachia. Standing on the front porch of a family suffering from a problem that had been so long ignored, he declared his "War on Poverty". The Appalachian Regional Development Act (1964), which created the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC), stated that Appalachia was a shambles: Modernization (also Modernisation) is a concept in the sphere of social sciences that refers to process in which society goes through industrialization, urbanization and other social changes that completely transforms the lives of individuals. ... The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969. ... The standard of living refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way these services and goods are distributed within a population. ... For the Jamaican reggae band, see Third World (band). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Areas included within the Appalachian Regional Commissions charter The Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) is a United States federal-state partnership that works with the people of Appalachia to create opportunities for self-sustaining economic development and improved quality of life. ...

The Appalachian region of the United States, while abundant in natural resources and rich in potential, lags behind the rest of the nation... its people have not shared properly in the nation’s prosperity.

Since the creation of the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) in 1965, the region has seen dramatic progress. New roads, schools, health care facilities, water and sewer systems, and other improvements have brought a better life to many Appalachian residents. Prosperity is best achieved when one creates wealth with wealth, be it ones own wealth (equity) or the wealth of another (debt). ...

In 1960, 219 counties in the 13-state Appalachian Region were considered economically distressed. Now that list has been cut in half, to 108 counties, but these are "hard-core" pockets of poverty, seemingly impervious to all efforts at improving their lot. ^[2] A county is generally a sub-unit of regional self-government within a sovereign jurisdiction. ... A U.S. state is any one of the 50 states which have membership of the federation known as the United States of America (USA or U.S.). The separate state governments and the U.S. federal government share sovereignty. ...

Nevertheless, after 40 years poverty remains undefeated in Appalachia. Martin County, Kentucky, the site of Johnson’s 1964 speech, is currently ranked as "distressed" by the ARC. (Distressed is the worst ranking.) The per capita income in Martin County is $10,650, and 37% of its residents live below the poverty line. Martin County is a county located in the state of Kentucky. ... Per capita income means how much each individual receives, in monetary terms, of the yearly income generated in their country. ... Map of countries showing percentage of population who have an income below the national poverty line The poverty line is the level of income below which one cannot afford to purchase all the resources one requires to live. ...

On 5 July 1999, President Bill Clinton made a public statement concerning the situation in Tyner, Kentucky. "I'm here to make a simple point," Clinton told the enthusiastic crowd. "This is the time to bring more jobs and investment to parts of the country that have not participated in this time of prosperity. Any work that can be done by anybody in America can be done in Appalachia." Like Johnson, Clinton also brought attention to the areas of poverty in Appalachia. ^[2] is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events of 2008: (EMILY) Me Lesley and MIley are going to China! This article is about the year. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... Tyner, Kentucky (Latitude 37. ...

Etymology and pronunciation

The words "Appalachia" and "Appalachian" most likely derive from Apalachee, a Muskogean-speaking tribe historically located in northern Florida, first encountered by the Narvaez expedition in 1528, as reported by Cabeza de Vaca. After the de Soto expedition in 1540, Spanish cartographers began to apply the name of the tribe to the mountains themselves. The first appearance of Apalchen is on Diego Gutierrez' map of 1562; the first use for the mountain range is the map of Jacques le Moyne de Morgues in 1565.^[3] Approximate area of the Apalachee culture region. ... Pre-contact distribution of Muskogean languages Muskogean (also Muskhogean, Muskogee) is a language family of the Southeastern United States. ... Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (c. ... For the Peruvian economist, see Hernando de Soto (economist). ... Diego Gutierrez (born November 3, 1972 in Bogotá, Colombia) is a Colombian-American soccer player, who currently plays for the Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer. ... One of Theodor de Brys engravings possibly based on LeMoynes drawings, depicting Athore, son of the Timucuan king Satouriona, showing Laudonnière the monument placed by Ribault. ...

The name was not commonly used for the whole mountain range until the late 19th century. A competing and often more popular name was the "Allegheny Mountains", "Alleghenies", and even "Alleghania". In the early 19th century, Washington Irving proposed renaming the United States either Appalachia or Alleghania.^[4] Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859) was an American author of the early 19th century. ...

In northern U.S. dialects, the mountains are pronounced the [æ.pəˈleɪ.tʃənz], or [æ.pəˈleɪ.ʃənz]. The cultural region of Appalachia is pronounced [æ.pəˈleɪ.ʃ(i)ə], also [æ.pəˈleɪ.tʃ(i)e]. The third syllable is like "lay".

In southern U.S. dialects, the mountains are pronounced the [æ.pəˈlæ.tʃənz], and the cultural region of Appalachia is pronounced [æ.pəˈlæ.tʃ(i)ə]. The third syllable is like the "la" in "latch".

Popular culture

• The motion pictures Coal Miner's Daughter (based on the life of noted country singer Loretta Lynn), Where the Lilies Bloom and Songcatcher (see also "Songcatcher" below) attempt an accurate portrayal of life in Appalachia.
• Songcatcher (2000) - written and directed by Maggie Greenwald, starring Aiden Quinn and Emmy Rossum. Takes place in rural Appalachia in 1907 and features the "lost" ballads of the Scot-Irish brought over in the 1800s and a musicolgists quest to preserve them.
• The Waltons, a long-running family TV serial, based on Earl Hamner's youth, was set in the mountains of Virginia.
• The Appalachian town of Big Stone Gap, Virginia has been the setting of several best-selling novels, including The Trail of the Lonesome Pine by John Fox, Jr. and the Big Stone Gap series by Adriana Trigiani.
• Stranger with a Camera[8] is a documentary film about the representation of Appalachian communities by outsiders in film and video.
• Country Boys is a documentary film by David Sutherland showing three years in the lives of two teenagers growing up in eastern Kentucky.
• Homer Hickam's book Rocket Boys and its movie adaptation October Sky are slightly fictionalized versions of his childhood and teenage years in Coalwood, a coal camp in Southern West Virginia.
• The 1972 film Deliverance takes place in southern Appalachia. The film is often held responsible for perpetuating negative stereotypes of the region.
• The 1987 film Matewan fictionalizes a real-life clash between West Virginia coal miners, supported by union organizers, and coal companies in the 1920s. Scenes depicting the town were actually shot in Thurmond, West Virginia.
• The 1632 series, an alternate history book series created by Eric Flint, features the fictional town of Grantville, West Virginia (based upon the real-life town of Mannington, West Virginia) transported to Germany in the time of the Thirty Years' War.
• Large-format photographer Shelby Lee Adams, himself a native from Appalachia, has portrayed the Appalachian family life sympathetically in several books.
• Composer Aaron Copland composed music for a ballet called Appalachian Spring.
• Composer Frederick Delius wrote a tone poem entitled Appalachia.
• Kopple, Barbara (Director). Harlan County, USA [documentary film]. Harlan County, Kentucky: Cabin Creek Productions.
• Author Catherine Marshall wrote Christy, loosely based on her mother's years as a teacher in the Appalachian region. This became the basis of a short-lived television series of the same name in 1994.
• In the popular arcade racing game Cruis'n USA, Appalachia appears as one of the courses.
• Since the 2004 season, Saturday Night Live has shown an occasional sketch called "Appalachian Emergency Room" about the hijinks at an anonymous rural hospital.[9]
• In the 2005 film adaptation of The Dukes Of Hazzard, the Dukes stop at a red light in Atlanta in which they are approached by a group of African Americans who call them rednecks Luke Duke (Johnny Knoxville) responds under his breath "Appalachian Americans".
• The book Prodigal Summer by Barbara Kingsolver explores the ecology of the region and how the removal of the predators, wolves and coyotes, has affected the environment.
• The book "Rough Lumber: Stories from Spurlock Creek," by Justine Felix Rutherford, describes growing up in rural West Virginia during the Great Depression.

DVD cover Loretta Lynn published her autobiography, Coal Miners Daughter, in the mid-70s. ... Country music is a blend of popular musical forms originally found in the Southern United States and the Appalachian Mountains. ... Loretta Lynn (born Loretta Webb April 14, 1934) is an American country singer-songwriter and was one of the leading country female vocalists during the 1960s and 1970s and overall is revered as a country icon. ... A novel by Bill Cleaver; adapted and retold in a 1973 film directed by William A. Graham. ... Songcatcher (dir. ... Songcatcher (dir. ... For other uses, see The Waltons (disambiguation). ... Earl Hamner Jr. ... Big Stone Gap is a town in Wise County, Virginia, United States. ... John Fox, Jr. ... Author Adriana Trigiani grew up in Big Stone Gap, Virginia, and in 2001 wrote a novel about the town titled Big Stone Gap. ... Country Boys is a 6-hour documentary film centered on Cody Perkins and Chris Johnson, two teenage boys from David, Floyd County, Kentucky, who attend the David School. ... Homer Hadley Hickam, Jr. ... Rocket Boys AKA October Sky is the first memoir in a series of three, by Homer Hickam, Jr. ... October Sky is a 1999 movie based on the book Rocket Boys, an autobiographical book by Homer Hickam. ... Coalwood is an unincorporated coal mining town in McDowell County, West Virginia, USA. As of the 1990 Census, the population was 900. ... Southern West Virginia is a culturally and geographically distinct region in the U.S. state of West Virginia. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Matewan is a 1987 drama by John Sayles, illustrating the events of a coal mine-workers strike and attempt to unionize in 1920 in Matewan, a small town in the hills of West Virginia. ... The Battle of Matewan was the stand-off that resulted from the attempt of coal miners to unionize in Matewan, West Virginia on May 19, 1920. ... Thurmond is a town located in Fayette County, West Virginia on the New River. ... The 1632 series, also known as the 1632-verse or Ring of Fire series, is an alternate history book series, created, primarily co-written-by and coordinated by historian Eric Flint. ... Alternative history or alternate history can be: A History told from an alternative viewpoint, rather than from the view of imperialist, conqueror, or explorer. ... A book series is a sequence of books with common characteristics, typically written by the same author, or marketed as a group by their publisher. ... Eric Flint (born California, USA, 1947) is an American science fiction and fantasy author and editor. ... Grantville is a fictional town modeled after the real town of Mannington, West Virginia which is the source of resources, technology, and above all up-timer protagonists in the best selling alternate history books by historian-author-creator and editor Eric Flint. ... Mannington is a city in Marion County, West Virginia, United States. ... Combatants Sweden  Bohemia Denmark-Norway[1] Dutch Republic France Scotland England Saxony  Holy Roman Empire Catholic League Austria Bavaria Spain Commanders Frederick V Buckingham Leven Gustav II Adolf â€  Johan Baner Cardinal Richelieu Louis II de Bourbon Vicomte de Turenne Christian IV of Denmark Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar Johann Georg I... Old studio camera. ... A photographer at the Calgary Folk Music Festival Paparazzi at the Tribeca Film Festival A photographer is a person who takes a photograph using a camera. ... Shelby Lee Adams (born 1950) is an American environmental portrait photographer and artist best known for his images of Appalachian family life. ... Aaron Copland Aaron Copland (November 14, 1900 – December 2, 1990) was an American composer of concert and film music, as well as an accomplished pianist. ... For other uses, see Ballet (disambiguation). ... Appalachian Spring is a ballet score by Aaron Copland that premiered in October 1944, and achieved widespread popularity as an orchestral suite. ... Frederick Albert Theodore Delius CH (January 29, 1862, – June 10, 1934) was an English composer born in Bradford in the West Riding of Yorkshire in the north of England. ... A symphonic poem or tone poem is a piece of orchestral music in one movement in which some extra-musical programme provides a narrative or illustrative element. ... Barbara Kopple (born July 30, 1946) is an American film director primarily known for her work in documentary film. ... Harlan County, USA is a 1976 documentary film documenting the efforts of 180 coal miners on strike in Harlan County, Kentucky in 1974. ... Location in the state of Kentucky Formed 1819 Seat Harlan Area  - Total  - Water 1,212 km² (468 mi²) 2 km² (1 mi²) 0. ... Biography Catherine Marshall was a Christian author and the wife of well-known Presbyterian minister Peter Marshall. ... Christy (released in 1967) is a novel by Christian author Catherine Marshall set at the fictional Appalachian village of Cutter Gap, Tennessee, in 1912. ... Christy was a brief family television series drama which aired on CBS from 1994 to 1995, for twenty-one episodes. ... Cruisn USA is racing game released in 1994 at the arcades developed by Midway Games and Nintendo. ... SNL redirects here. ... Barbara Kingsolver (born April 8, 1955) is an American writer. ... For other uses, see The Great Depression (disambiguation). ...

Transportation

Map showing the route of the National Road at its greatest completion in 1839, with historical state boundaries.

Appalachia's geography presents special challenges to transportation. In Europe, while mountain ranges presented challenges to transport, they could mostly be avoided. In North America, however, the Appalachian Mountains presented a barrier that could not be easily out-flanked. Initially, European settlers found gaps in the mountains; among them the Cumberland Gap and the Wilderness Road. Image File history File links National_road_map. ... Image File history File links National_road_map. ... Map showing the route of the National Road at its greatest completion in 1839, with historical state boundaries. ... 1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... North American redirects here. ... The Appalachian Mountains are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. ... For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers through the Cumberland Gap (George Caleb Bingham, oil on canvas, 1851–52) Cumberland Gap (el. ... Wilderness Road The Wilderness Road was the principal route used by settlers to reach Kentucky for more than fifty years. ...

Early Roads

Native American trails were the first in Appalachia. One of the earliest used by Europeans was Nemacolin's path, a trail between the Potomac and the Monongahela river, going from Cumberland, Maryland, to the mouth of Redstone Creek, where Brownsville, Pennsylvania is situated. This article is about the people indigenous to the United States and their history after European contact, chiefly in what is now the United States. ... This article deals with the European people as an ethnic group or ethnic groups. ... Nemacolins Path was a Native American trail situated between the Potomac River and the Monongahela River, USA. The trail starts from a site in present day Cumberland, Maryland, continuing on to Brownsville, Pennsylvania to the mouth of Redstone Creek. ... The Potomac River flows into the Chesapeake Bay, located along the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States (USA). ... The South Tenth Street Bridge over the Monongahela River in Pittsburgh in 2005 The Monongahela River in Fairmont, West Virginia in 2006 Monongahela River Scene, 1857[11] Opekiska Lock and Dam on the Monongahela River near Fairmont, West Virginia at river mile 115 The Monongahela River (pronounced , also known locally... Portal:Cumberland, Maryland Top * Places * Culture * Media * Companies * Education * History * People * Religion * Sports * Trans* Tourism For other places with the same name, see Cumberland (disambiguation). ... Brownsville is a borough in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, 35 miles (56 km) south of Pittsburgh along the Monongahela River. ...

The French and Indian War created a need for roads through Appalachia. In 1755, General Edward Braddock of the Coldstream Guards was sent to rout the French from Fort Duquesne along the Nemacolin's path. From Fort Cumberland, Braddock's army cut a military trail through the wilderness. This would become known as Braddock's Road. Another was a British military trail built in 1758 by General John Forbes of England from Chambersburg to Pittsburgh during the French and Indian War, later known as the Pittsburgh Road and the Conestoga Road. Combatants France First Nations allies: Algonquin Lenape Wyandot Ojibwa Ottawa Shawnee Great Britain American Colonies Iroquois Confederacy Strength 3,900 regulars 7,900 militia 2,200 natives (1759) 50,000 regulars and militia (1759) Casualties 3,000 killed, wounded or captured 10,040 killed, wounded or captured The French and... General Edward Braddock General Edward Braddock (1695? – July 13, 1755) was a British soldier and commander-in-chief for North America during the actions at the start of the French and Indian War. ... The Coldstream Guards is a regiment of the British Army, part of the Guards Division or Household Division. ... 19th century illustration of Fort Duquesne, by Alfred Waud. ... Nemacolins Path was a Native American trail situated between the Potomac River and the Monongahela River, USA. The trail starts from a site in present day Cumberland, Maryland, continuing on to Brownsville, Pennsylvania to the mouth of Redstone Creek. ... Fort Cumberland was built to guard the entrance to Langstone Harbour, east of Portsmouth. ... In 1755, General Edward Braddock of the Coldstream Guards was sent to rout the French from Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh). ... John Forbes (5 September 1707 – March 11, 1759) was a British general in the French and Indian War. ... Chambersburg is a borough in Pennsylvania, United States. ... Pittsburgh redirects here. ... Combatants France First Nations allies: Algonquin Lenape Wyandot Ojibwa Ottawa Shawnee Great Britain American Colonies Iroquois Confederacy Strength 3,900 regulars 7,900 militia 2,200 natives (1759) 50,000 regulars and militia (1759) Casualties 3,000 killed, wounded or captured 10,040 killed, wounded or captured The French and...

The first modern road to be built through Appalachia was the National Road starting at Cumberland, an early hub of Appalachia, generally following Braddock's Road heading west first to Wheeling, VA. Other roads soon followed such as the Northwestern Turnpike and James River and Kanawha Turnpike. Map showing the route of the National Road at its greatest completion in 1839, with historical state boundaries. ... Cumberland is one of the 39 traditional counties of England. ... In 1755, General Edward Braddock of the Coldstream Guards was sent to rout the French from Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh). ... Wheeling is a city located in West Virginia, in the United States. ... Elevation cross-section of US 50 between Romney and Gormania, WV US 50 follows the Northwestern Turnpikes path. ... The James River and Kanawha Turnpike was built to facilitate portage of shipments of passengers and freight by water between the western reaches of the James River via the James River and Kanawha Canal and the eastern reaches of the Kanawha River. ...

The creation in 1936 of the Appalachian Trail, which stretches from Georgia to Maine, also helped open the area to hikers and outdoor enthusiasts from all over the world. The Appalachian National Scenic Trail, generally known as the Appalachian Trail or simply The A.T., is a marked hiking trail in the eastern United States, extending between Springer Mountain in Georgia and Mount Katahdin in Maine. ...

Water

By 1772, George Washington had identified the Potomac and James rivers as the most promising locations for canals to be built to join with the western rivers. Washington proposed a canal to connect the Potomac River and the Ohio River and founded the Potowmack Company. In 1824, the holdings of the Potowmac Company were ceded to the Chesapeake and Ohio Company. Construction began with a groundbreaking ceremony on July 4, 1828 by President John Quincy Adams. It followed the course of the Potomac River to Cumberland, MD. Had it been completed it would have continued west from Cumberland along the Potomac River and then followed the Savage River crossing the eastern continental divide near present day Deep Creek Lake, and eventually following the Youghiogheny River to navigable waters. George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and in 1789 was elected the first President of the United States of America. ... The Potomac River flows into the Chesapeake Bay, located along the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States (USA). ... View of Pittsburgh, the largest metropolitan area on the Ohio River, where the Allegheny River (left) and the Monongahela River (right) join at Point State Park to form the Ohio River Cincinnati, Ohio is a well known city along the Ohio River, historically known for its riverboats. ... The Potomac Company was created in 1785 to make improvements to the Potomac River in order to improve its navigability. ... 1824 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Canal at Swains Lock Chesapeake and Ohio Canal map The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, abbreviated as the C&O Canal, and occasionally referred to as the Grand Old Ditch, operated from 1836 until 1924 parallel to the Potomac River in Maryland from Cumberland, Maryland to Washington, DC. The total... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1828 (MDCCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... President of the United States - The President of the United States The American President (film) - A Romantic Comedy surrounding a fictional President of the United States and his attempts to win over an attractive lobbyist This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was a diplomat, politician, and the sixth President of the United States (March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829). ... The Savage River is a river located in Garrett County, Maryland and is the first major tributary of the North Branch Potomac River from its source. ... Deep Creek Lake is a popular vacation area in Garrett County, Maryland, USA. It surrounds a man-made lake that was created in 1923 by an electric company. ... Map of the Monongahela River basin, with the Youghiogheny River highlighted. ...

The James River and Kanawha Canal was a project first proposed by Washington when he was a young man surveying the mountains of western Virginia. In 1785, the James River Company was formed, with George Washington as honorary president, to build locks around the falls at Richmond. By then, Washington was quite busy since he was elected president in 1789. The goal was to reach the Kanawha River at its head of navigation about 30 miles east of what is today Charleston, West Virginia. The canal eventually extended 196.5 miles west of Richmond, Virginia, to Buchanan, Virginia. By 1851 westward progress had stopped due to increasing competition from the railroads. The James River and Kanawha Canal was a canal in Virginia, which was built to facilitate shipments of passengers and freight by water between the western counties of Virginia and the coast. ... 1785 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1789 (MDCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Map of the Kanawha River watershed, showing its main tributary, the New River. ... Nickname: Home of Hospitality, The most northern city of the South and the most southern city of the North, Chemicalville, The Capitol City C-Town Location of Charleston in West Virginia. ... Nickname: Motto: Sic Itur Ad Astra (Thus do we reach the stars) Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates: , Country State Government  - Mayor L. Douglas Wilder (I) Area  - City 62. ... Buchanan is a town located in Botetourt County, Virginia. ...

Even today river systems provide transport through barge traffic on the Ohio River system. The Monongahela River is navigable its entire length, deep into the interior of West Virginia, with a series of lock/dams ensuring a 9' depth. View of Pittsburgh, the largest metropolitan area on the Ohio River, where the Allegheny River (left) and the Monongahela River (right) join at Point State Park to form the Ohio River Cincinnati, Ohio is a well known city along the Ohio River, historically known for its riverboats. ... The South Tenth Street Bridge over the Monongahela River in Pittsburgh in 2005 The Monongahela River in Fairmont, West Virginia in 2006 Monongahela River Scene, 1857[11] Opekiska Lock and Dam on the Monongahela River near Fairmont, West Virginia at river mile 115 The Monongahela River (pronounced , also known locally... Official language(s) none (de facto English) Demonym West Virginian Capital Charleston Largest city Charleston Largest metro area Charleston metro area Area  Ranked 41st in the US  - Total 24,230 sq mi (62,755 km²)  - Width 130 miles (210 km)  - Length 240 miles (385 km)  - % water 0. ...

Rail

The next major transportation leap for Appalachia was the railroad. The Baltimore and Ohio was the first to cross. It was finished to Piedmont, Virginia on July 21, 1851, Fairmont, Virginia on June 22, 1852, and its terminus at Wheeling, Virginia on January 1, 1853. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad or B&O was a 19th century railroad which operated in the east coast of the United States and was the first railroad to offer commercial transportation of both people and freight. ... Piedmont is a town located in Mineral County, West Virginia. ... is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Downtown Fairmont and the Monongahela River in 2006 The Marion County Courthouse in Fairmont Fairmont is a city in Marion County, West Virginia, USA. The population was 19,097 at the 2000 census. ... is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Nickname: The Friendly City Location in Ohio County in the State of West Virginia Coordinates: Settled 1769 Established 1806 Incorporated 1836  - Mayor Nick Sparachane  - City Manager Robert Herron  - Chief of Police Kevin Gessler, Sr. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

In 1855 the Norfolk and Western Railway, under the direction of Frederick J. Kimball, began to push across Appalachia. Starting from Big Lick the lines extended to the Pocahontas coalfields in western Virginia and West Virginia and on north to Columbus, Ohio and Cincinnati, Ohio. Year 1855 (MDCCCLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W) (AAR reporting marks NW), a US class I railroad, was formed by more than 200 railroad mergers between 1838 and 1982. ... Frederick J. Kimball Categories: People stubs | United States railroad executives | 1844 births | 1903 deaths ... Nickname: Location in Virginia Coordinates: , Country State Government  - Mayor Nelson Harris Area  - City  43 sq mi (111. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Official language(s) none (de facto English) Demonym West Virginian Capital Charleston Largest city Charleston Largest metro area Charleston metro area Area  Ranked 41st in the US  - Total 24,230 sq mi (62,755 km²)  - Width 130 miles (210 km)  - Length 240 miles (385 km)  - % water 0. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Ohio, USA Coordinates: , Country State Counties Franklin, Fairfield, Delaware Government  - Mayor Michael B. Coleman (D) Area  - City 212. ... Cincinnati redirects here. ...

Southern Railway linked Charleston, South Carolina and Memphis, Tennessee, crossing Appalachia in 1857 in the Asheville, North Carolina area, although rail expansion halted with the start of the Civil War. The Southern Railway (AAR reporting mark SOU) was the product of nearly 150 predecessor lines that were combined, reorganized and recombined beginning in the 1830s, formally becoming the Southern Railway in 1894. ... Nickname: Motto: Aedes Mores Juraque Curat (She cares for her temples, customs, and rights) Location of Charleston in South Carolina. ... For other uses, see Memphis (disambiguation). ... Not to be confused with Ashville. ...

By 1867 the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway had reached the eastern edge of the mountains and was also reaching for the Ohio valley via the New River and Kanawha Valleys of West Virginia. The West Virginia stretch of the C & O was the site of the legendary competition between John Henry and a steam-powered machine; the competition is said to have taken place in a tunnel south of Talcott, West Virginia near the Greenbrier River. In 1888, the C&O built the Cincinnati Division, from Huntington, West Virginia down the south bank of the Ohio River in Kentucky and across the river at Cincinnati, connecting with the "Big Four" and other Midwestern Railroads. Year 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) was a Class I railroad formed in 1869 in Virginia from many smaller railroads begun in the 19th century. ... Map of the Kanawha River watershed, with the New River and its watershed highlighted. ... Official language(s) none (de facto English) Demonym West Virginian Capital Charleston Largest city Charles