The system of appanage has greatly influenced the territorial construction of France and explains the flag of many provinces of France. The word apanage or appanage stems from the Late Latin apanare meaning “to give bread” (panem, compare the French court title Grand panetier), a pars pro toto for food and other necessities, hence for a "subsistence" income, notably in kind, as from assigned land. Vulgar Latin (in Latin, sermo vulgaris) is a blanket term covering the vernacular dialects of the Latin language spoken mostly in the western provinces of the Roman Empire until those dialects, diverging still further, evolved into the early Romance languages — a distinction usually assigned to about the ninth century. ... GRAND PANETIER is the French title (roughly Great Breadmaster) of one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France, functional chief of the (grande) paneterie (the root of the English word pantry) or bread department, originally (known since the 11th century) one of the two sections of the gobelet...

The original appanage : in France

History of the French appanage

An appanage was a concession of a fief by the sovereign to his youngest sons, while the eldest son became king on the death of his father. Appanages were considered as part of the inheritance transmitted to the puisne (french puisné, 'later born') sons. These lands could not be sold, neither hypothetically nor as a dowry, and returned to the royal domain on the extinction of the princely line. Daughters were excluded from the system: a false interpretation of salic law generally prohibited daughters from inheriting land and also from acceding to the throne. This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ...

The appanage system was used to gild the pill of the primogeniture to avoid civil war among throne contenders or the division of the kingdom among princes of royal blood. It was used in this way in 843, by the Treaty of Verdun, when Louis the Pious divided his empire between his sons Lothair and Louis the German. This division was a source of antagonism between France and Germany, less so in France, since the treaty was imposed on Lothair by Louis. Jump to: navigation, search Primogeniture is the common tradition of inheritance by the first-born of the entirety of a parents wealth, estate or office; or in the absence of children, by collateral relatives, in order of seniority of the collateral line. ... Events Treaty of Verdun divides the Carolingian empire between the 3 sons of Louis the Pious. ... Jump to: navigation, search In the Treaty of Verdun of 843 the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious divided his territories, the Carolingian Empire, into three kingdoms. ... Jump to: navigation, search Louis the Pious doing penance at Attigny in 822. ... Lothair I Lothair I (795 – March 2, 855), Holy Roman Emperor, was the eldest son of the emperor Louis the Pious and his wife Irmengarde (Ermengarde), daughter of Ingramm (Ingerman), the Duke of Hesbaye. ... Louis the German (also known as Louis II) (804 - September 28, 876), the third son of the emperor Louis the Pious and his first wife, Irmengarde, was ruler of Eastern Francia from 817 until his death. ...

Hugh Capet was elected King of France on the death of Louis V in 987. The royal line of France from 987 to 1328 broke entirely away from the Merovingian and Carolingian custom of dividing the kingdom among all the sons. The eldest son alone became King and received the royal domain except for the appanages. Most of the Capetians endeavored to add to the royal domain by the incorporation of additional fiefs, large or small, and thus gradually obtained the direct lordship over almost all of France.-1... The name Louis V is used to refer to numerous persons in history: Kings: Louis V of France Louis V the Brandenburger This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Events Hugh Capet, Count of Paris, crowned King of France Kukulcan conquers Chichen Itza Births Deaths May 21 King Louis V of France Categories: 987 ... Events Hugh Capet, Count of Paris, crowned King of France Kukulcan conquers Chichen Itza Births Deaths May 21 King Louis V of France Categories: 987 ... Events May 1 - Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton - England recognises Scotland as an independent nation after the Wars of Scottish Independence May 12 - Nicholas V is consecrated at St Peters Basilica in Rome by the bishop of Venice. ... Jump to: navigation, search For other uses of the term Merovingian, see Merovingian (disambiguation). ... The Carolingians (also known as the Carlovingians) were a dynasty of rulers that eventually controlled the Frankish realm and its successors from the 8th to the 10th century, officially taking over the kingdoms from the Merovingian dynasty in 751. ... The direct Capetian Dynasty followed the Carolingian rulers of France from 987 to 1328. ...

King Charles V tried to remove the appanage system, but in vain. Provinces conceded in appanage tended to become de facto independent and the authority of the king was recognized there reluctance. Theoretically appanages could be reincorporated into the royal domain but only if the last lord had no male heirs. Kings tried as much as possible to rid themselves of the most powerful appanages: for example, Francis I confiscated the Bourbonnais, the last appanage of any importance, in 1531 after the treason of the constable of Bourbon. Charles V the Wise (French: Charles V le Sage) (January 31, 1338 – September 16, 1380) was king of France (1364 to 1380) and a member of the Valois Dynasty. ... Jump to: navigation, search Francis I (French: François Ier) (September 12, 1494 – July 31, 1547), called the Father and Restorer of Letters (French: le Père et Restaurateur des Lettres), was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547. ... Duke of Bourbon is a title in the peerage of France. ... Events January 26 - Lisbon, Portugal is hit by an earthquake-- thousands die October 1 - Battle of Kappel - The forces of Zürich are defeated by the Catholic cantons. ... Charles III of Bourbon-Montpensier (February 17, 1490 – 1527 in Rome) was Count of Montpensier and Dauphin of Auvergne. ...

The first article of the Edict of Moulins declared that the royal domain (defined in the second article as all the land controlled by the crown for more than ten years) could not be alienated, except in two cases: by interlocking, in the case of financial emergency, with a perpetual option to repurchase the land; and to form an appanage, which must return to the crown in its original state on the extinction of the male line. The apanagist (incumbent) therefore could not separate himself from his appanage in any way.

• After Charles V, a clear distinction had to be made between titles given as names to children in France, and true appanages. At their birth the French princes received a title independent of an appanage. Thus, the Duke of Anjou, son of Louis XIV, never possessed Anjou and never received any revenue from this province. The king waited until the prince had reached adulthood and was about to marry before endowing him with an appanage. The goal of the appanage was to provide him with a sufficient income to maintain his noble rank. The fief given in appanage could be the same as the title given to the prince, but this was not necessarily the case. Only seven appanages were given from 1515 to 1789.

• Appanages were abolished in 1792 before the proclamation of the Republic. The youngest princes from then on were to receive a grant of money but no territory.
• Appanages were reestablished under the first French empire by Napoleon Bonaparte and confirmed by the Bourbon restoration-king Louis XVIII. The last of the appanges, the Orléanais, was reincorporated to the French crown when the Duke of Orleans, Louis-Philippe, became king of France in 1830.

• The word apanage is still used in French figuratively, in a non-historic sense: “to have appanage over something” is used, often in an ironic and negative sense, to claim exclusive possession over something. For example, “cows have appanage over prions.”

Counts of Anjou, c. ... Jump to: navigation, search For the musical group of the same name, see Louis XIV (band). ... // Events June - Invasion of Persia by Sultan Selim I of the Ottoman Empire. ... 1789 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1792 was a leap year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... Around the world there have been a number of First Republics: French First Republic - 1792 First Spanish Republic First Philippine Republic In Italy the term First Republic is used informally to refer to the period up to 1991, when a series of scandals (mainly bribery) hit many politicians. ... Jump to: navigation, search Napoleon I of France, by Jacques-Louis David Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a general of the French Revolution, and the ruler of France as First Consul (Premier Consul) of the French Republic from 11 November 1799 to 18 May 1804, then... Jump to: navigation, search French Monarchy- Capetian Dynasty (Bourbon branch) Louis XVIII (November 17, 1755 - September 16, 1824) was King of France and Navarre from 1814 (although he declared that he considered his reign to have begun in 1795) until his death in 1824, with a brief break in 1815... Duke of Orléans is one of the most important titles in the French peerage, dating back at least to the 14th century. ... Jump to: navigation, search Louis-Philippe of France (October 6, 1773–August 26, 1850) reigned as the Orléanist king of the French from 1830 to 1848. ... 1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search Prions — short for proteinaceous infectious particle — are infectious protein structures that replicate through conversion of other host proteins. ...

List of French appanages

(probably incmplete – no napoleonic grants?)

• Louis VI conceded the county of Dreux to his son Robert.
• Louis VIII by his will in 1225: the County of Artois to Robert, the county of Poitou to Alphonse and the County of Anjou to Charles.
• Louis IX accorded the County of Valois to John-Tristan, the count of Alençon, Perche and Clermont.
• Philip III endowed Charles with the County of Valois and Louis with the County of Évreux.
• Philip VI created the duchy of Orléans for Philip.
• John II the Good, on his departure to England in 1360, gave the counties of Anjou and Maine to Louis – the founder of the second house of Anjou – and the duchies of Berry et Auvergne to Jean. Then, in 1363, he granted the Duchy of Burgundy to Philip the Bold.
• Charles VI accorded the Duchy of Orléans to his brother in 1392.

Louis VI the Fat (French: Louis VI le Gros) (December 1, 1081 – August 1, 1137) was king of France from 1108 to 1137. ... Robert I of Dreux, nicknamed the Great (c. ... Jump to: navigation, search Louis VIII the Lion (French: Louis VIII le Lion) (September 5, 1187 – November 8, 1226) reigned as King of France from 1223 to 1226. ... Events Births Thomas Aquinas, Christian philosopher and theologian (d. ... The County of Artois was a Carolingian county, established by the counts Odalric and Ecfrid of Artois, then integrated into the County of Flanders, first by Baldwin II of Flanders around 898, then by Arnulf I of Flanders. ... Robert I the Good (1216 - February 8, 1250) was Count of Artois. ... Among the men who have borne the title of Count of Poitiers (or Poitou, in what is now France but in the Middle Ages became part of the Aquitaine) are: Guerin (or Warin[us]) (638-677) Renaud (795-843) Bernard I (815-844) Ranulph I (835-875) Ranulph II (855... Alphonse, Count of Toulouse and of Poitiers (November 11, 1220 - August 21, 1271). ... Counts of Anjou, c. ... Jump to: navigation, search Only representation of Saint Louis known to be true to life - Early 14th century statue from the church of Mainneville, Eure, France King Louis IX of France or Saint Louis (April 25, 1214/1215–August 25, 1270) was King of France from 1226 until his death. ... The Valois Dynasty succeeded the Capetian Dynasty as rulers of France from 1328-1589. ... Several counts and then royal dukes of Alençon have figured in French history. ... Philippe III Philip III the Bold ( French: Philippe III le Hardi) (April 3, 1245 - October 5, 1285) reigned as King of France from 1270 to 1285. ... Jump to: navigation, search Charles III of Valois (March 12, 1270 – December 16, 1325) was the third son of Philip III of France and Isabella of Aragon. ... The Valois Dynasty succeeded the Capetian Dynasty as rulers of France from 1328-1589. ... Louis of France, Count dÉvreux (May, 1276 – May 19, 1319, Paris) was the third son of King Philip III the Bold with his second wife Marie de Brabant, and step-brother of King Philip IV the Fair. ... Philip VI of Valois (French: Philippe VI de Valois; 1293 – August 22, 1350) was the King of France from 1328 to his death, and Count of Anjou, Maine, and Valois 1325–1328. ... Duke of Orléans is one of the most important titles in the French peerage, dating back at least to the 14th century. ... Jump to: navigation, search John II the Good (French: Jean II le Bon) (April 16, 1319 – April 8, 1364), was King of France 1350–1364, Duke of Normandy and Count of Anjou and Maine 1332–1350, Count of Poitiers 1344–1350, and Duke of Guienne 1345–1350. ... Jump to: navigation, search Events October 24 - The Treaty of Brétigny is ratified at Calais, marking the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years War. ... Counts of Anjou, c. ... This is a list of counts and dukes of Maine, France. ... The title of Duc de Berry in the French nobility was frequently created for junior members of the French royal family. ... This is a list of the various rulers of Auvergne. ... John of Valois, the Magnificent, (November 30, 1340 – March 15, 1416) was Duke of Berry and Auvergne and Count of Poitiers and Montpensier. ... Centuries: 13th century - 14th century - 15th century Decades: 1310s 1320s 1330s 1340s 1350s - 1360s - 1370s 1380s 1390s 1400s 1410s Years: 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 - 1363 - 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 See also: 1363 state leaders Events Magnus II, King of Sweden, is deposed by Albert of Mecklenburg. ... The Duchy of Burgundy, today Bourgogne, has its origin in the small portion of traditional lands of Burgundians west of river Saone which in 843 was allotted to Charles the Balds kingdom of West Franks. ... Philip II, Duke of Burgundy Philip II, Duke of Burgundy, known as the Bold (Philippe II de Bourgogne, le Hardi in French) (January 15, 1342, Pontoise – April 27, 1404, Halle), was the fourth son of King John II of France and his wife, Bonne (Judith), daughter of the king and... Charles VI the Well-Beloved, later known as the Mad (French: Charles VI le Bien-Aimé, later known as le Fol) (December 3, 1368 – October 21, 1422) was a King of France (1380 – 1422) and a member of the Valois Dynasty. ... Duke of Orléans is one of the most important titles in the French peerage, dating back at least to the 14th century. ... Events Korean founder of the Joseon Dynasty General Yi Seonggye leads a coup détat, overthrowing the kingdom of Goryeo and founding the kingdom of Joseon Afyonkarahisar in western Turkey is conquered by Sultan Beyazid I Louis de Valois is created the 1st Duke of Orléans, the second time...

Equivalents outside France

• In Britain, it became usual for princes of the blood to receive royal dukedoms, though peerages of lower ranks have been assigned as appanages too, indeed recently again prince Edward, third son of Queen Elizabeth II, was made Earl of Wessex

The practice is certainly not unique to western feudalism The Peerage is a system of titles of nobility which exists in the United Kingdom and is one part of the British honours system. ...

• in India, the jagir (a type of fief) was often thus assigned to junior relatives of the ruling house of a princely state, but not as a customary right of birth, only as common incumbents of an essentially meritocratic grant

A Jagir is a small territory granted by a ruler to an army chieftain (called a sardar in Marathi language) in recognition of his military service. ... A princely state or native state was a feudal monarchy in British India ruled by a hereditary ruler, who was nominally sovereign. ...

External link

• Francois Velde, "Apanages in the French monarchy"