NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Apple II series

The Apple II (often written as Apple ][ or Apple //) was the first mass produced microcomputer product manufactured by Apple. It was one of the earliest and most successful home computers. In terms of ease of use, features and expandability the Apple II was a major technological advancement over its predecessor, the Apple I, a limited production bare circuit board computer for electronics hobbyists which pioneered many features that made the Apple II a commercial success. Introduced at the West Coast Computer Faire in 1977, the Apple II was among the first successful personal computers and responsible for launching the Apple company into a successful business. Throughout the years a number of different models were introduced and sold, with the most popular model manufactured having relatively minor changes even into the 1990s. By the end of its production in 1993, somewhere between five and six million Apple II series computers (including approximately 1.25 million Apple IIGS models) had been produced. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1920x2560, 586 KB) Apple II computer Photograph by Rama File links The following pages link to this file: BASICODE ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1920x2560, 586 KB) Apple II computer Photograph by Rama File links The following pages link to this file: BASICODE ... The Commodore 64 was one of the most popular microcomputers of its era, and is the best selling model of home computer of all time. ... Apple Inc. ... The Apple I was an early personal computer, and the first to combine a keyboard with a microprocessor and a connection to a monitor. ... Close-up photo of one side of a motherboard PCB, showing conductive traces, vias and solder points for through-hole components on the opposite side. ... The West Coast Computer Faire was an annual computer industry conference and exposition most often associated with San Francisco, its first and most frequent venue. ...

Throughout the 1980s and much of the 1990s, the Apple II was the de facto standard computer in American education; some of them are still operational in classrooms today. The Apple II was popular with business users as well as with families and schools, particularly after the release of the popular spreadsheet, VisiCalc, which initially ran only on the Apple II. De facto is a Latin expression that means in fact or in practice. It is commonly used as opposed to de jure (meaning by law) when referring to matters of law or governance or technique (such as standards), that are found in the common experience as created or developed without... Screenshot of a spreadsheet under OpenOffice A spreadsheet is a rectangular table (or grid) of information, often financial information. ... VisiCalc was the first spreadsheet program available for personal computers. ...

The original Apple II operating system was only the built-in BASIC interpreter contained in ROM. Apple DOS was added to support the diskette drive; the last version was "Apple DOS 3.3". Apple DOS was superseded by ProDOS to support a hierarchical filesystem and larger storage devices. With an optional Z80 based expansion card the Apple II could even run the popular Wordstar and dBase software under the CP/M operating system. At the height of its evolution, towards the late 1980s, the platform had the graphical look of a hybrid of the Apple II and Macintosh with the introduction of the Apple IIGS. By 1992, the platform featured 16-bit processing capabilities, a mouse driven Graphical User Interface and graphic and sound capabilities far beyond the original. An operating system (OS) is a software that manages computer resources and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. ... This article is about the programming language. ... Read-only memory (usually known by its acronym, ROM) is a class of storage media used in computers and other electronic devices. ... Beneath Apple DOS was a popular guide to Apple DOS. Apple DOS refers to operating systems for the Apple II series of microcomputers from 1978 through early 1983. ... For Australian-based Objectivist Prodos Marinakis and the prodos institute, see here. ... The Zilog Z80 is an 8-bit microprocessor designed and manufactured by Zilog from 1976 onwards. ... An expansion card (also expansion board, adapter card or accessory card) in computing is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a computer motherboard to add additional functionality to a computer system. ... WordStar was a word processor application, published by MicroPro, originally written for the CP/M operating system but later ported to DOS, that enjoyed a dominant market share during the early to mid-1980s. ... dBASE III The correct title of this article is dBASE. The initial letter is capitalized because of technical restrictions. ... CP/M is an operating system originally created for Intel 8080/85 based microcomputers by Gary Kildall of Digital Research, Inc. ... In computer science, 16-bit is an adjective used to describe integers that are at most two bytes wide, or to describe CPU architectures based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. ... GUI can refer to the following: GUI is short for graphical user interface, a term used to describe a type of interface in computing. ...

After years of focus on Apple's Macintosh product line, it finally eclipsed the Apple II series in the early 1990s. Even after the introduction of the Macintosh, the Apple II had remained Apple's primary revenue source for years: the Apple II and its associated community of third-party developers and retailers were once a billion-dollar-a-year industry. The Apple IIGS model was sold through to the end of 1992. The Apple IIe model was removed from the product line on October 15, 1993, ending an era. The first Macintosh computer, introduced in 1984, upgraded to a 512K Fat Mac. The Macintosh or Mac, is a line of personal computers designed, developed, manufactured, and marketed by Apple Computer. ... is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ...

Design

The Apple II was designed to look more like a home appliance than a piece of electronic equipment. This was a computer that would not seem out of place in the home, on a manager's desk or in a classroom. The lid popped easily off the beige plastic case, however, allowing access to the computer's internals, including the motherboard with eight expansion slots, and an array of random access memory (RAM) sockets which could hold up to 48 Kilobytes worth of memory chips. An electric blender Small appliance refers to a class of home appliances that are semi-portable or which are used on tabletops, countertops, or other platforms. ... A motherboard is the central or primary circuit board making up a complex electronic system, such as a modern computer. ... Fitting an expansion card into a motherboard An expansion card in computing is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a computer motherboard to add additional functionality to a computer system. ... A kilobyte (derived from the SI prefix kilo-, meaning 1,000) is a unit of information or computer storage equal to either 1,000 bytes or 1,024 bytes (210), depending on context. ...

The Apple II had color and high-resolution graphics modes, sound capabilities and one of two built-in BASIC programming languages (initially Integer, later Applesoft). Compared with earlier microcomputers, these features were well-documented and easy to learn. The Apple II sparked the beginning of the personal computer revolution, as it was targeted for the masses rather than just hobbyists and engineers; its introduction and subsequent popularity also greatly influenced most of the microcomputers that followed it. "VanLOVEs Apple Handbook" and "The Apple Educators Guide" by Gerald VanDiver and Rolland Love reviewed more than 1,500 software programs that the Apple II series could use. The Apple dealer network used this book to emphasize the growing software developer base in education and personal use. The books became part of the Apple program and became the first book on database. This article is about the programming language. ... Integer BASIC, written by Steve Wozniak, was the BASIC interpreter included in ROM on the original Apple II computer at release in 1977, and as such was the first version of BASIC used by many early home computer owners. ... Applesoft BASIC was the second dialect of BASIC supplied on the Apple II computer, superseding Integer BASIC. Applesoft BASIC was supplied by Microsoft; Apple was looking for a new version of BASIC for the Apple II Plus computer with 48 KB of RAM, and after their success with Altair BASIC... The history of computing hardware starting in the 1960s begins with the development of the integrated circuit (IC), which formed the basis of the first computer kits and home computers in the 1970s, notable examples being the MITS Altair, Apple II and Commodore PET; and which eventually powered personal and...

Models

This article presents a detailed timeline of events in the history of computing. ...

Apple II

The first Apple II computers went on sale on June 5, 1977 with a MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor running at 1 MHz, 4 KB of RAM, an audio cassette interface for loading programs and storing data, and the Integer BASIC programming language built into the ROMs. The video controller displayed 24 lines by 40 columns of monochrome, upper-case-only text on the screen, with NTSC composite video output suitable for display on a monitor, or on a TV set by way of an RF modulator. The original retail price of the computer was US$1298 (with 4 KB of RAM) and US$2638 (with the maximum 48 KB of RAM). To reflect the computer's color graphics capability, the Apple logo on the casing was represented using rainbow stripes,^[1] which remained a part of Apple's corporate logo until early 1998. The earliest Apple IIs were assembled in Silicon Valley, and later in Texas;^[2] printed circuit boards were manufactured in Ireland and Singapore. is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... MOS Technology, Inc. ... The MOS Technology 6502 is an 8-bit microprocessor that was designed by Chuck Peddle for MOS Technology in 1975. ... MegaHertz (MHz) is the name given to one million (106) Hertz, a measure of frequency. ... RAM redirects here. ... Typical 60-minute Compact Cassette. ... Integer BASIC, written by Steve Wozniak, was the BASIC interpreter included in ROM on the original Apple II computer at release in 1977, and as such was the first version of BASIC used by many early home computer owners. ... Read-only memory (usually known by its acronym, ROM) is a class of storage media used in computers and other electronic devices. ... NTSC is the analog television system in use in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico, the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, and some other countries (see map). ... Composite video, also called CVBS (Composite Video Blanking and Sync), is the format of an analog television (picture only) signal before it is combined with a sound signal and modulated onto an RF carrier. ... An RF modulator (for radio frequency modulator) is a device that takes a baseband input signal and outputs a radio frequency-modulated signal. ... USD redirects here. ... For the Nintendo 64 game, see Space Station Silicon Valley. ... For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation). ... Part of a 1983 Sinclair ZX Spectrum computer board. ...

In 1978, an external 5¼-inch floppy disk drive, the Disk II, attached via a controller card that plugged into one of the computer's expansion slots (usually slot 6), was used for data storage and retrieval to replace cassettes. The Disk II interface, created by Steve Wozniak, was regarded as an engineering masterpiece at the time for its economy of components.^[3]^[4] While other controllers had dozens of chips for synchronizing data I/O with disk rotation, seeking the head to the appropriate track, and encoding the data into magnetic pulses, Wozniak's controller card had few chips; instead, the Apple DOS used software to perform these functions. The Group Code Recording used by the controller was simpler and easier to implement in software than the more common MFM. In the end, the low chip count of the controller contributed to making Apple's Disk II the first affordable floppy drive system for personal computers. As a side effect, Woz's scheme made it easy for proprietary software developers to copy-protect the media on which their software shipped by changing the low-level sector format or stepping the drive's head between the tracks; inevitably, other companies eventually sold software to foil this protection. Another Wozniak optimization allowed him to omit Shugart's Track-0 sensor. When the Operating System wants to go to track 0, the controller simply moves forty times toward the next-lower-numbered track, relying on the mechanical stop to prevent it going any further down than track 0. This process, called "recalibration", made a loud buzzing (rapid mechanical chattering) sound that often frightened Apple novices. A floppy disk is a data storage device that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible (floppy) magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell. ... Disk II drives. ... Stephan Gary Woz Wozniak (born August 11, 1950 in San Jose, California) is an American computer engineer and the co-founder of Apple Computer (now Apple Inc. ... Beneath Apple DOS was a popular guide to Apple DOS. Apple DOS refers to operating systems for the Apple II series of microcomputers from 1978 through early 1983. ... Group Code Recording (GCR) is a floppy disk data encoding format used by the Apple II and Commodore Business Machines in the 5Â¼ disk drives for their 8-bit computers (the best-known drives being the Disk II for the Apple II family and the Commodore 1541, used with the... Modified Frequency Modulation, commonly MFM, is a line coding scheme used to encode information on most floppy disk formats, which include the floppy disk formats used in most CP/M machines as well as PCs running DOS. MFM is a modification to the original FM (frequency modulation) scheme for encoding... Proprietary software is software with restrictions on copying and modifying as enforced by the proprietor. ... Copy prevention, also known as copy protection, is any technical measure designed to prevent duplication of information. ...

The approach taken in the Disk II controller was typical of Wozniak's design sensibility. The Apple II was full of clever engineering tricks to save hardware and reduce costs. For example, taking advantage of the way that 6502 instructions only access memory every other clock cycle, the video generation circuitry's memory access on the otherwise unused cycles avoided memory contention issues and also eliminated the need for a separate refresh circuit for the DRAM chips.

Rather than using a complex analog-to-digital circuit to read the outputs of the game controller, Wozniak used a simple timer circuit whose period was proportional to the resistance of the game controller, and used a software loop to measure the timer.

The text and graphics screens had a somewhat outdated arrangement (the scanlines were not stored in sequential areas of memory) which was reputedly due to Wozniak's realization that doing it that way would save a chip; it was less expensive to have software calculate or look up the address of the required scanline than to include the extra hardware. Similarly, in the high-resolution graphics mode, color was determined by pixel position and could thus be implemented in software, saving Woz the chips needed to convert bit patterns to colors. This also allowed for sub-pixel font rendering since orange and blue pixels appeared half a pixel-width further to the right on the screen than green and purple pixels.^[5] A font can mean: A member of a typeface family; or digital font - file format that encapsulates a typeface family in a database. ...

Color on the Apple II series took advantage of a quirk of the NTSC television signal standard, which made color display really easy (and cheap) to implement. The original NTSC television signal specification was black-and-white. Color was tacked on later by adding a 3.58 MHz subcarrier signal that was ignored by B&W TV sets. Color is encoded based on the phase of this signal in relation to a reference color burst signal. The result is that the position, size, and intensity of a series of pulses define color information. These pulses can translate into pixels on the computer screen. NTSC is the analog television system in use in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico, the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, and some other countries (see map). ... Look up Phase in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Phase may refer to: Phase (matter), a physically distinctive form of a substance, such as the solid, liquid, and gaseous states of ordinary matter Phase (waves), the time position (or angle in the complex plane) within a cycle of a periodic waveform... Colorburst is a signal used to keep the chrominance subcarrier synchronized in a color television signal. ... A pixel (a contraction of picture element) is one of the many tiny dots that make up the representation of a picture in a computers memory. ...

The Apple II display provided two pixels per subcarrier cycle. When the color burst reference signal was turned on and the computer attached to a color display, it could display green by showing one alternating pattern of pixels, magenta with an opposite pattern of alternating pixels, and white by placing two pixels next to each other. Later, blue and orange became available by tweaking the offset of the pixels by half a pixel-width in relation to the colorburst signal. The high-resolution enhanced display offered more colors simply by compressing more, narrower pixels into each subcarrier cycle. The coarse, low-resolution graphics display mode worked differently, as it could output a short burst of high-frequency signal per pixel to offer more color options.

The epitome of the Apple II design philosophy was the Apple II sound circuitry. Rather than having a dedicated sound-synthesis chip, the Apple II had a toggle circuit that could only emit a click through a built-in speaker or a line out jack; all other sounds (including two, three and, eventually, four-voice music and playback of audio samples and speech synthesis) were generated entirely by clever software that clicked the speaker at just the right times. Not for nearly a decade would an Apple II be released with a dedicated sound chip. Similar techniques were used for cassette storage: the cassette output worked the same as the speaker, and the input was a simple zero-crossing detector that served as a relatively crude (1-bit) audio digitizer. Routines in the ROM were used to encode and decode data in frequency shift keying for the cassette. Circuit Diagram A zero crossing threshold detector is an electronic circuit that consists of an operational amplifier with an input voltage at its positive input (see circuit diagram). ... Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is frequency modulation in which the modulating signal shifts the output frequency between predetermined values. ...

Wozniak's open design and the Apple II's multiple expansion slots permitted a wide variety of third-party devices to expand the capabilities of the machine. Apple II peripheral cards such as Serial controllers, improved display controllers, memory boards, hard disks, and networking components were available for this system in its day. There were emulator cards, such as the Z80 card that permitted the Apple to switch to the Z80 processor and run a multitude of programs developed under the CP/M operating system, including the dBase II database and the WordStar word processor. (At one point in the mid-1980s, more than half the machines running CP/M were Apple II's with Z80 cards.)There was also a third-party 6809 card that would allow OS-9 Level One to be run. The Mockingboard sound card greatly improved the audio capabilities of the Apple, with simple music synthesis and text-to-speech functions. Eventually, Apple II accelerator cards were created to double or quadruple the computer's speed. Actually this page is pretty set, the subpages need work. ... Apple II serial cards primarily used the serial RS-232 protocol. ... One of the first Z80 microprocessors manufactured; the date stamp is from June 1976. ... CP/M (Command Processor for Microcomputers) was an operating system for Intel 8080/85 and Zilog Z80 based microcomputers. ... dBASE III The correct title of this article is dBASE. The initial letter is capitalized because of technical restrictions. ... WordStar was a word processor application, published by MicroPro, originally written for the CP/M operating system but later ported to DOS, that enjoyed a dominant market share during the early to mid-1980s. ... 1 MHz Motorola 6809E processor, manufactured in 1983. ... For Mac OS 9, see Mac OS 9. ... The Mockingboard was a sound card for the Apple II family of microcomputers built by Sweet Micro Systems. ... Apple II accelerators are computer hardware devices which enable an Apple II computer to operate faster than their intended design speed. ...

Apple II Plus

The Apple II Plus, introduced in June 1979,^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] included the Applesoft BASIC programming language in ROM. This Microsoft-authored dialect of BASIC, which was previously available as an upgrade, supported floating-point arithmetic (though it ran at a noticeably slower speed than Steve Wozniak's Integer BASIC) and became the standard BASIC dialect on the Apple II series. The Apple II Plus was the second model of the Apple II series of personal computers produced by Apple Computer. ... Applesoft BASIC was the second dialect of BASIC supplied on the Apple II computer, superseding Integer BASIC. Applesoft BASIC was supplied by Microsoft; Apple was looking for a new version of BASIC for the Apple II Plus computer with 48 KB of RAM, and after their success with Altair BASIC... Read-only memory (usually known by its acronym, ROM) is a class of storage media used in computers and other electronic devices. ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ...

The Apple II Plus was otherwise identical to the original Apple II. The smaller memory sizes were no longer available, so the II Plus always had a total of 48 KB of RAM, expandable to 64 KB by means of the "language card", a 16 KB RAM expansion card that could be installed in the computer's slot 0. The Apple's 6502 microprocessor could support a maximum of 64 KB of memory, and a machine with 48 KB RAM reached this limit because of the additional 12 KB of read-only memory and 4 KB of I/O addresses. For this reason, the extra RAM in the language card was bank-switched over the machine's built-in ROM, allowing code loaded into the additional memory to be used as if it actually were ROM. Users could thus load Integer BASIC into the language card from disk and switch between the Integer and Applesoft dialects of BASIC with DOS 3.3's INT and FP commands just as if they had the BASIC ROM expansion card. The language card was also required to use the UCSD Pascal and FORTRAN 77 compilers, which were released by Apple at about the same time. These ran under a non-DOS operating system called the UCSD P-System, which had its own disk format and included a "virtual machine" that allowed it to run on many different types of hardware. The UCSD P-system had a curious approach to memory management, which became even more curious on the Apple III. UCSD Pascal was a specific implementation of the programming language Pascal which used the p-Code machine architecture. ... Fortran (previously FORTRAN[1]) is a general-purpose[2], procedural,[3] imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing. ... Memory management is the act of managing computer memory. ... The Apple III, an early business machine predating the IBM PC The Apple III with an Apple Monitor //. The Apple III, or Apple /// as it was sometimes styled, was the first completely new computer designed by Apple. ...

Apple II Europlus and J-Plus

After the success of the first Apple II in the United States, Apple expanded its market to include Europe and the Far East in 1978, with the Apple II Europlus (Europe) and the Apple II J-Plus (Japan). In these models, Apple made the necessary hardware, software and firmware changes in order to comply to standards outside of the US. The power supply was modified to accept the local voltage, and in the European model the video output signal was changed from color NTSC to monochrome PAL — an extra video card was needed for color PAL graphics, since the simple tricks Wozniak had used to generate a pseudo-NTSC signal with minimal hardware didn't carry over to the more complex PAL system. In the Japanese version of the international Apple, the keyboard layout was changed to allow for Katakana writing (full Kanji support was clearly beyond the capabilities of the machine), but in most other countries the international Apple was sold with an unmodified American keyboard; thus the German model still lacked the umlauts, for example. For the most part, the Apple II Europlus and J-Plus were identical to the Apple II Plus. Production of the Europlus ended in 1983. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... This article is about the Asian regions. ... A microcontroller, like this PIC18F8720 is controlled by firmware stored inside on FLASH memory In computing, firmware is a computer program that is embedded in a hardware device, for example a microcontroller. ... A wall wart style variable DC power supply with its cover removed. ... NTSC is the analog television system in use in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico, the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, and some other countries (see map). ... For other uses, see PAL (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see PAL (disambiguation). ... Katakana ) is a Japanese syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system along with hiragana, kanji, and in some cases the Latin alphabet. ... Japanese writing Kanji Kana Hiragana Katakana Hentaigana ManyÅgana Uses Furigana Okurigana RÅmaji ) are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese logographic writing system along with hiragana (å¹³ä»®å), katakana (ç‰‡ä»®å), and the Arabic numerals. ... The umlaut mark (or simply umlaut) and the trema or diaeresis mark (or simply diaeresis) are two diacritics consisting of a pair of dots placed over a letter. ...

Apple IIe

The Apple II Plus was followed in 1983 by the Apple IIe, a cost-reduced yet more powerful machine that used newer chips to reduce the component count and add new features, such as the display of upper and lowercase letters and a standard 64 KB of RAM. The IIe RAM was configured as if it were a 48 KB Apple II Plus with a language card; the machine had no slot 0, but instead had an auxiliary slot that for all practical purposes took the place of slot 3, the most commonly used slot for 80 column cards in the II Plus. The auxiliary slot could accept a 1 KB memory card to enable the 80-column display. This card contained only RAM; the hardware and firmware for the 80-column display was built into the Apple IIe, remaining fairly compatible with the older Videx-style cards, even though the low-level details were very different. An "extended 80-column card" with more memory expanded the machine's RAM to 128 KB. As with the language card, the memory in the 80-column card was bank-switched over the machine's main RAM; this made the memory better suited to data storage than to running software, and in fact the ProDOS operating system, which was introduced with the Apple IIe, would automatically configure this memory as a RAM disk upon booting. Third-party aux-slot memory cards later allowed expansion up to 1 MB. The 1 K 80-column card also enabled one new graphics mode, Double Lo-Res (80×48 pixels); the extended 80-column card enabled two, Double Lo-Res and Double Hi-Res (560×192 pixels). Both modes doubled the horizontal resolution in comparison to the standard Lo-Res (40×48) and Hi-Res (280×192) Modes; in the case of Double Hi-Res, the number of available colors was increased as well, from 6 to 15. Apple IIe's from the very first production run cannot use Double Hi-Res. Neither of these modes was directly supported by the built-in BASIC, however, so the user had to resort to the use of lots of POKE and CALL commands, or assembly language programming, or one of a number of software Toolkits to exploit these modes. The Apple IIe was the third model in the Apple II line of personal computers, produced by Apple Computer. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (600x800, 101 KB) Apple IIe setup. ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (600x800, 101 KB) Apple IIe setup. ... The Apple IIe was the third model in the Apple II line of personal computers, produced by Apple Computer. ... For Australian-based Objectivist Prodos Marinakis and the prodos institute, see here. ... A RAM-Disk, Ramdisk or Ramdrive is a virtual solid state disk that uses a segment of active computer memory, RAM, as secondary storage, a role typically filled by hard drives. ... This article is about a unit of data. ...

Introduced with the IIe was the DuoDisk, essentially two Disk II 5¼-inch drives in a single enclosure designed to stack between the computer and the monitor, and a new controller card to run it. This controller was (by design) functionally identical to the original Disk II controller but used a different connector, allowing a single cable to control both drives in the DuoDisk. The DuoDisk was plagued by reliability problems, however, and did not catch on as well as the Apple IIe itself.

The Apple IIe was the most popular Apple II ever built and was widely considered the "workhorse" of the line. It also has the distinction of being the longest-lived Apple computer of all time — it was manufactured and sold with only minor changes for nearly eleven years. In that time, following the original, two important variations came to pass known as the Enhanced IIe (four new replacement chips to give it some of the features as the later model Apple IIc, including an upgraded processor called the 65C02) and Platinum IIe (a modernized new look for the case color to match other Apple products of the era, along with the addition of a built-in numeric keypad). An Enhanced IIe with 128 KB of RAM can be considered the minimum requirement for running most Apple II software released after about 1988. The Apple IIe was the third model in the Apple II line of personal computers, produced by Apple Computer. ... The Apple IIc, the fourth model in the Apple II series of personal computers, was Apple Computers first endeavor to produce a portable computer. ... The Apple IIe was the third model in the Apple II line of personal computers, produced by Apple Computer. ...

Two and a half years before the Apple IIe, Apple had produced and marketed a computer called the Apple III for business users. This product was not a success, and Steve Wozniak has been quoted as saying that the Apple III had a 100% failure rate — every single machine manufactured had some kind of fault. Many of its features were carried over in the design of the Apple IIe, though, including the ProDOS operating system, which was based on Apple III's Sophisticated Operating System (SOS). The Apple III, an early business machine predating the IBM PC The Apple III with an Apple Monitor //. The Apple III, or Apple /// as it was sometimes styled, was the first completely new computer designed by Apple. ...

Apple IIc

Apple released the Apple IIc in April 1984, billing it as a portable Apple II, because it could be easily carried; however, it lacked battery power and a built-in display. The IIc even sported a carrying handle that folded down to prop the machine up into a typing position. It was the first of three Apple II models to be made in the Snow White design language, and the only one that used its unique creamy off-white color.^[10] (The other Snow White computers from the Apple II series, the IIGS and the IIc Plus, were light gray, called "Platinum" by Apple.) The Apple IIc, the fourth model in the Apple II series of personal computers, was Apple Computers first endeavor to produce a portable computer. ... Image File history File links Apple_iicb. ... Image File history File links Apple_iicb. ... The Apple IIc, the fourth model in the Apple II series of personal computers, was Apple Computers first endeavor to produce a portable computer. ... The Snow White design language was an industrial design language developed by Frog design. ...

The Apple IIc was the first Apple II to use the updated 65C02 processor, and featured a built-in 5.25-inch floppy drive and 128 KB RAM, with a built-in disk controller that could control external drives, composite video (NTSC or PAL), serial interfaces for modem and printer, and a port usable by either a joystick or mouse. Unlike previous Apple II models, the IIc had no internal expansion slots at all, this being the means by which its compact size was attained. Third parties did eventually figure out how to wedge up to 1 MB of additional memory and a real-time clock into the machine, and a later revision of the motherboard provided an expansion slot that could accept an Apple memory card bearing up to 1 MB of RAM. The disk port, originally intended for a second 5¼-inch floppy drive, eventually was able to interface to 3½-inch disk drives and (via third parties) even hard disks. The 65C02 Microprocessor is a slightly upgraded version of the popular and venerable MOS_Technology 6502 microprocessor. ...

To play up the portability, two different monochrome LCD displays were sold for use with the IIc's video expansion port, although both were short-lived due to high cost and poor legibility. (An Apple IIc with the smaller of these displays appeared briefly in the film 2010.) The IIc had an external power supply that converted AC power to 12 V DC, allowing third parties to offer battery packs and automobile power adapters that connected in place of the supplied AC adapter. LCD redirects here. ... 2010: The Year We Make Contact, also known as 2010, is a science fiction film released in 1984 directed by Peter Hyams. ...

The Apple IIc (in its American version) was the first microcomputer to include support for the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard, which was activated using a switch above the keyboard. This feature was also later found in late-model American Apple IIe computers (though the switch was inside the computer) and in the Apple IIGS (accessible via the built-in control panel). The international models used the same mechanism to switch between the localized and the American keyboard layouts, but did not offer Dvorak. The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard layout. ...

Apple IIGS

The next member of the line was the Apple IIGS computer, released in September 15, 1986. A radical departure from the existing Apple II line, the IIGS featured a true 16-bit microprocessor, the 65C816, operating at 2.8 MHz with 24-bit addressing, allowing expansion up to 8 MB of RAM without the bank-switching hassles of the earlier machines (RAM cards with more than 4 MB were never directly supported by Apple^[11]). It introduced two completely new graphic modes sporting higher resolutions and a palette of 4,096 colors; however, only 4 (at 640×200 resolution) or 16 (at 320×200 resolution) colors could be used on a single line at a time, although a technique known as dithering was often employed in software to increase the number of perceived colors.^[12] The Apple IIGS, the fifth model inception of the Apple II, was the most powerful member of the Apple II series of personal computers made by Apple Computer. ... Image File history File links Apple_iigsb. ... Image File history File links Apple_iigsb. ... Image File history File links Apple_IIgs. ... Image File history File links Apple_IIgs. ... The Apple IIGS, the fifth model inception of the Apple II, was the most powerful member of the Apple II series of personal computers made by Apple Computer. ... is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... In computer science, 16-bit is an adjective used to describe integers that are at most two bytes wide, or to describe CPU architectures based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. ... The 65816 Microprocessor (also: 65C816), a 16_bit CPU developed by the Western Design Center (WDC), is an expanded and compatible successor to the venerable MOS Technology 6502. ... This article or section should be merged with Dither An illustration of dithering. ...

In a departure from earlier Apple II graphics modes, the new modes laid out the scanlines sequentially in memory. However, programmers in search of a graphics challenge could always turn to 3200-color mode, which involved precisely swapping in a different 16-color palette for each of the screen's 200 scanlines as the monitor's electron beam traced the screen line by line. This exotic technique did not leave many CPU cycles available for other processing, so this "mode" was best suited to displaying static images.

The Apple IIGS stood out from any previous (or future) Apple II models, evolving and advancing the platform into the next generation of computing while still maintaining near-complete backward compatibility. The secret of the Apple IIGS's compatibility was a single chip called the Mega II, which contained the functional equivalent of an entire Apple IIe computer (sans processor), which, combined with the flawless 65C02 emulation mode of the 65C816 processor, provided full support for legacy software. The Mega II is a custom chip from Apple Computer used in some of their Apple II product line. ...

The computer also included a 32-voice Ensoniq 5503, 'wavetable' sample-based music synthesizer chip with 64 KB dedicated RAM,^[13] 256 KB of standard RAM, built-in peripheral ports (switchable between IIe-style card slots and IIc-style onboard controllers for disk drives, mouse, RGB video, and serial devices), built-in AppleTalk networking, and a ROM toolbox that supported a graphical user interface derived from the Macintosh toolbox. The computer could run existing 8-bit Apple II software (including software written for the very first Apple II in Integer BASIC), but also supported 16-bit software running under a new OS first called ProDOS 16 and later called GS/OS.^[12] The new OS eventually included a Finder that could be used for managing disks and files and opening documents and applications, along with desk accessories — just like the Macintosh. The 16-bit operating system would automatically switch to the text display and downshift to 8-bit mode to run legacy software, while offering a consistent, Macintosh-like graphical interface for native 16-bit applications. Eventually the IIGS gained the ability to read and write Macintosh disks and, through third-party software, even multitasking (both cooperative and preemptive, the latter in the form of a Unix-type shell), outline TrueType font support, and in one case, even real-time 3D gaming using texture mapping. Ensoniq Corp. ... Wavetable synthesis is used in digital musical instruments (synthesizers) to produce natural tone-like sounds. ... Sample-based synthesis is a form of audio synthesis that can be similar in structure to either subtractive synthesis or additive synthesis. ... AppleTalk is a proprietary suite of protocols developed by Apple Inc for computer networking. ...

The first 50,000 Apple IIGS computers came with Steve Wozniak's "Woz" signature silkscreened on the front and were referred to as the "Woz Limited Edition". These machines are not functionally different from machines from the same time period without the signature.

Apple IIc Plus

The final Apple II model was the Apple IIc Plus introduced in 1988. It was the same size and shape as the IIc that came before it, but the 5¼-inch floppy drive had been replaced with a 3½-inch drive, the power supply was moved inside (gone was the IIc's "brick on a leash" power supply), and the processor was a fast 4 MHz 65C02 processor that actually ran 8-bit Apple II software faster than the IIGS. (Third-party accelerators for other models could, however, go as fast as 10 MHz, and IIGS accelerators would eventually reach 16 MHz.) The IIc Plus's accelerator was derived from a design licensed from Zip Technologies, a third-party maker of accelerators for the Apple II, though Apple used separate chips instead of combining the processor, cache, and supporting logic on a multi-chip module as did Zip. Like later models of the original Apple IIc, the IIc Plus included a memory expansion slot that would accept a daughter-card carrying up to a megabyte of RAM. The IIc Plus also featured a new keyboard layout that matched the Platinum IIe and IIGS. Unlike the IIe, IIc and IIGS, the IIc Plus came only in one, American, version, and was not officially sold anywhere outside the USA. The Apple IIc Plus was the sixth and final model in the Apple II line of personal computers, produced by Apple Computer. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (801x605, 141 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Apple II series Apple IIc Plus Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (801x605, 141 KB) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Apple II series Apple IIc Plus Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera... The Apple IIc Plus was the sixth and final model in the Apple II line of personal computers, produced by Apple Computer. ... This article is about a unit of data. ...

Many perceived the IIc Plus as Apple's attempt to compete with the Laser 128EX/2, a popular third party Apple-compatible machine that also had an accelerated processor and a built-in 3½-inch drive. There were few other rational explanations for Apple expending resources on the continued development of a new 8-bit Apple II model rather than furthering the 16-bit Apple IIGS. However, with its 3½-inch drive and speedy processor, it was an excellent, compact machine for running the AppleWorks integrated productivity package, especially with the 1 MB memory upgrade. The Laser 128 was a clone of the Apple II series of personal computers, first released by VTech in 1984. ... AppleWorks is an office suite of software applications sold by Apple Computer. ...

Apple IIe Card

Although not an extension of the Apple II line, in 1990 the Apple IIe Card, an expansion card for the LC line of Macintosh computers, was released. Essentially a miniaturized Apple IIe computer on a card (using the Mega II chip from the Apple IIGS), it allowed the Macintosh to run 8-bit Apple IIe software through hardware emulation (although video was emulated in software and was slower at times than a IIe). Many of the LC's built-in Macintosh peripherals could be "borrowed" by the card when in Apple II mode (i.e. extra RAM, 3½-inch floppy, AppleTalk networking, hard disk). The IIe card could not, however, run software intended for the 16-bit Apple IIGS. The Macintosh LC with IIe Card was intended to replace the Apple IIGS in schools and homes and was presumably the reason a new model Apple IIGS that was confirmed by insiders to be in development at one point was cancelled and never released. The Apple IIe Card (Apple Computer part #820_0444_A) was the smallest Apple II computer ever designed. ... The Apple IIe Card (Apple Computer part #820_0444_A) was the smallest Apple II computer ever designed. ... Macintosh LC pizza box computer, circa 1990. ... The first Macintosh computer, introduced in 1984, upgraded to a 512K Fat Mac. The Macintosh or Mac, is a line of personal computers designed, developed, manufactured, and marketed by Apple Computer. ...

Other peripheral cards

There were many companies during the 1980s that provided the Apple II line of computers with peripheral cards that added functionality thanks to Steve Wozniak's slot design. One such company was Applied Engineering. Two of the most popular and successful cards were the RamWorks (and its successors, the RamWorks II and RamWorks III) and the TransWarp cards. The RamWorks III card replaced the Apple IIe's auxiliary-slot memory card and with the appropriate daughter board could hold a whopping 3 MB of RAM. The TransWarp card was an Accelerator Card that could speed up the Apple II from its native 1 MHz processor to 3.6 MHz for the TransWarp and 8 MHz for the TransWarp II. The Transwarp card had the advantage of using Slot 3, which was directly tied to the AUX slot and normally unusable if an 80-column card or other such card was populating the AUX slot. Applied Engineering also developed and sold a 1.44 MB 3½-inch disk drive, an improvement over Apple's own 800 kB UniDisk 3½ (for the Apple IIe and IIc) and Apple 3½ Drive (for the Apple IIGS), though Apple did eventually release its own 1.44 MB drive (dubbed the SuperDrive) on the Apple IIe and IIGS. The SuperDrive was one of the last Apple II products released by Apple, and was canceled after a short time, together with the whole Apple II line. The Applied Engineering or AE drive came with its own controller card. Stephan Gary Woz Wozniak (born August 11, 1950 in San Jose, California) is an American computer engineer and the co-founder of Apple Computer (now Apple Inc. ... Applied Engineering was a leading 3rd party hardware vendor for the Apple II series of computers from about the mid 1980s until the mid 1990s. ... Apple II accelerators are computer hardware devices which enable an Apple II computer to operate faster than their intended design speed. ...

Another card available from Apple was the Apple II ProFile card. This card attached to the Apple ProFile Hard Disk that was initially designed for the Apple III computer. The ProFile was available first in a 5 MB configuration and later in a 10 MB one. Apple Inc. ... Apple Lisa with a ProFile hard drive. ... The Apple III, an early business machine predating the IBM PC The Apple III with an Apple Monitor //. The Apple III, or Apple /// as it was sometimes styled, was the first completely new computer designed by Apple. ...

Final years

Apple's Macintosh product line finally eclipsed the Apple II in the early 1990s. Even after the Macintosh's introduction, the Apple II had remained the company's primary revenue source for years: the Apple II and its associated community of third-party developers and retailers was once a billion-dollar-a-year industry. The computer was the first to attract a loyal user community and many outspoken Apple II fans were bitter that the company had invested its Apple II profits into the Macintosh rather than using them to further the Apple II series. For other uses, see Macintosh (disambiguation) and Mac. ...

Despite withholding advertising and little corporate support, Apple continued to sell the IIGS throughout 1992. Apple brought an era to a close when the IIe was removed from the product line on October 15, 1993. is the 288th day of the year (289th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar). ...

Marketing, advertising, and packaging

Mike Markkula, a retired Intel salesman who provided early critical funding for Apple Computer, was keen on marketing. From 1977 until 1981 Apple used the Regis McKenna agency for its advertisements and marketing. In 1981, Chiat-Day acquired Regis McKenna's advertising operations and Apple used Chiat-Day. At Regis McKenna Advertising, the team assigned to launch the Apple II consisted of Rob Janoff, art director, Chip Schafer, copywriter and Bill Kelley, account executive. Janoff came up with the Apple logo with a bite out of it. The design was originally an olive green with matching company logotype all in lower case. Steve Jobs insisted on promoting the color capability of the Apple II by putting rainbow stripes on the Apple logo. In its letterhead and business card implementation, the rounded "a" of the logotype echoed the "bite" in the logo. This logo was developed simultaneously with an advertisement and a brochure; the latter being produced for distribution initially at the first West Coast Computer Faire. Ever since the original Apple II, Apple has paid high attention to its quality of packaging, partly because of Steve Jobs' personal preferences and opinions on packaging and final product appearance.^[14] All of Apple's packaging for the Apple II series looked similar, featuring lots of clean white space and showing the Apple rainbow logo prominently.^[15] For several years up until the 1980s, Apple used the Motter Tekkura font for packaging, until changing to the Apple Garamond font. Harriv 09:43, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC) Categories: Possible copyright violations ... Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, SEHK: 4335), founded in 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation, is an American multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. ... Regis McKenna is best known for helping start several Silicon Valley firms during the 1970s and 80s with his own marketing firm, Regis McKenna, Inc founded in 1970. ... TBWAChiatDay is an advertising firm with offices in Los Angeles, New York and San Francisco. ... Rob Janoff is the creator of Apple Computers famous logo. ... The West Coast Computer Faire was an annual computer industry conference and exposition most often associated with San Francisco, its first and most frequent venue. ... Steve Jobs (born Steven Paul Jobs February 24, 1955) is the CEO, chairman and co-founder of Apple Inc. ... Apple typography covers several topics concerning typefaces that Apple Computer has used in its marketing, operating systems and industrial design. ... This article, Typography and logography of Apple Computer, covers Apple Computerâ€™s history of typeface and logo design in marketing, operating systems, and industrial design. ...

Apple ran the first advertisement for the Apple II in the July 1977 edition of Byte — a two page spread ad titled "Introducing the Apple II" and followed by a third page that was an order form. The first brochure, was entitled "Simplicity" and the copy in both the ad and brochure pioneered "demystifying" language intended to make the new idea of a home computer more "personal." The Apple II introduction ad was later run in the September 1977 issue of Scientific American.^[16] December 1975 issue of Byte (Vol 1. ... Scientific American is a popular-science magazine, published (first weekly and later monthly) since August 28, 1845, making it the oldest continuously published magazine in the United States. ...

Apple later aired eight television commercials for the Apple IIGS, emphasizing on its benefits to education and students, along with some print ads.^[17]

Towards the end of 1982, art director Brent Thomas and Steve Hayden came up with the idea of doing an ad campaign based on the timely tagline "Why 1984 won't be like 1984". Chiat-Day shopped it around to a number of clients, including Apple, where it was proposed to be used for a print ad in the Wall Street Journal promoting the Apple II. However, Apple did not go for it, and the idea was filed away until the spring of 1983, when they met with the Macintosh marketing team to start working on the launch, which was scheduled for January 1984. The idea eventually became the famous 1984 commercial which aired during the third quarter at Super Bowl XVIII.^[18] Generally speaking, advertising is the paid promotion of goods, services, companies and ideas by an identified sponsor. ... The Wall Street Journal is an influential international daily newspaper published in New York City, New York with an average daily circulation of 1,800,607 (2002). ... A screenshot from the commercial. ... Date January 22, 1984 Stadium Tampa Stadium City Tampa, Florida MVP Marcus Allen, Running back Favorite Redskins by 2 1/2 National anthem Barry Manilow Coin toss Bronko Nagurski Referee Gene Barth Halftime show Salute to Superstars of the Silver Screen with the University of Florida and Florida State University...

Clones

The Apple II was frequently cloned, both in the United States and abroad - similar cloning of the IBM PC later occurred. According to some sources (see below), more than 190 different models of Apple II clones were manufactured. Many of these had "fruit" names (e.g. "Pineapple") to indicate to the initiated that they were Apple II clones. For many years the most widely-used microcomputers in the Soviet Bloc were the Agat, an oversized Russian Apple II clone with a Cyrillic character set, and Bulgarian Pravetz series 8, a close Apple II replica with Cyrillic support. Download high resolution version (1836x1476, 575 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (1836x1476, 575 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... For the Chinese civilization, see China. ... A tower case featuring a modern design. ... Keyboard redirects here. ... The following is a list of clones of Apples Apple II home computer: Apco Arrow 1000 Base 64 Basis 108 Bell & Howell [[Citron II] CSC Euro Super CV-777 Franklin Ace Golden II InterTek System IV ITT 2020 Laser 128 Multitech Microprofessor II (MPF II) MicroSCI Havac Microcom IIe... During the Cold War, the Eastern Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) comprised the following Central and Eastern European countries: Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Albania (until the early 1960s, see below), the Soviet Union, and Czechoslovakia. ... Agat is a soviet clone of Apple II Replica. ... The Cyrillic alphabet (or azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is an alphabet used for several East and South Slavic languages; (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, and Ukrainian) and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ... The Pravetz series 8 computers were Bulgarian-made clones of the Apple II. They were manufactured in the town of Pravets. ... The Cyrillic alphabet (or azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters) is an alphabet used for several East and South Slavic languages; (Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, and Ukrainian) and many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia and Eastern Europe. ...

A Bosnian (at the time part of communist Yugoslavia) company named IRIS Computers (subcompany of biggest electric company in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Yugoslavia ENERGOINVEST) has produced Apple II clones since the early 1980s. Their official brandname was IRIS 8. They were very expensive and hard to obtain and were produced primarily for usage in early computerised digital telephone systems and for education. Their usage in offices of the state companies, R&D labs and in the Yugoslav army was also reported. IRIS 8 had looks of early IBM PCs — separate central unit with cooling system and two 5¼-inch disks, monitor and keyboard. Compatibility with original Apple II was complete. Elite high schools in Yugoslavia and especially Bosnia and Herzegovina were equipped with clusters of 8, 16 or 32 IRIS 8 computers connected in local network administrated by IRIS 16 PC clone. The number of IRIS 8's produced could be as many as a couple of tens of thousands.^{[citation needed]} Motto Brotherhood and Unity Anthem Hey, Slavs Capital Belgrade Language(s) Serbo-Croatian (spoken throughout the territory), Slovenian, Macedonian, Albanian, Hungarian (all official), and languages of other nationalities. ... This article is about the geographic area of Herzegovina. ... A floppy disk is a data storage device that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible (floppy) magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell. ...

An Australian-produced clone of the Apple II was the Medfly, named after the Mediterranean fruit fly that attacks apples. The Medfly computer featured a faster processor, more memory, detached keyboard, lower and upper case characters and a built-in disk controller. Genera 500 genera & about 5,000 species Tephritidae is a family of insects that includes fruit flies. ...

Unitron, a Brazilian company, produced another clone, named ApII. Unitron used a copy of the Apple's ROM translated to Portuguese. The operating system was Apple's DOS 3.3 translated to Portuguese. During this period, it was illegal to import microcomputers in Brazil, and buying those (illegal) clones was the only way to have a microcomputer. Unitron stopped manufacturing the ApII a few years after the introduction of IBM PC clones in Brazil.

The Ace clones from Franklin Computer Corporation are the best known and had the most lasting impact, as Franklin copied Apple's ROMs and software and freely admitted to doing so. Franklin's argument: a computer's ROM was simply a pattern of switches locked into a fixed position, and one cannot copyright a pattern of switches. Apple fought Franklin in court for about five years to get its clones off the market, and was ultimately successful when a court ruled that software stored in ROM was in fact copyrightable. (See Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.) Franklin later released non-infringing but less-compatible clones; these could run ProDOS and AppleWorks and had an Applesoft-like BASIC, but compatibility with other software was hit-or-miss. Franklin Computer Corporation is an American computer manufacturer based in Burlington, New Jersey, founded in 1981. ... Apple Computer, Inc. ...

Apple also challenged VTech's Laser 128, an enhanced clone of the Apple IIc first released in 1984, in court. This suit proved less fruitful for Apple, because VTech had reverse-engineered the Monitor ROM rather than copying it and had licensed Applesoft BASIC from its creator, Microsoft. Apple had neglected to obtain exclusive rights to the Applesoft dialect of BASIC from Microsoft; VTech was the first cloner to license it. The Laser 128 proved popular and remained on the market for many years, both in its original form and in accelerated versions that ran faster than 1 MHz. Although it wasn't 100% compatible with the Apple II, it was close, and its popularity ensured that most major developers tested their software on a Laser as well on as genuine Apple machines. Because it was frequently sold via mail order and mass-market retailers such as Sears, the Laser 128 may have cut into the sales of low-cost competitors such as Commodore Business Machines as much as it did Apple's. Video Technology Ltd. ... The Laser 128 was a clone of the Apple II series of personal computers, first released by VTech in 1984. ... Reverse engineering (RE) is the process of taking something (a device, an electrical component, a software program, etc. ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... Sears, Roebuck and Company is an American mid-range chain of international department stores, founded by Richard Sears and Alvah Roebuck in the late 19th century. ... Commodore is the commonly used name for Commodore International, an electronics company who was a major player in the 1980s home computer field. ...

While the first Apple II clones were generally exact copies of their Apple counterparts that competed mainly on price, many clones had extra capabilities too. A Franklin model, the Ace 1000, sported a numeric keypad and lower-case long before these features were added to the Apple II line. The Laser 128 series is sometimes credited with spurring Apple to release the Apple IIc Plus; the built-in 3½-inch drive and accelerated processor were features Laser had pioneered. The Laser 128 also had a IIe-style expansion slot on the side that could be used to add peripheral cards.

Bell & Howell, an audiovisual equipment manufacturer whose products (particularly film projectors) were ubiquitous in American schools, offered what appeared at first glance to be an Apple II Plus clone in a distinctive black plastic case. However, these were in fact real Apple II Plus units manufactured by Apple for B&H for a brief period of time. Many schools had a few of these Black "Darth Vader" Apples in their labs. Abraham Zapruders Bell & Howell Zoomatic movie camera, in the collection of the US National Archives Founded in 1907 and headquartered in Skokie, Illinois, the Bell & Howell Company merged with BÃ¶we Systec Inc in 2003 to become BÃ¶we Bell & Howell. ...

ITT created a clone for the European market called the ITT 2020 (Europlus). This clone was built in license from Apple and was thus officially sanctioned by Apple. It has the same shape as the Apple II but a different color (matte silver). To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

General

Data storage

Originally the Apple II used audio cassette tapes for program and data storage. A dedicated tape recorder along the lines of the Commodore Datassette was never produced; Apple recommended using the Panasonic RQ309 in some of its early printed documentation. Apple and many third-party developers made software available on tape at first, but after the Disk II became available, tape-based Apple II software essentially disappeared from the market. The Commodore 1530* (C2N) Datassette (a portmanteau of data + cassette), was Commodores dedicated computer tape recorder. ... Panasonic is an international brand name for Japanese electric products manufacturer Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. ...

The Disk II floppy drive used 5¼-inch floppy disks. The first disk operating systems for the Apple II were DOS 3.1 and DOS 3.2, which stored 113.75 kB on each disk, organized into thirty-five tracks of thirteen 256-byte sectors each. After about two years, DOS 3.3 was introduced, storing 140 kB thanks to a minor firmware change on the disk controller that allowed it to store 16 sectors per track. (This upgrade was user-installable on older controllers.) After the release of DOS 3.3, the user community discontinued use of DOS 3.2 except for running legacy software. Programs that required DOS 3.2 were fairly rare, however, as DOS 3.3 was not a major architectural change aside from the number of sectors per track. A program called MUFFIN was provided with DOS 3.3 to allow users to copy files from DOS 3.2 disks to DOS 3.3 disks. A floppy disk is a data storage device that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible (floppy) magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell. ... Disk Operating System (specifically) and disk operating system (generically), most often abbreviated as DOS (not to be confused with the DOS family of disk operating systems for the IBM PC compatible platform), refer to operating system software used in most computers that provides the abstraction and management of secondary storage... Beneath Apple DOS was a popular guide to Apple DOS. Apple DOS refers to operating systems for the Apple II series of microcomputers from 1978 through early 1983. ...

On a DOS 3.x disk, tracks 0, 1, and most of track 2 were reserved to store the operating system. (It was possible, with a special utility, to reclaim most of this space for data if a disk did not need to be bootable.) A short ROM program on the disk controller had the ability to seek to track zero — which it did without regard for the read/write head's current position, resulting in the characteristic "chattering" sound of a Disk II boot, which was the read/write head hitting the rubber stop block at the end of the rail — and read and execute code from sector 0. The code contained in there would then pull in the rest of the operating system. DOS stored the disk's directory on track 17, smack in the middle of the 35-track disks, in order to reduce the average seek time to the frequently-used directory track. The directory was fixed in size and could hold a maximum of 105 files. Subdirectories were not supported. Seek time is one of the several delays associated with reading or writing data on a computers disk drive. ...

Most game publishers did not include DOS on their floppy disks, since they needed the memory it occupied more than its capabilities; instead, they often wrote their own boot loaders and read-only file systems. This also served to discourage "crackers" from snooping around in the game's copy-protection code, since the data on the disk wasn't in files that could be accessed easily.

Some third-party manufacturers produced floppy drives that could write 40 tracks to most 5¼-inch disks, yielding 160 kB of storage per disk, but the format did not catch on widely, and no known software was published on 40-track media. Most drives, even Disk IIs, could write 36 tracks; simple modifications to DOS for formatting the extra track were common.

Incidentally, although the Apple Disk II stored 140 kB on single-sided, "single-density" floppy disks, it was very common for Apple II users to extend the capacity of a floppy disk to 280 kB — by cutting out a second write-protect notch on the side of the disk using a "disk notcher" (although a simple hole puncher would do) and inserting the disk flipped over. Early on, diskette manufacturers routinely warned that this technique would damage the read/write head of the drives or wear out the disk faster, and these warnings were frequently repeated in magazines of the day. In practice, however, this method was a quite reliable^{[citation needed]} way to store twice as much data for the same amount of money, and was widely used for commercially released floppies as well.

Later, Apple IIs were able to use 3½-inch disks with a total capacity of 800 kB and hard disks. DOS 3.3 did not support these drives natively; third-party software was required, and disks larger than about 400 kB had to be split up into multiple "virtual disk volumes." ProDOS, a 1983 descendent of the Apple ///'s SOS, became the Apple II operating system of choice for users with these larger disks thanks to its native support of volumes up to 32 MB in size and the fact that AppleWorks required it. For Australian-based Objectivist Prodos Marinakis and the prodos institute, see here. ...

Renditions of the "II" name

The "II" portion of the Apple II name was rendered in a variety of creative ways using stylized characters which resembled punctuation symbols on the front lids of the computers, and most printed material followed this lead. The II and the "unenhanced" IIe were labeled ][and ][e, and the IIGS and IIc Plus were rendered in small caps. The Apple ///, IIc, and later IIe models used slashes: ///, //c and //e. There have been some errors in the Apple II's name due to the numerous variations and forms on the "II". In typography, small caps (short for small capitals) are uppercase (capital) characters that are printed in a smaller size than normal uppercase characters of the same font. ... The Apple III, or Apple /// as it was sometimes styled, was the first completely new computer designed by Apple Computer, Inc. ...

Legacy

Today, emulators for various Apple II models are available to run Apple II software on Mac OS X, Linux, Microsoft Windows, homebrew enabled Nintendo DS and other operating systems. Numerous disk images of Apple II software are available free over the Internet for use with these emulators. AppleWin and MESS are among the best emulators compatible with most Apple II images. The MESS emulator supports recording and playing back of Apple II emulation sessions. The Home Action Replay Page (aka HARP) allows Apple II users to archive their favorite play sessions of the Apple II system and its games. However, many emulators cannot run software on copy-protected media, or can run only software employing fairly simple protection schemes, unless it is "cracked" (copy restrictions removed). Cracked software was widely pirated in the Apple II's heyday (with commercial cracking software such as the popular Copy II+ program being sold in stores with the purpose of "creating legitimate back-ups" of protected software), and some of it is still available, although use of such software is of questionable legality (see DMCA). For those who prefer to obtain their old software on the up-and-up, the Lost Classics Project has the goal of convincing copyright holders of classic Apple II software to officially allow unrestricted free distribution of their software and has "freed" a number of programs. The BSOD XScreensaver module, showing an Apple 2 system crash This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... The BSOD XScreensaver module, showing an Apple 2 system crash This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... BSoD is the abbreviation for Black screen of death â€” a failure mode of Windows 3. ... XScreenSaver-demo and the XMatrix hack XScreenSaver is a screensaver program for Unix-like operating systems running the X Window System. ... The Apple 2 XScreensaver module, editing a BASIC program. ... The Apple 2 XScreensaver module, editing a BASIC program. ... List of Apple II emulators: Virtual ][ AppleWin YAE KEGS Bernie ][ The Rescue XGS ActiveGS Apple Oasis Sara Catakig Applelet Categories: | ... Mac OS X (pronounced ) is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ... This article is about operating systems that use the Linux kernel. ... Windows redirects here. ... The Nintendo DS (sometimes abbreviated NDS or more commonly DS) is a handheld game console developed and manufactured by Nintendo. ... A disk image is a computer file containing the complete contents and structure of a data storage medium or device, such as a Hard drive, CD or DVD. The term has been generalized to cover any such file, whether originated from an actual physical storage device or not. ... This page meets Wikipedias criteria for speedy deletion. ... For other uses, see Mess (disambiguation). ... Software cracking is the modification of software to remove protection methods: copy prevention, trial/demo version, serial number, hardware key, CD check or software annoyances like nag screens and adware. ... The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is a United States copyright law which implements two 1996 WIPO treaties. ...

One unusual homage to the Apple II is an XScreenSaver "hack" named bsod. The bsod screensaver duplicates the appearance of computer crash screens for various operating systems (including the Windows Blue Screen of Death, after which it is named). In the case of the Apple II, the screensaver actually emulates the CRT display typically used with the computer, so the screen will appear to twitch as text blocks turn on and off, a common quirk of analog NTSC displays. Another module called "Apple2" shows a working Apple II being used to type and run three different programs in Applesoft BASIC, also with glitch-complete CRT emulation and even typos (or "syntax errors"), though the error messages are displayed at edit time (like Integer BASIC) instead of at run time (like Applesoft BASIC). XScreenSaver-demo and the XMatrix hack XScreenSaver is a screensaver program for Unix-like operating systems running the X Window System. ... A still image from the famous munching squares display hack. ... A screensaver is a computer program originally designed to conserve the image quality of computer displays by blanking the screen or filling them with moving images or patterns when the computers are not in use. ... A crash in computing is a condition where a program (either an application or part of the operating system) stops performing its expected function and also stops responding to other parts of the system. ... A blue screen of death as seen in Windows XP and Vista. ... Cathode ray tube employing electromagnetic focus and deflection Cutaway rendering of a color CRT: 1. ... BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of high-level programming languages. ...

In addition, an active retrocomputing community of vintage Apple II collectors and users, continue to restore, maintain and develop hardware and software for daily use of these original computers. Numerous websites and support groups exist for these enthusiasts who engage in the trade and purchase for their collections, increasingly rare parts and systems. Hardly a dead platform, the Apple II has a worldwide network of kindred spirits actively engaged in preserving this otherwise outdated technology and indeed regularly attracts, new younger members who continue to keep the platform alive long after it was discontinued by Apple. The Apple II is one of the most collected computers in the world, and is popular amongst hobbyists. ...

Industry impact

The Apple II series of computers had an enormous impact on the technology industry and on everyday life. The Apple II was the first computer many people ever saw, and its price was within the reach of many middle-class families. Its popularity bootstrapped the entire computer game and educational software markets and began the boom in the word processor and computer printer markets. The first microcomputer "killer app" for business was VisiCalc, the earliest spreadsheet, and it ran first on the Apple II; many businesses bought Apple IIs just to run VisiCalc, because it was the only spreadsheet available at the time. Apple's success in the home market inspired competitive home computers such as the VIC-20 (1980) and Commodore 64 (1982, with estimated sales between 17 and 25 million units). Through their significantly lower price point, these models introduced the computer to several tens of millions more home users, acquiring most of Apple's market share in the process. For information on interactive gaming in general, see video game. ... Educational software is computer software whose primary purpose is teaching or self-learning. ... A word processor (also more formally known as a document preparation system) is a computer application used for the production (including composition, editing, formatting, and possibly printing) of any sort of viewable or printed material. ... A computer printer, or more commonly a printer, produces a hard copy (permanent human-readable text and/or graphics) of documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as paper or transparencies. ... A killer application (commonly shortened to killer app) is a computer program that is so useful that people will buy a particular computer hardware, gaming console, and/or an operating system simply to run that program. ... VisiCalc was the first spreadsheet program available for personal computers. ... Screenshot of a spreadsheet under OpenOffice A spreadsheet is a rectangular table (or grid) of information, often financial information. ... Children playing on a Amstrad CPC 464 in the 1980s. ... The VIC-20 (Germany: VC-20; Japan: VIC-1001) is an 8-bit home computer. ... C-64 redirects here. ...

The success of the Apple II in business spurred IBM to create the IBM PC, which was then purchased by middle managers in all lines of business to run spreadsheet and word processing software, at first ported from Apple II versions; later, whole new application software dynasties would be founded on the PC. The popularity of these PCs and their clones then transformed business again with LAN applications such as e-mail and later Internet applications such as Usenet and the WWW. For other uses, see IBM (disambiguation) and Big Blue. ... IBM PC (IBM 5150) with keyboard and green screen monochrome monitor (IBM 5151), running MS-DOS 5. ... IBM PC compatible computers are those generally similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT. Such computers used to be referred to as PC clones, or IBM clones since they almost exactly duplicated all the significant features of the PC, XT, or AT internal design, facilitated by various manufacturers... LAN redirects here. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... Usenet (USEr NETwork) is a global, decentralized, distributed Internet discussion system that evolved from a general purpose UUCP architecture of the same name. ... WWWs historical logo designed by Robert Cailliau The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked, hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. ...

One valuable lesson from the Apple II was the importance of an open architecture to the success of a computer platform. The first Apple IIs shipped with an Apple II Reference Manual containing a complete schematic of the entire computer's circuitry and a complete source listing of the "Monitor" ROM firmware that served as the machine's BIOS (later this guide had to be purchased separately, and in the case of the Apple IIGS, the full technical documentation ran to several volumes). The Apple II's slots, allowing any peripheral card to take control of the bus and directly access memory, enabled an independent industry of card manufacturers who together created a flood of hardware products that let users build systems that were far more powerful and useful (at a lower cost) than any competing system, most of which were not nearly as expandable and were universally proprietary. Even the game port was unusually powerful and could be used for digital and analog input and output; one hacker used it to drive a LaserWriter printer. For other uses, see Bios. ... Don Lancaster is an author, inventor, and microcomputer pioneer, best known for his magazine columns. ... The Apple LaserWriter was one of the first laser printers available to the mass market. ...

Apple decided not to create an open architecture with the initial Macintosh models, and this is widely seen as having hobbled its success; however, the IBM PC provides an object lesson that success for the platform does not necessarily equate to success for the company that invented it. In the end, the IBM PC's off-the-shelf, open architecture allowed clones to be manufactured by startup competitors such as Compaq, Dell and Gateway, leading to a Pyrrhic victory for IBM. In December 2004, IBM confirmed it had sold its personal computer division including all computer models and technology to Lenovo in the People's Republic of China for US$1.75 billion.^[19]^[20] The first Macintosh computer, introduced in 1984, upgraded to a 512K Fat Mac. The Macintosh or Mac, is a line of personal computers designed, developed, manufactured, and marketed by Apple Computer. ... IBM PC (IBM 5150) with keyboard and green screen monochrome monitor (IBM 5151), running MS-DOS 5. ... IBM PC compatible computers are those generally similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT. Such computers used to be referred to as PC clones, or IBM clones since they almost exactly duplicated all the significant features of the PC, XT, or AT internal design, facilitated by various manufacturers... Compaq Computer Corporation is an American personal computer company founded in 1982, and now a brand name of Hewlett-Packard. ... Dell Inc. ... Gateway, Inc. ... A Pyrrhic victory is a victory with devastating cost to the victor. ... Lenovo Group Limited, formerly known as Legend Group Limited, is the largest personal computer manufacturer in the Peoples Republic of China, and as of 2004 is the eighth largest in the world. ...

References

is the 111th day of the year (112th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 362nd day of the year (363rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 216th day of the year (217th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 320th day of the year (321st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Michael Moritz is a venture capitalist with Sequoia Capital in Menlo Park, California, in the Silicon Valley. ... Stephan Gary Woz Wozniak (born August 11, 1950 in San Jose, California) is an American computer engineer and the co-founder of Apple Computer (now Apple Inc. ... December 1975 issue of Byte (Vol 1. ...

See also

Following is a List of Apple II applications. ... List of Apple II games - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Following is a List of Apple IIGS games. ... Actually this page is pretty set, the subpages need work. ... Stephan Gary Woz Wozniak (born August 11, 1950 in San Jose, California) is an American computer engineer and the co-founder of Apple Computer (now Apple Inc. ... Jerrold Manock is an industrial designer well known for creating the enclosures of the Apple II and Macintosh personal computers. ... Juiced. ... There was a thriving industry devoted to the Apple II at one time, including: inCider A+ - Published by IDG Open-Apple (later renamed A2-Central) - Published by Resource Central The Road Apple Nibble Softdisk & Softdisk G-S - by Softdisk Publishing A2-Central On Disk Script-Central Studio City Softalk Apple... Hayes Microcomputer Products was a US-based manufacturer of modems. ... This is a list of notable dial-up bulletin board system (BBS) software packages. ...

External links

Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Apple Inc. ... The following is a list of Apple Inc. ... The Apple I was an early personal computer, and the first to combine a keyboard with a microprocessor and a connection to a monitor. ... The 1977 Apple II, shown here with twin floppy disk drives and a monitor. ... The Apple II Plus was the second model of the Apple II series of personal computers produced by Apple Computer. ... The 1977 Apple II, shown here with twin floppy disk drives and a monitor. ... The 1977 Apple II, shown here with twin floppy disk drives and a monitor. ... The Apple IIe was the third model in the Apple II line of personal computers, produced by Apple Computer. ... The Apple IIc, the fourth model in the Apple II series of personal computers, was Apple Computers first endeavor to produce a portable computer. ... The Apple IIGS, the fifth model inception of the Apple II, was the most powerful member of the Apple II series of personal computers made by Apple Computer. ... The Apple IIc Plus was the sixth and final model in the Apple II line of personal computers, produced by Apple Computer. ... The Apple III, an early business machine predating the IBM PC The Apple III with an Apple Monitor //. The Apple III, or Apple /// as it was sometimes styled, was the first completely new computer designed by Apple. ... The Apple III, an early business machine predating the IBM PC The Apple III with an Apple Monitor //. The Apple III, or Apple /// as it was sometimes styled, was the first completely new computer designed by Apple. ... The Apple III, an early business machine predating the IBM PC The Apple III with an Apple Monitor //. The Apple III, or Apple /// as it was sometimes styled, was the first completely new computer designed by Apple. ... The Apple Lisa was a revolutionary personal computer designed at Apple Computer during the early 1980s. ... For the MOS 6502 assembler for Apple II computers, see Lisa assembler. ... The Macintosh XL was a modified version of the Apple Lisa personal computer made by Apple Computer. ... For other uses, see Macintosh (disambiguation) and Mac. ... The Macintosh 128K introduced the Compact Macintosh fcase style Compact Macintosh or Classic Macintosh are terms that refer to the direct descendants of the original Macintosh personal computer case design by Apple Computer. ... Back case of an unaltered, still-working original Macintosh (sold from January 1984 to September 1984). ... Mac 512K back panel The Macintosh 512K Personal Computer, the second of a long line of Apple Macintosh computers, was the first update to the original Macintosh 128K. It was virtually identical to the previous Mac, differing primarily in the amount of built-in memory, which quadrupled the originals. ... Macintosh XL The Macintosh XL was a modified version of the Apple Lisa personal computer made by Apple Computer. ... The Macintosh Plus computer was the third model in the Macintosh line, introduced two years after the original Macintosh and a little more than a year after the Macintosh 512K. It originally had a beige case, but in 1987, the case color was changed to the long-lived platinum color. ... The Macintosh 512Ke was introduced as a cheaper version of the top-of-the-line Macintosh Plus. ... The Macintosh SE was a personal computer manufactured by Apple. ... The Macintosh SE/30 is a personal computer that was designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer from 1989 until 1991. ... The Macintosh SE personal computer marked a significant improvement on the Macintosh Plus design and was introduced by Apple at the same time as the Macintosh II. It had a similar case to the original Macintosh computer, but with slight differences in colour and styling. ... Macintosh Classic Demand for another all-in-one Mac, such as the popular Macintosh Plus and the SE, spurred the introduction of the Macintosh Classic. ... The Apple Macintosh Classic II (also known as the Performa 200) replaced the Macintosh SE/30 in the compact Macintosh line in 1991. ... The Macintosh Color Classic was the first color all-in-one Apple Macintosh computer. ... The Macintosh Color Classic was the first color compact Apple Macintosh computer. ... The Macintosh II series (or sometimes simply Mac II series) is a series of personal computers in the Apple Macintosh line. ... Macintosh II was the first personal computer model of the Macintosh II series in the Apple Macintosh line. ... The Macintosh IIx was introduced by Apple in 1988 as an incremental update of the original Macintosh II model. ... Half a year following the release of the Macintosh IIx passed before Apple introduced the Macintosh IIcx in 1989. ... The Apple Macintosh IIci was an improvement on the Macintosh IIcx. ... The Macintosh IIfx was a model of Apple Macintosh computer, introduced in 1990 as the fastest Mac, and discontinued in 1992. ... Macintosh IIsi rear showing ports, including 10base2, 10baseT and AUI ethernet card. ... The Macintosh IIvi was a short-lived model of the Macintosh II series of Macintosh computers from Apple. ... The Macintosh IIvx was one of the models of the Macintosh II series of Macintosh computers from Apple. ... Macintosh LC pizza box computer, circa 1990. ... Macintosh LC pizza box computer, circa 1990. ... The Macintosh LC is a model of Macintosh computer manufactured by Apple Computer. ... Macintosh LC sans display, keyboard or mouse The Macintosh LC (meaning low-cost color) was Apple Computers product family of low-end consumer Macintosh personal computers in the early 1990s. ... Macintosh LC sans display, keyboard or mouse The Macintosh LC (meaning low-cost color) was Apple Computers product family of low-end consumer Macintosh personal computers in the early 1990s. ... Macintosh LC sans display, keyboard or mouse The Macintosh LC (meaning low-cost color) was Apple Computers product family of low-end consumer Macintosh personal computers in the early 1990s. ... The all-in-one case of the Macintosh LC 500 series The Macintosh LC 500 series is a series of personal computers that is a part of Apple Computers LC line of Macintosh computers. ... The all-in-one case of the Macintosh LC 500 series The Macintosh LC 500 series is a series of personal computers that is a part of Apple Computers LC line of Macintosh computers. ... The all-in-one case of the Macintosh LC 500 series The Macintosh LC 500 series is a series of personal computers that is a part of Apple Computers LC line of Macintosh computers. ... The all-in-one case of the Macintosh LC 500 series The Macintosh LC 500 series is a series of personal computers that is a part of Apple Computers LC line of Macintosh computers. ... The Macintosh Quadra 630 (Codenames: Crusader, Show Biz, Show & Tell; also sold with minor variations as the Macintosh LC 630 in the educational market and as the Macintosh Performa 630 in the consumer market) is a personal computer that is a part of Apple Computers Quadra series of Macintosh... The Macintosh Performa 5200, first of the 5200 series. ... The Macintosh Performa 5200, first of the 5200 series. ... The Macintosh Performa 5200, first of the 5200 series. ... The Power Macintosh 5400 series (also sold under variations of the name Performa 5400 and Power Macintosh 5400 LC) is a series of lower midrange all-in-one (meaning the cases feature an integrated monitor) personal computers that are a part of Apple Computers Macintosh LC, Power Macintosh and... A Macintosh Performa 5200, an all-in-one desktop similar to the iMac. ... The Macintosh TV was Apple Computers first attempt at computer-television integration. ... Macintosh Quadra 800 The Macintosh Quadra series was Apple Computers product family of professional high-end Apple Macintosh personal computers built using the Motorola 68040 CPU from 1991 until the Power Mac was introduced in 1994. ... The Macintosh Quadra 700 was introduced (along with the Quadra 900) in October 1991, as Apples first computers to use the Motorola 68040 processor, as well as the first to feature built-in Ethernet networking. ... The Macintosh Quadra 900 was a high-end personal computer introduced with the Quadra 700 in October 1991 as Apple Computers first computers in the Quadra series using the Motorola 68040 processor. ... The Macintosh Quadra 950 was the third desktop computer in Apple Computers Quadra line. ... The Macintosh Quadra 800 (Codenames: Fridge, Wombat 33, also sold with bundled server software as the Apple Workgroup Server 80) is a personal computer that is a part of Apple Computers Quadra series of Macintosh computers. ... The Macintosh Quadra 840AV (Codenames: Quadra 1000, Cyclone) is a personal computer that is a part of Apple Computers Quadra series of Macintosh computers. ... The Macintosh Quadra 610 and the Macintosh Centris 610 (also sold with bundled server software as the Apple Workgroup Server 60) are two closely-related personal computers that are a part of Apple Computers Quadra and Centris series of Macintosh computers, respectively. ... The Macintosh Quadra 650 and the Macintosh Centris 650 are two closely-related personal computers that are a part of Apple Computers Quadra and Centris series of Macintosh computers, respectively. ... The Macintosh Quadra 660AV (Codename: Tempest) is a personal computer that is a part of Apple Computers Quadra series of Macintosh computers. ... Ports at the rear of a Quadra 605, including RJ45 Ethernet expansion. ... The Macintosh Quadra 630 (Codenames: Crusader, Show Biz, Show & Tell; also sold with minor variations as the Macintosh LC 630 in the educational market and as the Macintosh Performa 630 in the consumer market) is a personal computer that is a part of Apple Computers (now Apple Inc. ... The Macintosh Centris 660AV, the last computer to use the Centris name Macintosh Centris was a set of three 1993 Macintosh models that were built around the Motorola 68LC040 and 68040 CPUs. ... The Macintosh Quadra 610 and the Macintosh Centris 610 (also sold with bundled server software as the Apple Workgroup Server 60) are two closely-related personal computers that are a part of Apple Computers Quadra and Centris series of Macintosh computers, respectively. ... The Macintosh Quadra 650 and the Macintosh Centris 650 are two closely-related personal computers that are a part of Apple Computers Quadra and Centris series of Macintosh computers, respectively. ... The Macintosh Quadra 660AV (Codename: Tempest) is a personal computer that is a part of Apple Computers Quadra series of Macintosh computers. ... The Power Mac G5, the last model of the series. ... An Apple Power Macintosh 6100/60 (1994) The Power Macintosh 6100 was Apple Computers first computer to use the new PowerPC RISC type processor co-created by IBM and Motorola. ... The Power Macintosh 7100 was a high-end Macintosh personal computer designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer from March 1994 to January 1996. ... The Power Macintosh 8100 (Codenames: Cold Fusion, Flagship; also sold in Japan as the Power Macintosh 8115 and with bundled server software as the Apple Workgroup Server 8150) is a personal computer that is a part of Apple Computers Power Macintosh series of Macintosh computers. ... The Performa 6300, one of the many models of the 6200 family The Power Macintosh 6200 (Codename: Crusader / Elixir, also sold under variations of the name Performa 6200, Performa 6300 and Power Macintosh 6300) is a series of mid-range personal computer that are a part of Apple Computers... The Macintosh Performa 5200, first of the 5200 series. ... The Power Macintosh 9500 (the 132 MHz model is also known as Power Macintosh 9515 in Europe and Japan) is a high-end Macintosh personal computer which was designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer from May 1995 until early 1997. ... The Power Macintosh 7200 (Codename: Catalyst; the 90 MHz model was also sold in Japan as the Power Macintosh 7215, and the 120 MHz model with bundled server software as the Apple Workgroup Server 7250: additionally, it was available in Europe in an 8100-style case as the Power Macintosh... The Power Macintosh 7500 was one of the first PCI capable Macs manufactured by Apple Computer. ... The Power Macintosh 8500 (the 120 MHz model is also known as Power Macintosh 8515 in Europe and Japan) is a high-end Macintosh personal computer designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer from 1995 until 1997. ... The Performa 6300, one of the many models of the 6200 family The Power Macintosh 6200 (Codename: Crusader / Elixir, also sold under variations of the name Performa 6200, Performa 6300 and Power Macintosh 6300) is a series of mid-range personal computers that are a part of Apple Computers... The Macintosh Performa 5200, first of the 5200 series. ... The Macintosh Performa 5200, first of the 5200 series. ... The Power Macintosh 5400 series (also sold under variations of the name Performa 5400 and Power Macintosh 5400 LC) is a series of lower midrange all-in-one (meaning the cases feature an integrated monitor) personal computers that are a part of Apple Computers Macintosh LC, Power Macintosh and... The Power Macintosh 7600 was a PowerPC 604 based desktop computer sold by Apple in three speeds (120MHz, 132MHz and 200MHz - the last model was not available in North America) between April 1996 and November 1997. ... The Power Macintosh 6400 (Codenames: InstaTower, Alchemy, Hacksaw; also sold under variations of the name Performa 6400) is a mid-range personal computer that is a part of Apple Computers Power Macintosh and Macintosh Performa series of Macintosh computers. ... The Power Macintosh 4400 (also known as the Power Macintosh 7220 in some markets like Australia) is a high-end Macintosh personal computer designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer from 1996 until 1998. ... Power Macintosh 5500/275 The Power Macintosh 5500 â€“ code-named Phoenix â€“ was produced between February 1997 and early 98 and came with an IBM PowerPC 603ev processor operating at either 225, 250 and 275 MHz. ... The Power Macintosh 6500 (Codename: Gazelle) is a mid-range desktop computer in Apple Computers Power Macintosh series. ... The Power Macintosh 7300 (Codename: Montana; also sold with server software as the Apple Workgroup Server 7350) is a personal computer that is a part of Apple Computers Power Macintosh series of Macintosh computers. ... The Power Macintosh 8600 (Codename: Kansas) is a personal computer that is a part of Apple Computers Power Macintosh series of Macintosh computers. ... The Power Macintosh 9600 (Codename: Kansas; also sold with additional server software as the Apple Workgroup Server 9650) is a personal computer that is a part of Apple Computers Power Macintosh series of Macintosh computers. ... The Power Macintosh G3, commonly called beige G3s or platinum G3s for the color of their cases, is a series of personal computers that was designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Computer, Inc. ... Apple released the Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh (often called simply TAM) in May of 1997 to mark the 20th anniversary of Apple Computer, not the Macintosh. ... The Macintosh Portable was Apple Computers first attempt at making a portable Macintosh personal computer that held the power of a desktop Macintosh and included the capabilities of a professional business Macintosh such as the Macintosh IIci. ... The PowerBook was a line of Macintosh laptop computers that was designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer, Inc. ... The PowerBook is a line of Apple Macintosh laptop computers that was designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer from 1991 to 2006. ... The PowerBook is a line of Apple Macintosh laptop computers that was designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer from 1991 to 2006. ... The PowerBook 140 was released in the first line of PowerBooks. ... The PowerBook 170 was released by Apple Inc. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... The PowerBook 160 was a portable computer released by Apple Inc. ... The PowerBook 180 is one portable computer of Apple Computer. ... The PowerBook 145B was the same as the 145 that came before it, but with a lower price and 2 more MiB of RAM soldered to the motherboard. ... The PowerBook 180 was a portable computer released by Apple Computer, Inc. ... The PowerBook 150 was a laptop created by Apple Computer in 1994. ... Apple PowerBook Duo 2300c with standard CD jewel case, for size comparison. ... Apple PowerBook Duo 2300c with standard CD jewel case, for size comparison. ... Apple PowerBook Duo 2300c with standard CD jewel case, for size comparison. ... Apple PowerBook Duo 2300c with standard CD jewel case, for size comparison. ... Apple PowerBook Duo 2300c with standard CD jewel case, for size comparison. ... Apple PowerBook Duo 2300c with standard CD jewel case, for size comparison. ... Apple PowerBook Duo 2300c with standard CD jewel case, for size comparison. ... PowerBook Duo 230 The PowerBook Duo was a line of small subnotebooks manufactured and sold by Apple Computer from 1992 until 1997 as a more compact companion to the PowerBook line. ... The PowerBook 500 series (codenamed Blackbird) was a range of Apple Macintosh PowerBook portable computers first introduced by Apple Computer with the 520 model on 16 May 1994. ... The PowerBook 500 (codenamed Blackbird) series was a range of Apple Macintosh PowerBook portable computers first introduced by Apple Computer with the 520 model on 16 May 1994. ... The PowerBook 500 (codenamed Blackbird) series was a range of Apple Macintosh PowerBook portable computers first introduced by Apple Computer with the 520 model on 16 May 1994. ... The PowerBook 500 (codenamed Blackbird) series was a range of Apple Macintosh PowerBook portable computers first introduced by Apple Computer with the 520 model on 16 May 1994. ... The PowerBook 500 (codenamed Blackbird) series was a range of Apple Macintosh PowerBook portable computers first introduced by Apple Computer with the 520 model on 16 May 1994. ... The PowerBook 500 series (codenamed Blackbird) was a range of Apple Macintosh PowerBook portable computers first introduced by Apple Computer with the 520 model on 16 May 1994. ... The PowerBook 190 and its companion PowerBook 190cs are laptop computers manufactured by Apple Computer as part of their PowerBook brand, introduced to the market in August 1995. ... The PowerBook 190 and its companion PowerBook 190cs are laptop computers manufactured by Apple Computer as part of their PowerBook brand, introduced to the market in August 1995. ... The PowerBook 190 and its companion PowerBook 190cs are laptop computers manufactured by Apple Computer as part of their PowerBook brand, introduced to the market in August 1995. ... The PowerBook 5300 series was the first generation of PowerBook laptops manufactured by Apple Computer to use the PowerPC processor. ... The PowerBook 5300 series was the first generation of PowerBook laptops manufactured by Apple Computer to use the PowerPC processor. ... The PowerBook 5300 series was the first generation of PowerBook laptops manufactured by Apple Computer to use the PowerPC processor. ... The PowerBook 5300 series was the first generation of PowerBook laptops manufactured by Apple Computer to use the PowerPC processor. ... The PowerBook 5300 series was the first generation of PowerBook laptops manufactured by Apple Computer to use the PowerPC processor. ... The PowerBook 1400 (codename Epic) was a notebook designed and sold by Apple Computer in the mid- to late 1990s as part of their PowerBook series of Macintosh computers. ... The PowerBook 1400 (codename Epic) was a notebook designed and sold by Apple Computer in the mid- to late 1990s as part of their PowerBook series of Macintosh computers. ... The PowerBook 1400 (codename Epic) was a notebook designed and sold by Apple Computer in the mid- to late 1990s as part of their PowerBook series of Macintosh computers. ... The PowerBook 3400c (often called just 3400) was a laptop computer in the PowerBook line manufactured by Apple Computer from February to November 1997. ... The PowerBook 2400c (codenames: Comet, Nautilus) is a subnotebook in Apple Computers PowerBook range of Macintosh computers. ... The PowerBook G3 was a professional line of laptop Macintosh computers made by Apple between 1997 to 2000. ... Apple Workgroup Server (AWS or sometimes WGS) and, later, Macintosh Server, were the names given to selected models of Macintosh computers which were sold by Apple Computer with additional server software and sometimes bigger hard drives . ... Apple Workgroup Server (AWS or sometimes WGS) and, later, Macintosh Server, were the names given to selected models of Macintosh computers which were sold by Apple Computer with additional server software and sometimes bigger hard drives. ... Apple Workgroup Server (AWS or sometimes WGS) and, later, Macintosh Server, were the names given to selected models of Macintosh computers which were sold by Apple Computer with additional server software and sometimes bigger hard drives. ... Apple Workgroup Server (AWS or sometimes WGS) and, later, Macintosh Server, were the names given to selected models of Macintosh computers which were sold by Apple Computer with additional server software and sometimes bigger hard drives . ... Apple Workgroup Server (AWS or sometimes WGS) and, later, Macintosh Server, were the names given to selected models of Macintosh computers which were sold by Apple Computer with additional server software and sometimes bigger hard drives. ... Apple Workgroup Server (AWS or sometimes WGS) and, later, Macintosh Server, were the names given to selected models of Macintosh computers which were sold by Apple Computer with additional server software and sometimes bigger hard drives. ... The Apple Workgroup Server 9150 is not directly based on a Power Macintosh. ... Apple Workgroup Server (AWS or sometimes WGS) and, later, Macintosh Server, were the names given to selected models of Macintosh computers which were sold by Apple Computer with additional server software and sometimes bigger hard drives. ... Apple Workgroup Server (AWS or sometimes WGS) and, later, Macintosh Server, were the names given to selected models of Macintosh computers which were sold by Apple Computer with additional server software and sometimes bigger hard drives. ... Apple Workgroup Server (AWS or sometimes WGS) and, later, Macintosh Server, were the names given to selected models of Macintosh computers which were sold by Apple Computer with additional server software and sometimes bigger hard drives. ... Apple Workgroup Server (AWS or sometimes WGS) and, later, Macintosh Server, were the names given to selected models of Macintosh computers which were sold by Apple Computer with additional server software and sometimes bigger hard drives. ... An Apple Network Server The Apple Network Server (ANS) was a short-lived line of PowerPC-based server computers manufactured by Apple Computer from February 1996 to April 1997, when it was discontinued due to very poor sales. ... The Apple Network Server (ANS) was a short-lived line of PowerPC-based server computers manufactured by Apple Computer from February 1996 to April 1997, when it was discontinued due to very poor sales. ... The Apple Network Server (ANS) was a short-lived line of PowerPC-based server computers manufactured by Apple Computer from February 1996 to April 1997, when it was discontinued due to very poor sales. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Apple Adjustable Keyboard was an ergonomic and adjustable computer keyboard introduced by Apple Computer in 1992 for the Macintosh personal computers at a retail price of US$119. ... Image:Http://www. ... AppleCD 300, back (top) and front (bottom). ... Disk II drives. ... Disk IIc drive. ... The Hard Disk 20 was the first hard drive developed by Apple Computer specifically for use with the Macintosh 512K. Introduced in September 17, 1985, four months prior to the introduction of the Macintosh Plus and almost 8 months after it was announced, it was part of Apples long... The Apple IIe Card (Apple Computer part #820_0444_A) was the smallest Apple II computer ever designed. ... Prototype of the Apple set-top box The Apple Interactive Television Box was a set-top box developed by Apple Computer in partnership with British Telecom. ... LocalTalk is a particular implementation of the physical layer of the AppleTalk networking system from Apple Computer. ... The Apple Mouse began as one of the first commercial mice available to consumers. ... The Apple Newton MessagePad 100 The Apple Newton, or simply Newton, is an early line of personal digital assistants developed and marketed by Apple Computer (now Apple Inc. ... Apple Newton eMate 300 open. ... The Paladin was a conceptual combination of a computer, fax machine, scanner, and phone all-in-one produced by Apple Computer as a single office solution for a small business. ... Actually this page is pretty set, the subpages need work. ... Apple II accelerators are computer hardware devices which enable an Apple II computer to operate faster than their intended design speed. ... Apple II serial cards primarily used the serial RS-232 protocol. ... The Apple Pippin was a technology for a multimedia player platform marketed by Apple Inc. ... An Apple PowerCD with the remote control. ... The Apple Color Printer is the first color inkjet printer introduced by Apple in 1992. ... The Apple Dot Matrix Printer (often shortened to Apple DMP) is a printer made by Apple in 1982 alongside a daisy-wheel printer (named the Apple Letter Quality printer[1]) for the Apple II series and the Apple III. It was succeeded by the ImageWriter in 1984. ... The ImageWriter was a dot matrix printer designed and manufactured by C.Itoh Electronics and marketed by Apple Computer in the 1980s. ... The Apple LaserWriter was one of the first laser printers available to the mass market. ... The Apple Scribe Printer was a thermal printer made by Apple Computer and first introduced in 1984 alongside the Apple //c for a relatively low retail price of $299. ... An Apple SilenType printer. ... The Apple StyleWriters were Apple Computers line of inkjet serial printers, targeted mainly towards consumers. ... The Portable StyleWriter is a portable color inkjet printer manufactured and sold by Apple in 1993. ... Front of a QuickTake 200 Back of a QuickTake 200 The Apple QuickTake (codenamed Venus, Mars, Neptune) was one of the first consumer digital cameras. ...

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