Apple Inc.
Type	Public (NASDAQ: AAPL, LSE: ACP, FWB: APC)
Founded	California, USA (April 1, 1976, as Apple Computer, Inc.)
Headquarters	1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, California
Key people	Steve Jobs, CEO & Co-founder Steve Wozniak, Co-founder Timothy D. Cook, COO Peter Oppenheimer, CFO Philip W. Schiller, SVP Marketing Jonathan Ive, SVP Industrial Design Tony Fadell, SVP iPod Division Ron Johnson, SVP Retail Sina Tamaddon, SVP Applications Bertrand Serlet, SVP Software Engineering Scott Forstall, VP Platform Experience
Industry	Computer hardware Computer software Consumer electronics
Products	Mac (personal computer series), Mac OS X, Mac OS X Server, iPod, QuickTime, iLife, iWork, Safari, Apple Remote Desktop, Xsan, Final Cut Studio, Aperture, Logic Studio, Cinema Display, AirPort, Xserve, Xserve RAID, iPhone, Apple TV
Revenue	US$24.01 billion (TTM FY 2007)[1]
Operating income	US$4.41 billion (TTM FY 2007) (18.37% operating margin)[1]
Net income	US$3.50 billion (TTM FY 2007) (14.56% profit margin)[1]
Employees	17,787 full-time; 2,399 temporary (September 30, 2006)[2]
Website	Apple.com

Apple Inc. (NASDAQ: AAPL, LSE: ACP, FWB: APC), formerly Apple Computer, Inc., is an American multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing consumer electronics and closely related software products. Established in Cupertino, California on April 1, 1976, Apple develops, sells, and supports a series of personal computers, portable media players, mobile phones, computer software, and computer hardware and hardware accessories. As of September 2007, the company operates 194 retail stores in the United States, and more in the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, and Italy,^[3] and online stores where hardware and software products are sold. The iTunes Store provides music, audiobooks, iPod games, music videos, episodes of television programs, and movies which can be downloaded using iTunes on Mac or Windows, and also on the iPod touch and the iPhone. The company's best-known hardware products include the Macintosh line of personal computers, the iPod line of portable media players, and the iPhone. Apple's software products include the Mac OS X operating system, the iLife suite of multimedia and creativity software, and Final Cut Studio, a suite of professional audio- and film-industry software products. Image File history File links Apple-logo. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... NASDAQ in Times Square, New York City. ... The Source by Greyworld, in the new LSE building Paternoster Square. ... The Frankfurt Stock Exchange (outside) The DAX chart (inside) The Frankfurt Stock Exchange (German: FWB® Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse) is a stock exchange located in Frankfurt, Germany. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_California. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Location of Cupertino within Santa Clara County, California. ... Steven Paul Jobs (born February 24, 1955) is the co-founder, chairman and CEO of Apple Inc. ... “Chief executive” redirects here. ... An entrepreneur (a loanword from French introduced and first defined by the Irish economist Richard Cantillon) is a person who operates a new enterprise or venture and assumes some accountability for the inherent risks. ... Stephan Gary Woz Wozniak (born August 11, 1950 in San Jose, California) is an American computer engineer and the co-founder of Apple Computer (now Apple Inc. ... Timothy D. Cook. ... A Chief Operating Officer (COO) is a corporate officer responsible for managing the day-to-day activities of the corporation. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... “CFO” redirects here. ... Philip W. Schiller Philip W. Schiller (born 1960) is the senior vice president of worldwide product marketing at Apple Inc. ... A vice president is an officer in government or business who is next in rank below a president. ... For the magazine, see Marketing (magazine). ... Jonathan Paul Ive CBE (born February 1967) is Senior Vice President of Industrial Design at Apple Inc. ... Industrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of products may be improved for marketability and production. ... Tony Fadell Tony fadel Rubinstein]] in 2006. ... iPod is a brand of portable media players designed and marketed by Apple and launched in October 2001. ... Ron Johnson Ron Johnson is the Senior Vice President of Retail Operations at Apple Computer. ... Drawing of a self-service store. ... Sina Tamaddon Sina Tamaddon is the Senior Vice President of Applications for Apple Computer. ... Application software is a subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly and thoroughly to a task that the user wishes to perform. ... Bertrand Serlet is senior vice president of software engineering at Apple Inc[1]. He succeeded Avie Tevanian to the position in July 2003[2]. In this position he has been primarily responsible for the release of the 10. ... Software engineering (SE) is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software. ... Scott Forstall is Vice President of iPhone Software at Apple Inc. ... In computing, a platform describes some sort of framework, either in hardware or software, which allows software to run. ... Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including the digital circuitry, as distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardware. ... Software redirects here. ... Consumer electronics is a term used to describe the category of electronic equipment intended for everyday use by people, the consumers. ... For other uses, see Macintosh (disambiguation) and Mac. ... Mac OS X (pronounced ) is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ... Mac OS X Server is the server-oriented version of Apples operating system, Mac OS X. Mac OS X, in both desktop and server versions, is a Unix operating system based on technology that Apple acquired from NeXT Computer. ... iPod is a brand of portable media players designed and marketed by Apple and launched in October 2001. ... QuickTime is a multimedia framework developed by Apple Inc. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... iWork is a suite of applications created by Apple Inc. ... Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. ... Apple Remote Desktop (ARD) is a Macintosh application produced by Apple Computer, first released on March 14, 2002, that replaced a similar product called Apple Network Assistant. ... Xsan is Apple Inc. ... Image:Fcstudio2 box. ... Aperture is a software program for Mac OS X announced by Apple Inc at a New York media event on October 19, 2005, designed to assist professional photographers in post-production work. ... Logic Studio is a music production suite by Apple Inc. ... Dual 30 Apple Cinema HD Displays Previous-generation Apple Studio Display (the Studio Display in an aspect ratio of 4:3 instead of 16:10) The Apple Cinema Display is a product line of widescreen flat panel monitors made by Apple Inc. ... A small Xserve cluster with an Xserve RAID. Xserve is the name of Apple Computers Macintosh 1U rackmount line of server computers. ... Xserve RAID is Apple Computers mass storage rack mounted device. ... For the Internet appliance line, see Linksys iPhone. ... Apple TV is a digital media receiver designed, marketed and sold by Apple. ... For the tax agency in Ireland of the same name, see Revenue Commissioners. ... USD redirects here. ... One thousand million (1,000,000,000) is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... In commerce, the trailing twelve months (TTM) is a moving measurement (for example, an average or a sum) over the 12 previous months. ... A fiscal year (or financial year or accounting reference date) is a 12-month period used for calculating annual (yearly) financial statements in businesses and other organizations. ... Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT), also known as operating income and operating profit, is a term used to describe a companys earnings. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... In economics, operating margin is the ratio of operating income divided by sales revenue. ... Net income is equal to the income that a firm has after subtracting costs and expenses from the total revenue. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Profit margin is a measure of profitability. ... This article is about work. ... is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A website (alternatively, Web site or web site) is a collection of Web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that is hosted on one or several Web server(s), usually accessible via the Internet, cell phone or a LAN. A Web page is a document, typically written in HTML... NASDAQ in Times Square, New York City. ... The Source by Greyworld, in the new LSE building Paternoster Square. ... The Frankfurt Stock Exchange (outside) The DAX chart (inside) The Frankfurt Stock Exchange (German: FWB® Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse) is a stock exchange located in Frankfurt, Germany. ... A multinational corporation (or transnational corporation) (MNC/TNC) is a corporation or enterprise that manages production establishments or delivers services in at least two countries. ... Consumer electronics is a term used to describe the category of electronic equipment intended for everyday use by people, the consumers. ... Computer software (or simply software) refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of a computer for some purpose. ... Location of Cupertino within Santa Clara County, California. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... A portable multimedia player (PMP) is a self-reliant electronic device that is capable of storing and playing files in one or more media formats. ... Software redirects here. ... Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including the digital circuitry, as distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardware. ... This article is about the retail chain. ... The iTunes Store is an online business run by Apple Inc. ... An audio book is a recording of the contents of a book read aloud. ... A music video is a short film or video that accompanies a complete piece of music, most commonly a song. ... An episode is a part of a dramatic work such as a serial television or radio program. ... A television program (US), television programme (UK) or simply television show is a segment of programming in television broadcasting. ... This article is about motion pictures. ... This article is about the iTunes application. ... Windows redirects here. ... The iPod touch is an iPod portable media player designed and marketed by Apple Inc. ... For the Internet appliance line, see Linksys iPhone. ... For other uses, see Macintosh (disambiguation) and Mac. ... iPod is a brand of portable media players designed and marketed by Apple and launched in October 2001. ... For the Internet appliance line, see Linksys iPhone. ... Mac OS X (pronounced ) is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ... An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Image:Fcstudio2 box. ...

The company, incorporated January 3, 1977,^[4] was known as "Apple Computer, Inc." for its first 30 years. On January 9, 2007, the company dropped "Computer" from its corporate name.^[5] The change followed Apple's announcement of its new iPhone smartphone and Apple TV digital video system and reflects the company's ongoing expansion into the consumer electronics market in addition to its traditional focus on personal computers.^[6] is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... is the 9th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... A Sony Ericsson Smartphone (Model P910i) with touch screen and QWERTY keyboard Look up smartphone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Digital video is a type of video recording system that works by using a digital, rather than analog, of the video signal. ... Consumer electronics is a term used to describe the category of electronic equipment intended for everyday use by people, the consumers. ...

Apple employs over 20,000 permanent and temporary workers worldwide^[2] and had worldwide annual sales in its fiscal year 2007 (ending September 29, 2007) of US$24.01 billion.^[1] is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... USD redirects here. ... One thousand million (1,000,000,000) is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001. ...

For a variety of reasons, ranging from its philosophy of comprehensive aesthetic design to their advertising campaigns, Apple has engendered a distinct reputation in the consumer electronics industry and has cultivated a customer base that is unusually devoted to the company and its brand, particularly in the United States.^[7] For other uses, see Philosophy (disambiguation). ... The Parthenons facade showing an interpretation of golden rectangles in its proportions. ... Industrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of products may be improved for marketability and production. ... In the past two decades, Apple Inc. ... Consumer electronics is a term used to describe the category of electronic equipment intended for everyday use by people, the consumers. ...

History

Main article: History of Apple Inc.

The company introduced the Apple II microcomputer in 1977. A few years later, in 1983, it introduced the Lisa, the first commercial personal computer to employ a graphical user interface (GUI), which was influenced in part by the Xerox Alto. Lisa was also the first personal computer to have the mouse. In 1984, the Macintosh was introduced, which arguably advanced the concept of a new user-friendly graphical user interface. Apple's success with the Macintosh became a major influence in the development of graphical interfaces elsewhere, with major computer operating systems, such as the Commodore Amiga, and Atari ST, appearing on the market within two years of the introduction of the Macintosh. This article is about the History of Apple Inc. ... The Apple II was one of the most popular personal computers of the 1980s. ... The Commodore 64 was one of the most popular microcomputers of its era, and is the best selling model of home computer of all time. ... The Apple Lisa was a revolutionary personal computer designed at Apple Computer during the early 1980s. ... GUI redirects here. ... The Xerox Alto monitor has a portrait orientation. ... A contemporary computer mouse, with the most common standard features: two buttons and a scroll wheel. ... For other uses, see Macintosh (disambiguation) and Mac. ... GUI redirects here. ... An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. ... Commodore, the commonly used name for Commodore International, was an American electronics company based in West Chester, Pennsylvania which was a vital player in the home/personal computer field in the 1980s. ... This article is about the family of home computers. ... The Atari ST is a home/personal computer that was commercially popular from 1985 to the early 1990s. ...

In 1991, Apple introduced the PowerBook line of portable computers. The 1990s also saw Apple's market share fall as competition from Microsoft Windows and the comparatively inexpensive IBM PC compatible computers that would eventually dominate the market. In the 2000s, Apple expanded its focus on software to include professional and prosumer video, music, and photo production solutions, with a view to promoting their products as a "digital hub". It also introduced the iPod, the most popular digital music player in the world.^[8] The PowerBook was a line of Macintosh laptop computers that was designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer, Inc. ... A Portable computer is a computer that is designed to be moved from one place to another (in other words, it is a computer that is portable). ... Windows redirects here. ... IBM PC compatible computers are those generally similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT. Such computers used to be referred to as PC clones, or IBM clones since they almost exactly duplicated all the significant features of the PC, XT, or AT internal design, facilitated by various manufacturers... Prosumer refers to one of two possible portmanteaus formed by contracting either the word producer or professional with the word consumer. ... iPod is a brand of portable media players designed and marketed by Apple and launched in October 2001. ...

1976 to 1980: The early years

The Apple I, Apple's first product. Sold as an assembled circuit board, it lacked basic features such as a keyboard, monitor, and case. The owner of this unit added a keyboard and a wooden case.

Apple was founded on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne^[9] (and later incorporated January 3, 1977^[4] without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak) to sell the Apple I personal computer kit. They were hand-built by Steve Wozniak^[10][11] in the living room of Jobs' parents' home, and the Apple I was first shown to the public at the Homebrew Computer Club.^[12] Eventually 200 computers were built. The Apple I was sold as a motherboard (with CPU, RAM, and basic textual-video chips) — not what is today considered a complete personal computer.^[13] The user was required to provide two different AC input voltages (the manual recommended specific transformers), wire an ASCII keyboard (not provided with the computer) to a DIP connector (providing logic inverter and alpha lock chips in some cases), and to wire the video output pins to a monitor or to an RF modulator if a TV set was used. Image File history File linksMetadata Apple_I.jpg‎ File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Apple Computer Apple I Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize... Image File history File linksMetadata Apple_I.jpg‎ File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Apple Computer Apple I Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize... The Apple I was an early personal computer, and the first to combine a keyboard with a microprocessor and a connection to a monitor. ... is the 91st day of the year (92nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1976 Pick up sticks(MCMLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Steven Paul Jobs (born February 24, 1955) is the co-founder, chairman and CEO of Apple Inc. ... Stephan Gary Woz Wozniak (born August 11, 1950 in San Jose, California) is an American computer engineer and the co-founder of Apple Computer (now Apple Inc. ... Ronald Wayne from an old passport photograph. ... is the 3rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... The Apple I was an early personal computer, and the first to combine a keyboard with a microprocessor and a connection to a monitor. ... The Homebrew Computer Club was an early computer hobbyist club in Silicon Valley, which met (under that name) from March 1975 to roughly 1977. ...

Jobs approached a local computer store, The Byte Shop, which ordered fifty units and paid US$500 for each unit after much persuasion. He then ordered components from Cramer Electronics, a national electronic parts distributor. Using a variety of methods, including borrowing space from friends and family and selling various items including a Volkswagen Type 2 bus, Jobs managed to secure the parts needed while Wozniak and Ronald Wayne assembled the Apple I.^[14] The Volkswagen Type 2 (aka Transporter) was the second automotive line introduced by German automaker Volkswagen. ...

The Apple II was introduced on April 16, 1977 at the first West Coast Computer Faire. It differed from its major rivals, the TRS-80 and Commodore PET, because it came with color graphics and an open architecture. While early models used ordinary cassette tapes as storage devices, this was quickly superseded by the introduction of a 5 1/4 inch floppy disk drive and interface, the Disk II. The 1977 Apple II, complete with integrated keyboard, color graphics, sound, a plastic BIG HAIRY DICK case, and eight expansion slots. ... is the 106th day of the year (107th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also: 1977 (album) by Ash. ... The West Coast Computer Faire was an annual computer industry conference and exposition most often associated with San Francisco, its first and most frequent venue. ... For the Chicago-based electronica group, see TRS-80 (group). ... The PET (Personal Electronic Transactor) was a home-/personal computer produced by Commodore starting in the late 1970s. ... A typical vision of a computer architecture as a series of abstraction layers: hardware, firmware, assembler, kernel, operating system and applications (see also Tanenbaum 79). ... A floppy disk is a data storage device that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible (floppy) magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell. ... Disk II drives. ...

Another key to business for Apple was software. The Apple II was chosen by programmers Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston to be the desktop platform for the first "killer app" of the business world—the VisiCalc spreadsheet program.^[15] VisiCalc created a business market for the Apple II, and the corporate market attracted many more software and hardware developers to the machine, as well as giving home users an additional reason to buy one—compatibility with the office.^[15] (See the timeline for dates of Apple II family model releases—the 1977 Apple II and its younger siblings the II+, IIe, IIc, and IIGS.) The Apple II was one of the most popular personal computers of the 1980s. ... Daniel S. Bricklin (born 16 July 1951) is the co-creator, with Bob Frankston, of the VisiCalc spreadsheet program. ... Robert (Bob) M. Frankston (born in 1949) is the co-creator with Dan Bricklin of the VisiCalc spreadsheet program and the co-founder of Software Arts, the company that developed it. ... A killer application (commonly shortened to killer app), in the jargon of computer programmers and video gamers, has come to mean any program, particularly a minor one, that is ingeniously coded or unexpectedly useful. ... VisiCalc was the first spreadsheet program available for personal computers. ... Screenshot of a spreadsheet under OpenOffice A spreadsheet is a rectangular table (or grid) of information, often financial information. ... The 1977 Apple II, complete with integrated keyboard, color graphics, sound, a plastic case and eight expansion slots. ...

According to Brian Bagnall's book, "On the Edge" (pp. 109-112), Apple exaggerated its sales figures, and Apple was a distant third place until VisiCalc came along. VisiCalc was first released on Apple II because Commodore and Tandy computers were tied up in VisiCalc's software development office due to their popularity. VisiCalc's association with Apple was thus pure happenstance, not a technical decision. Even after VisiCalc, Apple II did not surpass the Tandy TRS-80, whose sales were helped by the large number of Radio Shack stores. However, VisiCalc did put Apple ahead of Commodore's PET, at least in the US. (Commodore later regained the lead for a while with the Commodore 64 in the mid 80s, the best selling specific model of computer to date.)^[16] For the Chicago-based electronica group, see TRS-80 (group). ... RadioShack Corporation (formerly Radio Shack) (NYSE: RSH) runs a chain of electronics retail stores in the United States, as well as parts of Europe. ... C-64 redirects here. ...

By the end of the 1970s, Jobs and his partners had a staff of computer designers and a production line. The Apple II was succeeded by the Apple III in May 1980 as the company struggled to compete against IBM and Microsoft in the lucrative business and corporate computing market. The designers of the Apple III were forced to comply with Jobs' request to omit the cooling fan, and this ultimately resulted in thousands of recalled units due to overheating.^[17] An updated version, the Apple III+, was introduced in 1983, but it was also a failure due to bad press and wary buyers. A method of production which embodies groups of workers repeating the same procedures of production along a line over which the product is moved and gradually completed. ... The Apple III, an early business machine predating the IBM PC The Apple III with an Apple Monitor //. The Apple III, or Apple /// as it was sometimes styled, was the first completely new computer designed by Apple. ... For other uses, see IBM (disambiguation) and Big Blue. ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ...

Apple's sustained growth during the early 1980s was partly due to its leadership in the education sector, attributed to their adaptation of the programming language LOGO, used in many schools with the Apple II. The drive into education was accentuated in California with the donation of one Apple II and one Apple LOGO software package to each public school in the state. The deal concluded between Steve Jobs and Jim Baroux of LCSI, and having required the support of Sacramento, established a strong and pervasive presence for Apple in all schools throughout California. The initial conquest of education environments was critical to Apple's acceptance in the home where the earliest purchases of computers by parents was in support of children's continued learning experience. The Logo programming language is a functional programming language. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... Sacramento is a Spanish- and Portuguese-language word meaning sacrament; it is a common toponym in parts of the world where those tongues were or are spoken. ...

1981 to 1989: Lisa and Macintosh

The rebel from Apple's 1984 ad, set in a dystopian future modeled after the Orwell novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, set the tone for the introduction of the Macintosh

Jobs and several other Apple employees including Jef Raskin visited Xerox PARC in December 1979 to see the Alto computer. Xerox granted Apple engineers three days of access to the PARC facilities in return for selling them US$1 million in pre-IPO Apple stock (approximately US$18 million net). Apples 1984 ad, which aired during the Superbowl This work is copyrighted. ... Apples 1984 ad, which aired during the Superbowl This work is copyrighted. ... A screenshot from the commercial. ... This article is about the philosophical concept and literary form. ... Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 [1] [2] – 21 January 1950), better known by the pen name George Orwell, was an English author and journalist. ... (Redirected from 1984 (novel)) Nineteen Eighty-Four (sometimes 1984) is a darkly satirical political novel by George Orwell. ... Jef Raskin outdoors, photographed by his son Aza Raskin. ... Bold text // Headline text Link title This article is about the computer research center. ... The Xerox Alto monitor has a portrait orientation. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ...

It is said that Jobs was immediately convinced that all future computers would use a GUI, and decided to turn over design of Apple's next project, the Apple Lisa, to produce such a device. The Lisa was named after Jobs' daughter (however, an acronym,^[18] Local Integrated Software Architecture, was coined). He was eventually pushed from the group due to infighting, and instead took over Jef Raskin's low-cost computer project, the Macintosh. Branding the new effort as the product that would "save Apple", an intense turf war broke out between the Lisa's "corporate shirts" and Jobs' Macintosh "pirates", both teams claiming they would ship first and be more successful. In 1983 the Lisa team won the race and Apple introduced the first personal computer to be sold to the public with a GUI. However, the Lisa was a commercial failure as a result of its high price tag (US$9,995) and limited software titles.^[18] GUI can refer to the following: GUI is short for graphical user interface, a term used to describe a type of interface in computing. ... The Apple Lisa was a revolutionary personal computer designed at Apple Computer during the early 1980s. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Backronym and Apronym (Discuss) Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations, such as NATO, laser, and ABC, written as the initial letter or letters of words, and pronounced on the basis of this abbreviated written form. ... For other uses, see Macintosh (disambiguation) and Mac. ... Turf war is a term that describes a common problem in larger companies when two divisions fight for access to resources or capital. ...

The Macintosh 128K, the first Macintosh computer

In 1984, drawing upon its experience with the Lisa, Apple next launched the Macintosh. Its debut was announced by a single national broadcast of the now famous US$1.5 million television commercial, "1984", based on George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. The commercial was directed by Ridley Scott and aired during Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984. Jobs' intention with the ad was to represent the IBM PC as Big Brother, and the Macintosh as a nameless female action hero portrayed by Anya Major. While the Macintosh initially sold well, follow-up sales were not particularly strong.^[19] The machine's fortunes changed with the introduction of the LaserWriter, the first laser printer to be offered at a reasonable price point, and PageMaker, an early desktop publishing (DTP) package. The Mac was particularly powerful in this market due to its advanced graphics capabilities, which were already necessarily built-in to create the Macintosh GUI. It has been suggested that the combination of these three products was responsible for the creation of the DTP market.^[20] As DTP became widespread, Apple's sales reached a series of new highs. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (533x625, 526 KB) Description: A w:Macintosh 128K on transparent background. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (533x625, 526 KB) Description: A w:Macintosh 128K on transparent background. ... Back case of an unaltered, still-working original Macintosh (sold from January 1984 to September 1984). ... A screenshot from the commercial. ... Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 [1] [2] – 21 January 1950), better known by the pen name George Orwell, was an English author and journalist. ... (Redirected from 1984 (novel)) Nineteen Eighty-Four (sometimes 1984) is a darkly satirical political novel by George Orwell. ... Sir Ridley Scott (born November 30, 1937 in South Shields, South Tyneside) is a British film director and producer. ... Date January 22, 1984 Stadium Tampa Stadium City Tampa, Florida MVP Marcus Allen, Running back Favorite Redskins by 2 1/2 National anthem Barry Manilow Coin toss Bronko Nagurski Referee Gene Barth Halftime show Salute to Superstars of the Silver Screen with the University of Florida and Florida State University... is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... Big Brother as portrayed in the BBCs 1954 production of Nineteen Eighty-Four. ... Anya Major in the 1984 commercial. ... The Apple LaserWriter was one of the first laser printers available to the mass market. ... 1993 Apple LaserWriter Pro 630 laser printer A laser printer is a common type of computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper. ... PageMaker was the first desktop publishing program, introduced in 1985 by Aldus Corporation, initially for the Apple Macintosh but soon after also for the PC. It relies on Adobe Systems PostScript page description language. ... Adobe InDesign CS2, one of many popular desktop publishing applications. ...

An internal power struggle developed between Jobs and new CEO John Sculley in 1985.^[21] Apple's board of directors sided with Sculley and Jobs was removed from his managerial duties.^[19] Jobs later resigned from Apple and founded NeXT Inc., a computer company that built machines with futuristic designs and ran the UNIX-derived NeXTStep operating system. Although powerful, NeXT computers never caught on with buyers, due in part to their high purchase price. John Sculley (born April 6, 1939) was president of PepsiCo during the 1970s and early 1980s, until he became CEO of Apple on April 8, 1983, a position he held until leaving in 1993. ... Chairman of the Board redirects here. ... For other meanings, see Next. ... NEXTSTEP is the original object-oriented, multitasking operating system that NeXT Computer, Inc. ...

1989 to 1991: The Golden Age

The Macintosh Portable was Apple's first "portable" Macintosh computer, released in 1989.

Having learned several painful lessons after introducing the bulky Macintosh Portable in 1989, Apple introduced the PowerBook in 1991, which established the modern form and ergonomic layout of the laptop computer.^[22] The same year, Apple introduced System 7, a major upgrade to the operating system which added color to the interface, and introduced a number of new networking capabilities. It would remain the architectural basis for Mac OS until 2001. Image details I am the photographer, and hereby dedicate this image to the public domain. ... Image details I am the photographer, and hereby dedicate this image to the public domain. ... The Macintosh Portable was Apple Computers first attempt at making a portable Macintosh personal computer that held the power of a desktop Macintosh and included the capabilities of a professional business Macintosh such as the Macintosh IIci. ... The Macintosh Portable was Apple Computers first attempt at making a portable Macintosh personal computer that held the power of a desktop Macintosh and included the capabilities of a professional business Macintosh such as the Macintosh IIci. ... The PowerBook was a line of Macintosh laptop computers that was designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer, Inc. ... Ergonomics (or human factors) is the application of scientific information concerning humans to the design of objects, systems and environment for human use (definition adopted by the International Ergonomics Association in 2007). ... Laptop with touchpad. ... System 7 (codenamed Big Bang) was a version of Mac OS, the operating system of the Apple Macintosh computer. ...

The success of the PowerBook and several other Apple products during this period led to increasing revenue.^[21] For some time, it appeared that Apple could do no wrong, introducing fresh new products and generating increasing profits in the process. The magazine MacAddict named the period between 1989 to 1991 the "first golden age" of the Macintosh. However, the continuing development of Microsoft Windows had given birth to an interface that was competitive with Apple's. Combined with a huge base of low-cost computers and peripherals and an improving software suite, an increasing number of potential customers turned to the "Wintel" standard. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Mac|Life is a U.S. magazine focusing on the Apple Macintosh personal computer and related products, including the iPod. ... Windows redirects here. ... Wintel is a term used to describe desktop computers and servers of the type commonly used in homes and businesses since the late 1980s (these are PC compatible computers running a version of Microsoft Windows). ...

Apple, relying on high profit margins to maintain their massive R&D budget, never developed a clear response. Instead they sued Microsoft for theft of intellectual property, in Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corporation.^[23] The lawsuit dragged on for years before finally being thrown out of court. Worse, the lawsuit distracted management while a deep rot developed within the engineering ranks, which became increasingly unmanageable. At first there was little outward sign of the problem, but a series of major product flops and missed deadlines destroyed Apple's reputation of invincibility, and consequently their market share dropped, particularly after the release of Windows 95. Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... A young waif steals a pair of boots Stealing redirects here. ... For the 2006 film, see Intellectual Property (film). ... Apple Computer, Inc. ... Windows 95 is a consumer-oriented graphical user interface-based operating system. ...

During this time, Apple branched out into consumer electronics. One example of this product diversification was the Apple QuickTake digital camera, one of the first digital cameras brought to the consumer market. A more famous example was the Newton, termed a "Personal digital assistant" or "PDA" by Sculley, that was introduced in 1993. Though it failed commercially, it defined and launched a new category of computing and was a forerunner of devices such as Palm Pilot, PocketPC, and eventually the iPhone. Front of a QuickTake 200 Back of a QuickTake 200 The Apple QuickTake (codenamed Venus, Mars, Neptune) was one of the first consumer digital cameras. ... The Apple Newton MessagePad 100 The Apple Newton, or simply Newton, is an early line of personal digital assistants developed and marketed by Apple Computer (now Apple Inc. ... A neologism is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created (or coined), often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary. ... User with Treo (PDA with smartphone functionality) Personal digital assistants (PDAs) are handheld computers, but have become much more versatile over the years. ... An early model - the Pilot 5000 The Palm m130 was one of the first Palms with a colour screen Pilot was the name given to the first generation of personal digital assistants manufactured by Palm Computing in 1996 (then a division of U.S. Robotics and later 3Com). ... A Pocket PC is a computer in a handheld size that runs a variation of the operating system Windows CE. It has many capabilities of modern desktop PCs. ... For the Internet appliance line, see Linksys iPhone. ...

1994 to 1997: Attempts at reinvention

The Apple Newton was Apple's first foray into the PDA markets, as well as one of the first in the industry. A financial flop, it helped pave way for the Palm Pilot and Apple's own iPhone in the future.

By the mid-90s, Apple realized that it had to reinvent the Macintosh in order to stay competitive in the market. The needs of both computer users and computer programs were becoming, for a variety of technical reasons, harder for the existing hardware and operating system to address. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 697 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (2382 × 2048 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 697 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (2382 × 2048 pixel, file size: 1. ... The Apple Newton MessagePad 100 The Apple Newton, or simply Newton, is an early line of personal digital assistants developed and marketed by Apple Computer (now Apple Inc. ... Look up PDA in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... An early model - the Pilot 5000 The Palm m130 was one of the first Palms with a colour screen Pilot was the name given to the first generation of personal digital assistants manufactured by Palm Computing in 1996 (then a division of U.S. Robotics and later 3Com). ... For the Internet appliance line, see Linksys iPhone. ...

In 1994 Apple allied with long-time competitor IBM and CPU maker Motorola in the so-called AIM alliance. This was a bid to create a new computing platform (the PowerPC Reference Platform or PReP), which would use IBM and Motorola hardware coupled with Apple's software. The AIM alliance hoped that PReP's performance and Apple's software would leave the PC far behind, thus countering Microsoft, which had become Apple's chief competitor. That year, Apple introduced the Power Macintosh using IBM's PowerPC processor. This processor utilized a RISC architecture, which differed substantially from the Motorola 68k series that had been used by all previous Macs. Motorola Inc. ... AIM was an alliance formed in 1991 between Apple Computer, IBM and Motorola to create a new computing standard based on the PowerPC architecture. ... PowerPC Reference Platform (PReP) was a PowerPC hardware reference design. ... The Power Mac G5, the last model of the series. ... PowerPC is a RISC microprocessor architecture created by the 1991 Apple–IBM–Motorola alliance, known as AIM. Originally intended for personal computers, PowerPC CPUs have since become popular embedded and high-performance processors as well. ... Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC), is a microprocessor CPU design philosophy that favors a smaller and simpler set of instructions that all take about the same amount of time to execute. ... The Motorola 680x0/0x0/m68k/68k/68K family of CISC microprocessor CPU chips were 32-bit from the start, and were the primary competition for the Intel x86 family of chips in personal computers of the 1980s and early 1990s. ...

Throughout the mid to late 1990s, Apple tried to improve its operating system's multitasking and memory management. After multiple failed attempts to improve the existing Mac OS, first with the Taligent project, then later with Copland and Gershwin, the company chose to purchase NeXT and its NeXTSTEP operating system, bringing Steve Jobs back to Apple in the process.^[24] On July 9, 1997, Gil Amelio was ousted as CEO of Apple by the board of directors after overseeing a 3-year record-low stock price and crippling financial losses. Jobs stepped in as the interim CEO and began a restructuring of the company's product line. Taligent was the name of an object-oriented operating system and the company dedicated to producing it. ... Copland was a project at Apple Computer to create an updated version of the Macintosh operating system. ... Gershin was the code name for Apple Computers next-generation operating system that was proposed to follow Apples failed Copland project for the Apple Macintosh platform. ... For other meanings, see Next. ... is the 190th day of the year (191st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... Gil Amelio Gilbert F. Amelio (born March 1, 1943 in New York City) is an American technology executive. ...

At the 1997 Macworld Expo, Steve Jobs announced that Apple would be entering into a partnership with Microsoft to release new versions of Microsoft Office for the Macintosh as well as a US$150 million investment in non-voting Apple stock. Produced by Boston-based IDG World Expo, Macworld Conference & Expo is a trade show dedicated to the Apple Macintosh platform with conference tracks occurring twice a year in the United States. ... Steven Paul Jobs (born February 24, 1955) is the co-founder, chairman and CEO of Apple Inc. ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... Microsoft Office is an office suite from Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Apple Mac OS X operating systems. ...

On November 10, 1997, Apple introduced the Apple Store, an online retail store based upon the WebObjects application server the company had acquired in its purchase of NeXT. The new direct sales outlet was also tied to a new build-to-order manufacturing strategy and announced at the same time as new machines using the PowerPC processor. is the 314th day of the year (315th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... Apple Online Store This page is about the online store. ... WebObjects is a Java Web application server by Apple Computer. ... For other meanings, see Next. ... PowerPC is a RISC microprocessor architecture created by the 1991 Apple–IBM–Motorola alliance, known as AIM. Originally intended for personal computers, PowerPC CPUs have since become popular embedded and high-performance processors as well. ...

1998 to 2005: New beginnings

Company headquarters on Infinite Loop in Cupertino, California.

On August 15, 1998, Apple introduced a new all-in-one Mac computer reminiscent of the original Macintosh 128K: the iMac. The iMac design team was led by Jonathan Ive, who would later design the iPod and the iPhone.^[25][26] While not groundbreaking from a technological standpoint, the iMac featured an innovative new translucent plastic exterior, originally in Bondi Blue, but later many other colors. The iMac sold close to 800,000 units in its first five months and helped return the company to sustained profitability for the first time since 1993. Image File history File links Apple Computer headquarters complex, Building 1, 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, California. ... Image File history File links Apple Computer headquarters complex, Building 1, 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, California. ... Infinite Loop is a street encircling the buildings of Apple Computers headquarters in Cupertino, California. ... Cali Mill Plaza (Cupertino City Center) is located on the intersection of Stevens Creek and De Anza Boulevards where the village of Westwood was established. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... is the 227th day of the year (228th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ... Back case of an unaltered, still-working original Macintosh (sold from January 1984 to September 1984). ... The original Bondi Blue iMac G3 was introduced in 1998. ... Jonathan Paul Ive CBE (born February 1967) is Senior Vice President of Industrial Design at Apple Inc. ... iPod is a brand of portable media players designed and marketed by Apple and launched in October 2001. ... For the Internet appliance line, see Linksys iPhone. ... The original iMac model Bondi blue is a name of a color coined by Apple Computer, Inc. ...

Through this time period, Apple purchased several companies in a move to create a portfolio of professional and consumer-oriented digital production software. In 1998, Apple announced the purchase of Macromedia's Final Cut software, beginning its entry into the digital video editing market. iMovie was released in 1999 for consumers, and Final Cut Pro was released for professionals in the same year. Final Cut Pro has gone on to be a significant video-editing program. In 2002 Apple purchased Nothing Real for their advanced digital compositing application Shake, as well as Emagic for their music productivity application Logic. which led to the development of their consumer-level GarageBand application. With iPhoto's release in 2002, this completed Apple's collection of consumer and professional level creativity software, with the consumer-level applications being collected together into the iLife suite. Macromedia was an American graphics and web development software house headquartered in San Francisco, California producing such products as Macromedia Flash. ... Digital video is a type of video recording system that works by using a digital, rather than analog, of the video signal. ... iMovie is a video editing software application which allows users to edit their own home movies. ... Final Cut Pro is a professional non-linear editing system developed by Apple Inc. ... Nothing Real L.L.C, founded in October 1996 by Allen Edwards and Arnaud Hervas, developed high-end digital effects software for the feature film, broadcast and interactive gaming industries. ... Shake is an image compositing package used in the post-production industry. ... Emagic was a computer software company based in Rellingen, Germany. ... Logic Pro is a MIDI sequencer and Digital Audio Workstation software application that runs on the Mac OS X platform. ... GarageBand is a software application that allows users to create music or podcasts. ... iPhoto is a software application made by Apple Inc. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

Mac OS X, the operating system based on NeXT's OPENSTEP and BSD Unix was released on March 24, 2001 after several years of development. Aimed at consumers and professionals alike, Mac OS X aimed to marry the stability, reliability and security of the Unix operating system with the ease of use afforded by a completely overhauled user interface. To aid users in moving their applications from Mac OS 9, the new operating system allowed the use of OS 9 applications through Mac OS X's Classic environment. Mac OS X (pronounced ) is a line of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. ... OPENSTEP on Windows NT. OpenStep is an object-oriented API specification for an object-oriented operating system that uses any modern operating system as its core, principally developed by NeXT with Sun Microsystems. ... BSD redirects here; for other uses see BSD (disambiguation). ... is the 83rd day of the year (84