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The April 9 tragedy refers to the events in Tbilisi, Georgia on April 9, 1989, when an anti-Soviet demonstration was dispersed by the Soviet army, resulting in 20 deaths and hundreds of injuries. April 9 is now celebrated as the Day of National Unity (Georgian: ეროვნული ერთიანობის დღე), an annual public holiday. The Kura-Araxes culture was a important Chalcolithic (copper-stone age) and bronze age culture that flourished in the Caucasus, eastern Anatolia and northwestern Iran from about 4000 B.C. to 2200 B.C. after which they were presumably overrun and absorbed by the Hurrians, who swept down from the...
Conquest of Diauehi by King Menua of Urartu Diauehi (Diauhi or Diaokhi; “the Land of the Sons of Diauâ€) was an ancient country in northeastern Anatolia, mentioned in the Urartian inscriptions. ...
In ancient geography, Colchis (sometimes spelled also as Kolchis) (Greek: Κολχίς, kÅl´kĬs; Georgian: კáƒáƒšáƒ®áƒ”თი, Kolkheti) was a nearly triangular district in Caucasus. ...
Egrisi (or Kolkheti) known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Lazica and Persians as Lazistan was a kingdom in the western part of Georgia, which flourished between the 6th century BC and the 7th century AD. It covered the territory of the former kingdom Kolkha (Colchis) and the territory...
Ancient countries of Caucasus: Armenia, Iberia, Colchis and Albania Iberia was a name given by the ancient Greeks and Romans to the ancient Georgian kingdom of Kartli (4th century BC-5th century AD) corresponding roughly to the eastern and southern parts of the present day Georgia. ...
Tao-Klarjeti is the term conventionally used in modern history writing to describe the historic south-western Georgian principalities, now forming part of north-eastern Turkey and divided among the provinces of Erzurum, Artvin, Ardahan and Kars. ...
The Abkhazian Kingdom or the Kingdom of the Abkhazians refers to an early medieval feudal state in the Caucasus which lasted from the 780s until being united, through dynastic succession, with the Kingdom of the Georgians (see Tao-Klarjeti) in 1008. ...
The recorded history of Georgia dates back more than 4,000 years and the Georgian language is one of the oldest living languages in the world. ...
Motto: None Anthem: Dideba Zetsit Kurtheuls (Praise Be To The Heavenly Bestower of Blessings) Capital Tbilisi Largest city Tbilisi Official language(s) Georgian Government Chairman of the Government Parliamentary democracy Noe Zhordania Independence - Declared - Formerly From the Russian Empire May 26, 1918 Transcaucasian Federation Population c. ...
State motto: პრáƒáƒšáƒ”ტáƒáƒ ყველრქვეყნისáƒ, შეერთდით! Official language Georgian since 1978 Capital Tbilisi Chairman of the Supreme Council Zviad Gamsakhurdia (at independence) Established In the USSR: - Since - Until February 25, 1921 December 30, 1922 April 9, 1991 Area - Total - % water Ranked 10th in former Soviet Union 69,700 km² -- Population - Total (1989) - Density Ranked...
The article refers to a bloody crackdown of peaceful demonstration by the Soviet troops in Tbilisi, Georgian SSR on March 9, 1956. ...
The recorded history of Georgia dates back more than 4,000 years and the Georgian language is one of the oldest living languages in the world. ...
The Georgian Civil War consisted of inter-ethnic conflicts in the regions of South Ossetia (1991-1992) and Abkhazia (1992-1993), as well as the overthrow of President Zviad Gamsakhurdia and his subsequent uprising in an attempt to regain power (1991-1993). ...
Mikheil Saakashvili and his supporters marched on the parliament carrying roses as a symbol of nonviolence The Rose Revolution (Georgian: ვáƒáƒ დების რევáƒáƒšáƒ£áƒªáƒ˜áƒ) refers to a peaceful 2003 revolution in the country of Georgia that displaced president Eduard Shevardnadze. ...
The recorded history of Georgia dates back more than 4,000 years and the Georgian language is one of the oldest living languages in the world. ...
Georgia is divided into two autonomous republics (Georgian: áƒáƒ•áƒ¢áƒáƒœáƒáƒ›áƒ˜áƒ£áƒ ი რესპუბლიკáƒ) and ten regions (Georgian: მხáƒáƒ ე). The autonomous republics (Abkhazia and Ajaria) were established during the soviet regime and are recognized by the modern Georgian Constitution. ...
This is the history of Abkhazia. ...
The article refers to the history of Georgia’s autonomous province of Adjaria. ...
Tbilisi (Georgian თბილისი ) is the capital and largest city of the country of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura (Mtkvari) River, at . ...
April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ...
1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Anti-Soviet refers to persons and activities actually or allegedly aimed against the Soviet Union or the Soviet power within the Soviet Union. ...
This article is about the armed forces of the Soviet Union. ...
Public holidays in Georgia include the following (Labour Code of Georgia, Article 64). ...
Prelude
The anti-Soviet nationalist movement became more active in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1988. Several strikes and meetings were organized by anti-Soviet political organizations in Tbilisi. The conflict between the Soviet government and Georgian nationalists deepened after the so-called Lykhny Assembly on March 18, 1989, when several thousand Abkhaz demanded secession from Georgia and restoration of the Union republic status of 1921–1931. In response, the anti-Soviet groups organized a series of unsanctioned meetings across the republic, claiming that the Soviet government was using Abkhaz separatism in order to oppose the nationalist movement. Image File history File links 9_aPrili. ...
Image File history File links 9_aPrili. ...
State motto: პროლეტარ ყველა ქვეყნისა, შეერთდით! Official language Georgian since 1978 (Georgia was the only Soviet republic to have an official language) Capital Tbilisi Chairman...
1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Soviet redirects here. ...
March 18 is the 77th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (78th in leap years). ...
1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Abkhaz is an agglutinative Georgia (in the autonomous republic of Abkhazia) and Turkey. ...
1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...
1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link is to a full 1931 calendar). ...
A soviet (Russian: ÑовеÌÑ‚) originally was a workers local council in late Imperial Russia. ...
The protests reached their peak on April 4, 1989, when tens of thousands of Georgians gathered before the House of Government on Rustaveli Avenue in Tbilisi. The protesters, led by the Independence Committee (Merab Kostava, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, Giorgi Chanturia, Irakli Bathiashvili, Irakli Tsereteli and others) organized a peaceful demonstration and hunger strikes, demanding the punishment of Abkhaz secessionists and restoration of Georgian independence. Local communist authorities lost control over the situation in the capital and were unable to contain the protests. April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ...
1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Rustaveli Avenue is an avenue in central Tbilisi named after the medieval Georgian poet, Shota Rustaveli. ...
Merab Kostava (May 26, 1939–October 13, 1989) was a Georgian dissident, musician and poet; one of the leaders of the National-Liberation movement in Georgia. ...
Zviad Gamsakhurdia Zviad Konstantines dze Gamsakhurdia (Georgian: ზვიáƒáƒ“ კáƒáƒœáƒ¡áƒ¢áƒáƒœáƒ¢áƒ˜áƒœáƒ”ს ძე გáƒáƒ›áƒ¡áƒáƒ®áƒ£áƒ დიáƒ) (March 31, 1939 - December 31, 1993) was a dissident, scientist and writer, who became the first democratically elected President of the Republic of Georgia in the post-Soviet era. ...
Giorgi Chanturia (1959-1994) was a prominent Georgian politician and the National Democratic Party leader who was murdered in Tbilisi, Georgia in December 1994. ...
This article is about communism as a form of society and as a political movement. ...
The killings In the evening of April 8, 1989, Colonel General Igor Rodionov, Commander of the Transcaucasus Military District, ordered the troops to mobilize. Local militsiya (police) units were disarmed just before the operation. On April 9, at 3:45 AM, Soviet tanks and troops under General Aleksandr Lebed surrounded the demonstration area. The demonstrators met them dancing and singing national songs. Soldiers began attacking the demonstrators; reportedly toxic gas was used. Twenty people, mostly girls and older women, were killed, and over 4,000 were injured. Disarmed police officers were trying to evacuate panicked people. As seen in a video, taken secretly by opposition journalists, the soldiers did not allow emergency doctors to help injured people. Captured on film, a young man beating a tank with a stick became a symbol of the Georgian anti-Soviet movement. April 8 is the 98th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (99th in leap years). ...
1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Colonel General is a senior military rank which is used in some of the world’s militaries. ...
Igor Nilolaevich Rodionov (born 1936) is a Russian general andDuma deputy. ...
Transcaucasian Front or Transcaucasus Front (Russian: ЗакавказÑкий Фронт) was a Front (military subdivision) of the Soviet Army during the Second World War. ...
A member of a Russian special purpose police team (OMSN), equipped with a 9A91 submachine gun. ...
April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ...
Aleksandr Ivanovich Lebed (Russian: ) (April 20, 1950–April 28, 2002) was a Russian general and popular politician, who was killed in a Mi-8 helicopter crash. ...
 Georgian child holding the flag of Independent Georgia, Tbilisi, April 10, 1989 Image File history File links TL021501. ...
Image File history File links TL021501. ...
Aftermath
 April 9 aftermath on Rustaveli Avenue On April 10, in protest against the crackdown, Tbilisi and the rest of Georgia went out on strike and a 40-day period of mourning was declared. People brought massive collections of flowers to the place of the killings. A state of emergency was declared, but demonstrations continued. Image File history File links TL021457. ...
Image File history File links TL021457. ...
April 10 is the 100th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (101st in leap years). ...
The government of Soviet Georgia resigned as a result of the event. Moscow claimed the demonstrators attacked first and the soldiers had to repel them. At the first Congress of the USSR People's Deputies (May–June 1989) Mikhail Gorbachev disclaimed all responsibility, shifting blame onto the army. The revelations in the liberal Soviet media, as well as the findings of the "pro-Perestroika" Deputy Anatoly Sobchak's commission of enquiry into the Tbilisi events, reported at the second Congress in December 1989, resulted in embarrassment for the Soviet hardliners and army leadership implicated in the event. Location Position of Moscow in Europe Government Country District Subdivision Russia Central Federal District Federal City Mayor Yuriy Luzhkov Geographical characteristics Area - City 1,081 km² Population - City (2005) - Density 10,415,400 8537. ...
1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
(Russian: , Mihail SergeeviÄ GorbaÄëv, IPA: , commonly written as Mikhail Gorbachev; born March 2, 1931) was leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. ...
Poster showing Mikhail Gorbachev Perestroika ( , Russian: ) is the Russian word (which passed into English) for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. ...
Official photography of Anatoly Sobchack as Mayor of Saint Petersburg Anatoly Alexandrovich Sobchak (Russian: , August 10, 1937 - February 20, 2000) was a Russian politician, co-author of Constitution of the Russian Federation, first democratically-elected Mayor of Saint-Petersburg and mentor of Vladimir Putin. ...
1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Legacy The April 9 tragedy radicalised Georgian opposition to Soviet power. A few months later, a session of the Supreme Council of Georgian SSR, held on November 17-November 18, 1989, officially condemned the occupation and annexation of Democratic Republic of Georgia by Soviet Russia in 1921. April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ...
17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece, coinciding with the anniversary of the Athens Polytechnic uprising. ...
November 18 is the 322nd day of the year (323rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ...
1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Motto: None Anthem: Dideba Zetsit Kurtheuls (Praise Be To The Heavenly Bestower of Blessings) Capital Tbilisi Largest city Tbilisi Official language(s) Georgian Government Chairman of the Government Parliamentary democracy Noe Zhordania Independence - Declared - Formerly From the Russian Empire May 26, 1918 Transcaucasian Federation Population c. ...
State motto (Russian): Пролетарии вÑех Ñтран, ÑоединÑйтеÑÑŒ! (Transliterated: Proletarii vsekh stran, soedinyaytes!) (Translated: Workers of the world, unite!) Capital Moscow Official language None; Russian (de facto) Government Federation of Socialist republics/ Communist state Last Chairman of the Supreme Council Boris Yeltsin Area - Total - % water 1st in former Soviet Union 17,075,200 km² 0. ...
1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...
On April 9, 1991, on the second anniversary of the tragedy, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia proclaimed Georgian sovereignty and independence from the Soviet Union according to the March 31, 1991 referendum results. April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ...
1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
The Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia was the first National Parliament of the Republic of Georgia in the post-Soviet era (in 1990 - 1992). ...
March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (91st in Leap years), with 275 days remaining. ...
1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
A memorial to the victims of the tragedy was opened at the location of the crackdown on Rustaveli Avenue on November 23, 2004. Rustaveli Avenue is an avenue in central Tbilisi named after the medieval Georgian poet, Shota Rustaveli. ...
November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining. ...
2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
See also The Revolutions of 1989, sometimes called the Autumn of Nations, were the series of events in Central and Eastern Europe in the autumn of 1989, when various Soviet-style Communist governments were overthrown in the space of a few months[1]. The name of this event refers to the Revolutions...
January Events (Lithuanian: Sausio įvykiai) is a series of events that occurred on January 11-13, 1991 in Vilnius, Lithuania. ...
The recorded history of Georgia dates back more than 4,000 years and the Georgian language is one of the oldest living languages in the world. ...
The History of the Soviet Union begins with the Russian Revolution of 1917 in an effort to implement socialism, eventually leading to communism by Vladimir Lenin on a large scale, until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 when its central government was dissolved. ...
Soviet government troops arrest several Azeris in a clash with Popular Front protesters in Baku in January 1990. ...
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