The Arab Nationalist Movement (Harakat al-Qawmiyyin al-Arab), also known as the Movement of Arab Nationalists and the Harakiyyin, was a pan-Arab nationalist organization influential in much of the Arab world, most famously so within the Palestinian movement. Pan-Arabism is a movement for unification among the Arab peoples and nations of the Middle East. ... Nationalism is an ideology that creates and sustains a nation as a concept of a common identity for groups of humans. ... Map of Arab League states in dark green with non-Arab areas in light green and Somalia and Djibouti in striped green due to their Arab League membership but non-Arab population. ... The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ...

Origins & ideology

The Arab Nationalist Movement had its origins in a student group led by George Habash at the American University of Beirut which emerged in the late 1940s. In the mid-1950s Habash and his followers joined a larger student group led by Constantin Zureiq. The group's ideology owed much to Zureiq's thinking: it was revolutionary and pan-Arabist. It placed emphasis on the formation of a nationally conscious intellectual elite which would play a vanguard role in a revolution of Arab consciousness, leading to Arab unity and social progress. Ideologically, it was committed to socialism and secularism. Its Arab nationalist approach meant an uncompromising hostility to Western imperialism in general, and Israel in particular, as the movement took a lead in the formation of anti-Zionist doctrine. George Habash (Arabic جورج حبش) (born 1926), sometimes known by his nom-de-guerre Al-Hakim الحكيم , meaning the doctor, a leading militant and Palestinian politician, as founder and Secretary-General of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) in 1967-2000. ... The American University of Beirut (AUB; Arabic: ‎) is a private, independent, non-sectarian university in Beirut, Lebanon. ... Constantin Zureiq (born Damascus 1909-2000), a prominent Arab intellectual and academic, was one of the pioneering theorists of modern Arab nationalism. ... Revolutionary, when used as a noun, is a person who either advocates or actively engages in some kind of revolution. ... Pan-Arabism is a movement for unification among the Arab peoples and nations of the Middle East. ... Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to social control. ... Secularity is the state of being without religious or spiritual qualities. ... Arab nationalism is a nationalist ideology in Arab world. ... A compass rose with west highlighted This article refers to the cardinal direction; for other uses see West (disambiguation). ... Cecil Rhodes: Cape-Cairo railway project. ... Anti-Zionism is a term that has been used to describe several very different political and religious points of view, both historically and in current debates. ...

The group formed branches in various Arab states, and adopted the name Arab Nationalist Movement in 1958. Some political divergence arose within the movement, as many, especially in Syria and Iraq, became close to local Nasserist movements, while a more radical element moved towards Marxism, including Habash and Nayef Hawatmeh. Also, the differing systems of government in the Arab countries forced the ANM branch organizations to adapt to local conditions, and it became increasingly difficult to find common ground. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Arab world. ... President Gamal Abdel Nasser Nasserism is an Arab nationalist political ideology based on the thinking of the former Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. ... Marxism refers to the philosophy and social theory based on Karl Marxs work on one hand, and to the political practice based on Marxist theory on the other hand (namely, parts of the First International during Marxs time, communist parties and later states). ... Naif Hawatmeh Nayef Hawatmeh (kunya Abu an-Nuf, b. ...

Decline and disintegration

These tensions caused the movement's decline during the late 1960s, and it had ceased to exist as a regional political force by 1970. This development was partially propelled by the defeat of Egypt in the 1967 Six Day War, which had led to the discreditation of Nasserism, and forced the ANM to play down its uniting, pan-Arab creed. The final blow to the ANM had come in 1967-69, as the Levantine branches fractured into competing Marxist parties, precipitated by conflicts within the Palestinian movement. The 1967 Arab-Israeli War, also known as the Six-Day War or June War, was fought between Israel and its Arab neighbors Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. ... The Levant Levant is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. ...

Even if nothing remains of the ANM today, its disintegration spawned a great number of parties and movements on the left flank of Arab politics. Some of these, for example those in the Palestinian movement, Syria and Iraq, were to become very influential in their respective countries. The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ...

Syria

In 1962 the Syrian branch, until then a small group of intellectuals almost all of whom were Palestinian, reacted to the break-up of the United Arab Republic by establishing a mass-movement calling for immediate re-unification with Egypt. Membership quickly surged to several thousand, and the leadership participated in the first Ba'thist-led government established after the coup of 8 March 1963. Likewise in Syria, ANM had entered the Arab Socialist Union, but both the Hawatme and Habash loyalists later reconstituted themselves as independent parties. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Baath Party flag The Baath Parties (also spelled Baath or Bath; Arabic: اﻟﺒﻌﺚ) comprise political parties representing the political face of the Baath movement. ... March 8 is the 67th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (68th in Leap years). ... 1963 (MCMLXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (the link is to a full 1963 calendar). ... The Arab Socialist Union (Arabic: , ; French: lUnion Socialiste Arabe) is one of a number of loosely related political parties based on the principles of Nasserist Arab socialism in a number of countries. ...

Iraq

Similar events led to the growth of the ANM in Iraq. In the aftermath of the overthrow of Abdul Karim Qassim in 1963, the Iraqi branch of the Ba'ath Party had established a government which collapsed in disorder and was replaced in November that year by a more broadly-based pan-Arab government under Abd al-Salam Arif. The ANM again played a major role in Iraqi politics, close to the Nasserist elements in Arif's government. After the Nasserists lost influence and withdrew from the government in July 1964, the ANM continued to collaborate with them and in September that year attempted a coup. In 1964, the ANM merged into the Iraqi Arab Socialist Union. Abdul Karim Qassim (Arabic: ‎; also various other spellings; including Kassem, Quasim; popularly known as az-Za‘īm (Arabic: الزعيم) the leader) (1914 – February 9, 1963), was an Iraqi military officer involved in the 1958 military coup détat. ... Abdul Salam Arif (1921, Baghdad - April 13, 1966) (Arabic: عبد السلام عارف), president of Iraq (1963-1966). ... The Arab Socialist Union (Arabic: , ; French: lUnion Socialiste Arabe) is one of a number of loosely related political parties based on the principles of Nasserist Arab socialism in a number of countries. ...

Egypt

In Egypt the ANM branch merged into Nasser's Egyptian branch of the Arab Socialist Union, but were later depoliticized after an internal purge. The Arab Socialist Union (Arabic: , ; French: lUnion Socialiste Arabe) is one of a number of loosely related political parties based on the principles of Nasserist Arab socialism in a number of countries. ...

Palestine

PFLP

The Marxist elements in the ANM reconstituted its Palestinian branch in the mid-1960s as the National Front for the Liberation of Palestine. In December 1967 NFLP unified with two other Palestinian factions, Heroes of Return (abtal al-awda) and Ahmed Jibril's Palestine Liberation Front (PLF). Together they formed the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), under Habash's leadership. Marxism is the political practice and social theory based on the works of Karl Marx, a 19th century philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary, along with Friedrich Engels. ... The term Palestinian has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian. ... Ahmed Jibril Ahmed Jibril (born 1928) is the founder and leader of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command (PFLP-GC), part of the left-wing, secular Palestinian rejectionist front, so-called because they reject proposals for a peaceful settlement with Israel. ... The Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) (جبهة التحرير الفلسطينية) is a militant Palestinian group which is designated by the United States and European Union [1] as a terrorist organization. ... The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) (Arabic الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين - al-jabhah al-sha`biyyah li-tahrīr filastīn) is a Marxist-Leninist, nationalist Palestinian political and military organization, founded in 1967. ...

DFLP

In early 1968, a leftist, supposedly Maoist, faction headed by Hawatmeh broke away from PFLP to form the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP, initially PDFLP). At this point, both the PFLP and the P/DFLP had embraced Marxism-Leninism, a break with the ANM heritage that would be replicated in other branches, and tear what remained of the movement apart. Maoism or Mao Zedong Thought (Chinese: 毛澤東思想, pinyin: Máo Zédōng Sīxiǎng), also called Marxism-Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought or Marxism-Leninism-Maoism (MLM), is a variant of communism derived from the teachings of Mao Zedong (1893&#8211... {{Infobox_Political_Party | party_name = Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine| colorcode = #008000 | party_logo = | leader = Nayef Hawatmeh | foundation = 1969 | founder = Nayef Hawatmeh | ideology = Marxist-Leninist | headquarters = | international = Syria, Lebanon| members = Unknown | website = http://www. ... Vladimir Lenin in 1920 Leninism is a political and economic theory which builds upon Marxism; it is a branch of Marxism (and it has been the dominant branch of Marxism in the world since the 1920s). ...

The PFLP and DFLP subsequently both spawned a number of breakaway factions, such as the PFLP-GC, the PLF and the FIDA. Many of these groups were active as a leftist hardline opposition within the PLO, and most participated in the Rejectionist Front of 1974. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command is a left-wing Palestinian nationalist organization. ... The Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) was founded to create a Palestinian state; it was headquartered first in Lebanon, and later in Tunisia. ... FIDA symbol The Palestine Democratic Union (Al-Ittihad al-Dimuqrati al-Filastini, generally known as FIDA) is a small Palestinian political party active in the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). ... The Rejectionist Front, official name Front of the Palestinian Forces Rejecting Solutions of Surrender, was a political coalition formed in 1974 by hardline Palestinian factions. ...

Current situation

Even though the PFLP and DFLP remain very active in Palestinian politics and both have played a military role in the Al-Aqsa Intifada, their political support is rather reduced, especially within the occupied territories. Partly, this is related to the decline of the Arab left in general, a trend related to changes in Arab political culture but also to the fall of the Soviet Union. But in addition to that, the specific circumstances of the occupied territories have led to dual pressure from the radical Islamist opposition of Hamas, on the one hand, and the patronage resources available to Fatah through its control of the Palestinian National Authority on the other. Combatants  Israel  Palestinian Authority: Several Palestinian militant groups Commanders Ehud Barak Ariel Sharon Ehud Olmert Yassar Arafat Casualties 1,017 Israeli dead. ... The term Palestinian territories is used by mainstream Western journalists as a collective name for the West Bank and the Gaza Strip - two disputed territories in Palestine. ... Islamism is a political ideology derived from the conservative religious views of Muslim fundamentalism. ... Hamas (Arabic: ‎; acronym: Arabic: ‎, or Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya or Islamic Resistance Movement; the Arabic acronym means zeal) is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist organization that currently (since January 2006) forms the majority party of the Palestinian National Authority. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... It has been suggested that Palestinian government of March 2006 be merged into this article or section. ...

Lebanon

In Lebanon the Hawatmeh wing (which had in majority in the Lebanon branch) reconstituted itself as the Organisation of Lebanese Socialists in 1968, and in later merged with Socialist Lebanon to form the Communist Action Organization, which was active during the Lebanese Civil War and in the Hizbullah-led resistance to Israel's occupation of the Lebanese south (1982-2000). The Habash loyalists worked under the name of Socialist Labour Party for a while. The Communist Action Organization (COA) or Organization of Communist Action (Arabic munażżamatu-l-‘amali-sh-shuyū‘ī fÄ« lubnān, French Organisation de lAction Communiste du Liban, OCAL) was a minor Marxist-Leninist political party and militia in Lebanon. ... Combatants Lebanese Front Syrian Army LNM PLO Commanders Bachir Gemayel Dany Chamoun Kamal Jumblatt Yasser Arafat The multi-sided Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) had its origin in the conflicts and political compromises after the end of Lebanons administration by the Ottoman Empire and was exacerbated by the nation... Hezbollah militant Guerrilla carrying Hezbollah Flag Hezbollah (Arabic ‮حزب الله‬, meaning Party of God) is a political and military organization in Lebanon founded in 1982 to fight Israel in southern Lebanon. ...

Oman

In 1964 the ANM branch in Oman participated in the formation of the National Liberation Front of Dhofar (NLFD). The ANM as a whole supported the Dhofar struggle. NLFD later emerged into the Peoples Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arab Gulf (PFLOAG), later the Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO). The Dhofar (Arabic ظفار Ẓufār) region lies in Oman, east of Yemen. ... The Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (in Arabic: الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير عُمان - al-Jabhah al-Shaabiyah li-TahrÄ«r Uman) a Marxist and Arab nationalist revolutionary organisation in the Sultanate of Oman. ...

Yemen

In South Yemen the local ANM branc was instrumental in forming the National Liberation Front which would later become the Yemeni Socialist Party (YSP), the leading political party in the Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemen. After the reuniting of the two Yemens in 1990, the YSP became the major opposition party in the Republic of Yemen. National motto: ??? Official language Arabic Capital Aden Area 287,680 km² Population  - Total (1973)  - Density 1,590,275 5. ... The Yemen Socialist Party (اليمن لاشتراكي احزب, Hizb al-Ishtirakiya al-Yamaniya) is a political party in Yemen. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Kuwait

In Kuwait the ANM branch was reconstituted as the Progressive Democrats, a political party still in existence.

Saudi Arabia

The Saudi branch gave birth to the Communist Party of Saudi Arabia and the Arab Socialist Action Party. UDYS symbol Communist Party in Saudi Arabia, political party in Saudi Arabia. ... Arab Socialist Action Party (Hizb al-Umal al-Ishtiraki al-Arabi), was founded in the 1970s by elements of the Arab Nationalist Movement. ...