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Please see the discussion on the talk page. | - The term "Palestinian" has other usages, for which see definitions of Palestinian.
Palestinians are people with family origins mainly in Palestine. Their religion is primarily Islam, with Christianity, Judaism, Druze, and other minorities. Today, they are mainly Arabic-speaking. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ...
The term Palestine and the related term Palestinian have several overlapping (and occasionally contradictory) definitions. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (3008x2000, 1204 KB) Life in occupied Palestine. ...
Palestinian Arabic is a Levantine Arabic dialect subgroup. ...
Hebrew (עִבְרִית or עברית, ‘Ivrit) is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken by more than seven million people in Israel and Jewish communities around the world. ...
Aramaic is a Semitic language with a 3,000-year history. ...
For other uses, including people named Islam, see Islam (disambiguation). ...
This article describes the Jewish religion; for a consideration of ethnic, historic, and cultural aspects of the Jewish identity refer to the article Jew. ...
Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on Jesus of Nazareth, and on his life and teachings as presented in the New Testament. ...
The Druze (Arabic: derzī درزي, pl. ...
Main article: Samaritan It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Samaritan. ...
The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ) are an ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ...
Palestine (Hebrew: , Palestina; Arabic: ‎ Filastīn or Falastīn) is one of several names for the geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the banks of the Jordan River with various adjoining lands. ...
For other uses, including people named Islam, see Islam (disambiguation). ...
Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on Jesus of Nazareth, and on his life and teachings as presented in the New Testament. ...
This article describes the Jewish religion; for a consideration of ethnic, historic, and cultural aspects of the Jewish identity refer to the article Jew. ...
The Druze (Arabic: derzī درزي, pl. ...
In sociology and in voting theory, a minority is a sub-group that is outnumbered by persons who do not belong to it. ...
The Arabic language (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), or simply Arabic (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ...
Under the British mandate period from 1918 to 1948, the term "Palestinian" referred to anyone native to Palestine, regardless of their religion; Muslim, Christian, Jew, or Druze. [1] Since the creation of Israel, the application of "Palestinian" to native Palestinian Jews has lessened, and they are now simply identified as "Israelis" and are not distinguished from the majority of Israeli Jews resultant from the modern Zionist migrations. While some also exclude Israeli Arabs from today's definition of "Palestinians," others do not. Thus the term over the centuries has largely shifted from a regional to an ethnic and a political description. Map of the territory under the British Mandate of Palestine. ...
1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...
1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ...
A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان) is an adherent of Islam. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Christianity. ...
The Druze (Arabic: derzī درزي, pl. ...
The term native as an adjective or noun has the following meanings. ...
A Palestinian Jew is a Jewish inhabitant of Palestine throughout certain periods of Middle East history. ...
Poster promoting a film about Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1930s: Toward a New Life (in Romanian),The Promised Land (in Hungarian), the small caption (bottom) reads First Palestinian film with sound Zionism is a national liberation movement,[1] a nationalist[2] and political movement that supports a homeland for the...
To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...
An ethnic group is a group of people who identify with one another, or are so identified by others, on the basis of a boundary that distinguishes them from other groups. ...
Politics is the process by which decisions are made within groups. ...
The Palestinian National Covenant, as revised by the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1968, defines Palestinians as those Arab citizens who were living normally in Palestine up to 1947, and all their descendants through the male line. For those who were Jewish, the requirement was that they had resided in Palestine until the beginning of the Zionist migrations. For this purpose, the Zionist migrations are considered to have begun in 1917. The Palestinian National Covenant or Palestinian National Charter (Arabic: al-Mithaq al-Watani al-Filastini) is the charter or constitution of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). ...
The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic: منظمة التØرير الÙلسطينية; or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary organization regarded by Arab nations as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. ...
1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ...
1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ...
The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. ...
A bilingual poster in Romanian and Hungarian promoting a film about Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1930s. ...
Migration occurs when living things move from one biome to another. ...
1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ...
The official designation of "Palestinian refugee" refers to anyone who registered as a Palestinian Refugee with the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) and any of those registrants' descendents in the male line. Under UNRWA's operational definition, Palestine refugees are persons whose normal place of residence was Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948, who lost both their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict. A Palestinian refugee In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, a Palestinian refugee is a refugee from Palestine created by the Palestinian Exodus, which Palestinians call the Nakba (نكبة, meaning disaster or catastrophe). About 200,000 of these refugees survive today. ...
The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) is a relief and human development agency, providing education, healthcare, social services and emergency aid to over four million Palestinian refugees living in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon and the Syrian Arab...
Palestinian demographics
- Further information: Demographics of Palestine
 Palestinains living outside the West Bank and Gaza Strip While the largest single population of Palestinians is found in the lands which constituted British Mandate of Palestine, over half of Palestinians live elsewhere as refugees and emigrants. In the absence of actual censuses, counting large populations is very difficult. However, in 2001 the Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs collated the estimates of world-wide distribution of Palestinians quoted in the table below. Demographics of Palestine may refer to one or more of the following: Demographics of the West Bank Demographics of the Gaza Strip Demographics of Israel This is a disambiguation page — a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ...
Map of the territory under the British Mandate of Palestine. ...
Emigration is the action and the phenomenon of leaving ones native country to settle abroad. ...
2001: A Space Odyssey. ...
The Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA) was founded in March 1987 by Dr. Mahdi Abdul Hadi and by a group of Palestinian academics and intellectuals in Jerusalem. ...
| Country or region | Population | | West Bank and Gaza Strip | 3,700,000 or 2,490,000 | | Jordan | 2,598,000 | | Israel | 1,213,000 | | Syria | 395,000 | | Lebanon | 388,000 | | Saudi Arabia | 287,000 | | The Americas | 216,000 | | Egypt | 58,000 | | Other Gulf states | 152,000 | | Other Arab states | 113,000 | | Other countries | 275,000 | | TOTAL | 9,395,000 | | Note: The Palestinian population in the West Bank and Gaza has been disputed in recent research - see Demographics of Palestine. | In Jordan today, there is no official census data about how many of the inhabitants of Jordan are Palestinians; estimates range from 50% to 80%. Some political researchers attribute this to the Jordanian policy of not further widening the gap between the two main population groups in Jordan: its original Bedouin population that holds most of the administrative posts and the Palestinians who are predominant in the economy. World map showing the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions. ...
Gulf States refers to the United States states along the Gulf of Mexico: Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida. ...
The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ) are an ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ...
Map of the Gaza Strip from The World Factbook. ...
Demographics of Palestine may refer to one or more of the following: Demographics of the West Bank Demographics of the Gaza Strip Demographics of Israel This is a disambiguation page — a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ...
Bedouin resting at Mount Sinai Bedouin, derived from the Arabic , a generic name for a desert-dweller, is a term generally applied to Arab nomadic pastoralist groups, who are found throughout most of the desert belt extending from the Atlantic coast of the Sahara via the Western Desert, Sinai, and...
Many Palestinians have settled in the United States, particularly in the Chicago area[2][3].
In South America, around 600,000 people of Palestinian origin reside. Palestinian emigration to South America took place largely, but not exclusively, for economic reasons before the Arab-Israeli conflict. Many came from the Bethlehem area. Those emigrating to South America were mainly Christian. Half of the Palestinian-origin people in South America are in Chile and El Salvador [4] and Honduras [5] also have substantial Palestinian populations. These two countries have had presidents of Palestinian ancestry (in El Savador Antonio Saca, currently serving; in Honduras Carlos Roberto Flores). Belize, which has a smaller Palestinian population, has a Palestinian Minister[6] — Said Musa. South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Immigration. ...
Combatants Arab nations Israel Arab-Israeli conflict series History of the Arab-Israeli conflict Views of the Arab-Israeli conflict International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict Arab-Israeli conflict facts, figures, and statistics Participants Israeli-Palestinian conflict · Arab League · Soviet Union / Russia · Israel and the United Nations · Iran-Israel...
Bethlehem (Arabic بيت Ù„ØÙ… house of meat; Standard Hebrew בית ×œ×—× house of bread, Bet léḥem / Bet láḥem; Tiberian Hebrew Bêṯ léḥem / Bêṯ lÄḥem; Greek: ΒηθλεÎμ) is a city in the West Bank under Palestinian Authority considered a central hub of Palestinian cultural and tourism industries. ...
Kinship and descent is one of the major concepts of cultural anthropology. ...
President Saca ElÃas Antonio (Tony) Saca González (born in Usulutan, El Salvador, 9 March 1965) is a Salvadoran politician. ...
Carlos Roberto Flores Facussé (b. ...
A minister can mean several things: A government minister is a politician who heads a government ministry A minister of religion is a member of the clergy A minister is the rank of diplomat directly below ambassador This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that...
Said Musa speaking at the United Nations The Right Honourable Said Wilbert Musa (born March 19, 1944) has been Prime Minister of Belize since 1998. ...
The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics announced on October 20, 2004 that the number of Palestinians worldwide at the end of 2003 is 9.6 million, an increase of 800,000 since 2001. [7] October 20 is the 293rd day of the year (294th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 72 days remaining. ...
2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
However, in 2005, a comprehensive assessment of the PCBS figures and methodology was conducted by the American-Israel Demographic Research Group[8]. In their critique[9], they claimed that several errors in the PCBS methodology and assumptions artificially inflated the numbers by a total of 1.3 million. The PCBS numbers were cross-checked against a variety of other sources (e.g., asserted birth rates based on fertility rate assumptions for a given year were checked against Palestinian Ministry of Health figures as well as Ministry of Education school enrollment figures six years later; immigration numbers were checked against numbers collected at border crossings, etc.). The errors claimed in their analysis included: birth rate errors (308,000), immigration & emmigration errors (310,000), failure to account for migration to Israel (105,000), double-counting Jerusalem Arabs (210,000), counting former residents now living abroad (325,000) and other discrepancies (82,000). Their research was reported in several media outlets, including Ynet news, the online portal of Israeli newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth [10] and the newssite Cybercast News Service [11]. The results of their research was also presented[12] before the United States House of Representatives on March 8, 2006. 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Fertility is the ability of people or animals to produce healthy offspring in abundance. ...
Jerusalem (Hebrew: , Yerushaláyim or Yerushalaim; Arabic: , al-Quds; official Arabic in Israel: أورشليم القدس, Urshalim-Al-Quds) is Israels capital, most populous, [1] and largest city, with a population of 724,000 (as of May 24, 2006 [2]) contained in 123 km². An ancient Middle Eastern city on the watershed...
Yedioth Ahronoth (Hebrew: ידיעות ××—×¨×•× ×•×ª, meaning latest news) is a major Hebrew newspaper published in Israel. ...
Yedioth Ahronoth (Hebrew: ידיעות ××—×¨×•× ×•×ª, meaning latest news) is a major daily Israeli newspaper, written in Hebrew. ...
The Cybercast News Service (also CNSNews. ...
Seal of the House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives (or simply the House) is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress, the other being the Senate. ...
2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...
Palestinian Arabs A Palestinian Arab (or Arab Palestinian) is an Arab of Palestine - either the historical region of Palestine or any of the political divisions designated as "Palestine". Journalists, historians and some diplomats or government officials frequently refer to Palestianian Arabs as "Palestinians" for short. The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ) are an ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ...
Palestine is the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the banks of the Jordan River, plus various adjoining lands to the east. ...
A journalist is a person who practices journalism. ...
This is a list of historians. ...
...
According to the PLO, the "homeland of Arab Palestinian people" is Palestine, an "indivisible territorial unit" having "the boundaries it had during the British Mandate". [13] The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic Munazzamat al-Tahrir Filastiniyyah منظمة تحرير فلسطينية ) is a political and paramilitary organization of Palestinian Arabs dedicated to the establishment of an independent Palestinian state to consist of the area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea, with an intent to destroy Israel. ...
Palestine (Hebrew: , Palestina; Arabic: ‎ Filastīn or Falastīn) is one of several names for the geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the banks of the Jordan River with various adjoining lands. ...
The word Boundary has a variety of meanings. ...
Refugees - Main article: Palestinian refugees for more detail.
4,255,120 Palestinians are registered as refugees with UNRWA; this number includes the descendants of refugees from the 1948 war, but excludes those who have emigrated to areas outside of the UNRWA's remit [14]. Thus, if the estimates above are correct, almost half of all Palestinians are registered refugees. In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, a Palestinian refugee is a refugee from Palestine created by the Palestinian Exodus, which Palestinians call the Nakba (نكبة, meaning disaster). History Most of the refugees had already fled by the time the neighboring Arab states intervened on the side of Palestinians and continued after...
The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) was established to provide assistance to Palestinian refugees. ...
Kinship and descent is one of the major concepts of cultural anthropology. ...
Religions
 Palestinian children in Jenin, 2002 The British census of 1922 counted 752,048 in the British Mandate of Palestine, comprising 589,177 Muslims, 83,790 Jews, 71,464 Christians (including Greek Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and others) and 7,617 persons belonging to other groups (corresponding to 78% Muslim, 11% Jewish, and 9% Christian) (1922 census report). Bedouin were not counted, but a British study estimated their number at 70,860 in 1930 [15]. Download high resolution version (1024x768, 266 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Child Categories: Images of young people ...
Download high resolution version (1024x768, 266 KB) File links The following pages link to this file: Child Categories: Images of young people ...
Jenin (Arabic: , Hebrew: ×’× ×™×Ÿ), a city on the West Bank, is a major Palestinian agricultural center. ...
1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...
Map of the territory under the British Mandate of Palestine. ...
A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان) is an adherent of Islam. ...
The Palestinian Christians are Palestinians who follow Christianity. ...
Bedouin resting at Mount Sinai Bedouin, derived from the Arabic , a generic name for a desert-dweller, is a term generally applied to Arab nomadic pastoralist groups, who are found throughout most of the desert belt extending from the Atlantic coast of the Sahara via the Western Desert, Sinai, and...
Currently, no reliable data are available for the worldwide Palestinian population; Bernard Sabella of Bethlehem University estimates it as 6% Christian[16]. However, within the West Bank and Gaza Strip, according to the Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs, the Palestinian population is 97% Muslim and 3% Christian; there are also about 300 Samaritans and a few thousand Jews from the Neturei Karta group who consider themselves Palestinian. Within Israel, 68% of the non-Jewish population is Muslim, 9% Christian, 7% Druze, and 15% "other". Bethlehem University of the Holy Land is a Catholic Christian co-educational institution of higher learning founded in 1973 in the Lasallian tradition, open to students of all faith traditions. ...
The Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA) was founded in March 1987 by Dr. Mahdi Abdul Hadi and by a group of Palestinian academics and intellectuals in Jerusalem. ...
A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان) is an adherent of Islam. ...
For other uses, see Samaritan (disambiguation). ...
Members of the Neturei Karta protesting against Zionism. ...
A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Turkish: Müslüman, Persian and Urdu: مسلمان) is an adherent of Islam. ...
The Druze (Arabic: derzī درزي, pl. ...
The ancestry of the Palestinians Canaanites, believed to have migrated around 4000 BC from the inner Arabian Peninsula, are considered to be among the first to reside and live in Palestine. [17][18]. Additionally, Israelites, Philistines, Romans, Arabs, Crusaders, and other people have all settled in the region and intermarried [19][20]. Many of their descendants converted to Christianity and later to Islam, and spoke different languages depending on the lingua franca of the time. For the most part, the Arabization of Palestine began in Umayyad times. Increasing conversions to Islam among the local population, together with the immigration of Arabs from Arabia and inland Syria, led to the replacement of Aramaic by Arabic as the area's dominant language. Among the cultural survivals from pre-Arab times are the significant Palestinian Christian community (and smaller Jewish and Samaritan ones) as well as Aramaic loanwords in the local dialect. A distinguishing characteristic of Palestinians is their dialect; unusually among Arabic speakers, speakers of rural Palestinian dialects pronounce the letter qaaf as k (Arabic kaaf). Palestinians, like most other Arabic speakers, thus combine pre-Arab and Arab ancestry; the precise mixture is a matter of debate, on which genetic evidence (see below) has begun to shed some light, apparently confirming Ibn Khaldun's widely accepted argument that most Arabic speakers descend mainly from acculturated non-Arabs. This article is about the land called Canaan. ...
(5th millennium BC – 4th millennium BC – 3rd millennium BC - other millennia) Events City of Ur in Mesopotamia (40th century BC). ...
The Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية, or جزيرة العرب) is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia consisting mainly of desert. ...
An Israelite is a member of the Twelve Tribes of Israel, descended from the twelve sons of the Biblical patriarch Jacob who was renamed Israel by God in the book of Genesis, 32:28 The Israelites were a group of Hebrews, as described in the Bible. ...
Map showing the location of Philistine land and cities of Gaza, Ashdod, and Ascalon Map showing the location of Philistine states, c. ...
The Roman Forum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed. ...
The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ) are an ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ...
This article is about the medieval crusades. ...
Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on Jesus of Nazareth, and on his life and teachings as presented in the New Testament. ...
For other uses, including people named Islam, see Islam (disambiguation). ...
Lingua franca, literally Frankish language in Italian, was originally a mixed language consisting largely of Italian plus a vocabulary drawn from Turkish, Persian, French, Greek and Arabic and used for communication throughout the Middle East. ...
Arabization is the gradual transformation of an area into one that speaks Arabic and is part of the Arab culture. ...
The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ...
Aramaic is a Semitic language with a 3,000-year history. ...
The Arabic language (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), or simply Arabic (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ...
For other uses, see Samaritan (disambiguation). ...
A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος, dialektos) is a variety of a language used by people from a particular geographic area. ...
Palestinian Arabic is a Levantine Arabic dialect subgroup. ...
Genetics (from the Greek genno γεννώ= give birth) is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. ...
Ibn Khaldun Ibn KhaldÅ«n (full name ) (ابو زيد عبد الرØمن بن Ù…Øمد بن خلدون الØضرمي ), (May 27, 1332/732AH to March 19, 1406/808AH) was a famous Arab historiographer and historian born in present-day Tunisia, and is sometimes viewed as one of the forerunners of modern historiography, sociology and economics. ...
 Family in Palestine, c.1900 The Palestinian Bedouin, however, are much more securely known to be Arab by ancestry as well as by culture; their distinctively conservative dialects and pronunciation of qaaf as gaaf group them with other Bedouin across the Arab world and confirm their separate history. Arabic onomastic elements began to appear in Edomite inscriptions starting in the 6th century BC, and are nearly universal in the inscriptions of the Nabataeans, who arrived there in the 4th-3rd centuries BC[21]. It has thus been suggested that the present day Bedouins of the region may have their origins as early as this period. A few Bedouin are found as far north as Galilee; however, these seem to be much later arrivals, rather than descendants of the Arabs that Sargon II settled in Samaria in 720 BC. Bedouin resting at Mount Sinai Bedouin, derived from the Arabic , a generic name for a desert-dweller, is a term generally applied to Arab nomadic pastoralist groups, who are found throughout most of the desert belt extending from the Atlantic coast of the Sahara via the Western Desert, Sinai, and...
The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ) are an ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa. ...
The Arabic language is classified as a Semitic language. ...
Bedouin resting at Mount Sinai Bedouin, derived from the Arabic , a generic name for a desert-dweller, is a term generally applied to Arab nomadic pastoralist groups, who are found throughout most of the desert belt extending from the Atlantic coast of the Sahara via the Western Desert, Sinai, and...
The Arabic language (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), or simply Arabic (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ...
The Edomite language is the extinct Hebrew Canaanite language of the Edomites in southwestern Jordan in the first millennium BC. It is known only from a very small corpus. ...
Petra, the Nabataean capital The Nabataeans, a people of ancient Arabia, whose settlements in the time of Josephus gave the name of Nabatene to the border-land between Syria and Arabia from the Euphrates to the Red Sea. ...
Galilee (Arabic al-jaleel الجليل, Hebrew hagalil הגליל), meaning circuit, is a large area overlapping with much of the North District of Israel. ...
Sargon II, captor of Samaria, with a dignitary Sargon II (r. ...
It has been suggested that Sebastia, Middle East be merged into this article or section. ...
Centuries: 9th century BC - 8th century BC - 7th century BC Decades: 770s BC 760s BC 750s BC 740s BC 730s BC - 720s BC - 710s BC 700s BC 690s BC 680s BC 670s BC Events and Trends 728 BC - Piye invades Egypt, conquering Memphis and receives the submission of the rulers...
As genetic techniques have advanced, it has become possible to look directly into the question of the ancestry of the Palestinians. In recent years, many genetic surveys have suggested that — at least paternally — the various Jewish ethnic divisions and Palestinians, (and in some cases other Levantines) are genetically closer to each other than either is to the Arabs (of Arabia) or non-Jewish Europeans. [22] [23] [24] [25]([26] contains more links to genetic studies of Jewish and Middle Eastern populations). These studies look at the prevalence of specific inherited genetic differences (polymorphism) among populations, which then allow the relatedness of these populations to be determined, and their ancestry to be traced back (see population genetics). These differences can be the cause of genetic disease or be completely neutral (see Single nucleotide polymorphism) ; they can be inherited maternally (mitochondrial DNA), paternally (Y chromosome), or as a mixture from both parents ; the results obtained may vary from polymorphism to polymorphism. One study [27]on congenital deafness identified an allele only found in Palestinian and Ashkenazi communities, suggesting a common origin ; an investigation [28] of a Y-chromosome polymorphism found Lebanese, Palestinian, and Sephardic populations to be particularly closely related ; a third study [29], looking at Human leukocyte antigen differences among a broad range of populations, found Palestinians to be particularly closely related to Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi Jews, as well as Middle-Eastern and Mediterranean populations. (The latter study by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena has been the subject of intense controversy, it was retracted by the journal and removed from its website, leading to further controversy; the main accusations made were that the authors used their scientific findings to justify making one-sided political proclamations in the paper; that the retraction followed lobbyist pressure because the results contradicted certain political beliefs; some suggested that the broad scientific interpretation was based on too narrow data [30], whereas others support the scientific content as valid - for more information on the controversy : [31], [32], [33], [34].) Jewish ethnic divisions refers to a number of distinct Jewish communities within the worlds ethnically Jewish population. ...
The Levant Levant is an imprecise geographical term historically referring to a large area in the Middle East south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and by the northern Arabian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia to the east. ...
In biology, polymorphism can be defined as the occurrence in the same habitat of two or more forms of a trait in such frequencies that the rarer cannot be maintained by recurrent mutation alone. ...
Population genetics is the study of the distribution of and change in allele frequencies under the influence of the four evolutionary forces: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and migration. ...
A genetic disorder, or genetic disease is a disease caused, at least in part, by the genes of the person with the disease. ...
A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism or SNP (pronounced snip) is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide - A, T, C, or G - in the genome differs between members of the species. ...
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is DNA that is located in mitochondria. ...
The human Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes, it contains the genes that cause testis development, thus determining maleness. ...
Genetic recombination is the transmission-genetic process by which the combinations of alleles observed at different loci (plural of locus) in two parental individuals become shuffled in offspring individuals. ...
In general, polymorphism describes multiple possible states for a single property (it is said to be polymorphic). ...
Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (×ַש×Ö°×›Ö¼Ö²× Ö¸×–Ö´×™ ×ַש×Ö°×›Ö¼Ö²× Ö¸×–Ö´×™× Standard Hebrew, AÅ¡kanazi,AÅ¡kanazim, Tiberian Hebrew, ʾAÅ¡kănÄzî, ʾAÅ¡kănÄzîm, pronounced sing. ...
Figure 1: Chromosome. ...
In the strictest sense, a Sephardi (ספרדי, Standard Hebrew Səfardi, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardî; plural Sephardim: ספרדים, Standard Hebrew Səfardim, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄ardîm) is a Jew original to the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal: ספרד, Standard Hebrew Səfárad, Tiberian Hebrew Səp̄áraḏ / Səp̄āraḏ), or whose ancestors were among the Jews expelled from...
The human leukocyte antigen system (sometimes human lymphocyte antigen) (HLA) is the general name of a group of genes in the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region on human chromosome 6 (mouse chromosome 17) that encodes the cell-surface antigen-presenting proteins. ...
Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (×ַש×Ö°×›Ö¼Ö²× Ö¸×–Ö´×™ ×ַש×Ö°×›Ö¼Ö²× Ö¸×–Ö´×™× Standard Hebrew, AÅ¡kanazi,AÅ¡kanazim, Tiberian Hebrew, ʾAÅ¡kănÄzî, ʾAÅ¡kănÄzîm, pronounced sing. ...
The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ...
Lobbying is the practice of private advocacy with the goal of influencing a governing body, in order to ensure that an individuals or organizations point of view is represented in the government. ...
 Family in Palestine, 2004 One point in which the two populations appear to contrast is in the proportion of sub-Saharan African genes which have entered their gene pools. One study found that Middle Eastern Arabs (specifically Palestinians, Jordanians, Syrians, Iraqis, and Bedouin), unlike other Middle Eastern populations (specifically Turks, Kurds, Armenians, Azeris, Georgians, and Near Eastern Jews), had what appears to be a substantial gene flow from sub-Saharan Africa (amounting to 10-15% of lineages) within the past three millennia, possibly due to the slave trade[35]. Bedouin resting at Mount Sinai Bedouin, derived from the Arabic , a generic name for a desert-dweller, is a term generally applied to Arab nomadic pastoralist groups, who are found throughout most of the desert belt extending from the Atlantic coast of the Sahara via the Western Desert, Sinai, and...
Kurds are one of the Iranian peoples and speak Kurdish, a north-Western Iranian language related to Persian. ...
Azerbaijanis are a people numbering more than 35 million worldwide. ...
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The origins of Palestinian identity
 A map of Palestine as described by the medieval Arab geographers, with the junds of Jordan and Filistin highlighted in grey In Arabic, Filasteen (فلسطين) has been the name of the region since the earliest medieval Arab geographers (adopted from the then-current Greek term Palaestina (Παλαιστινη), first used by Herodotus, itself derived ultimately from the name of the Philistines), and Filasteeni (فلسطيني) was always a common adjectival noun (see Arabic grammar) adopted by natives of the region, starting as early as the first century after the Hijra (eg `Abdallah b. Muhayriz al-Jumahi al-Filastini[36], an ascetic who died in the early 700's.) Download high resolution version (979x1072, 213 KB)Map of Palestine during the Middle Ages according to the description of the Arab geographers, drawn by Geo. ...
Download high resolution version (979x1072, 213 KB)Map of Palestine during the Middle Ages according to the description of the Arab geographers, drawn by Geo. ...
The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ...
A geographer is a scientist whose area of study is geography, the study of the physical environment and human habitat. ...
Bust of Herodotus at Naples Herodotus of Halicarnassus (Greek: , Herodotos) was a historian who lived in the 5th century BC (484 BC-ca. ...
Map showing the location of Philistine land and cities of Gaza, Ashdod, and Ascalon Map showing the location of Philistine states, c. ...
Arabic is a Semitic language. ...
(1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century - other centuries) The 1st century was that century which lasted from 1 to 99. ...
Hijra may refer to: Hijra (Hegira/Hijrah/Hejira) is an Arabic term referring to the migration of the Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622. ...
Whereas European colonialism and to a lesser extent Turkish nationalism in the Ottoman Empire was the main spur in forming national identities and borders elsewhere, the main force in reaction to which Palestinian nationalism developed was Zionism. One of the earliest Palestinian newspapers, Filastin founded in Jaffa in 1911 by Issa al-Issa, addressed its readers as "Palestinians"[37]. See colony and colonisation for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism. ...
Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix Nationalism is an ideology [1] that holds that a nation is the fundamental unit for human social life, and takes precedence over any other social and political principles. ...
Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah...
Poster promoting a film about Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1930s: Toward a New Life (in Romanian),The Promised Land (in Hungarian), the small caption (bottom) reads First Palestinian film with sound Zionism is a national liberation movement,[1] a nationalist[2] and political movement that supports a homeland for the...
Jaffa (Hebrew יָפוֹ, Standard Hebrew Yafo, Tiberian Hebrew YÄp̄ô; Arabic يَاÙَا YÄfÄ; also Japho, Joppa), is an ancient city located in Israel. ...
Even before the end of Ottoman administration, Palestine, rather than the Ottoman Empire, was considered by some Palestinians to be their country. On 25 July 1913, for instance, the Palestinian newspaper al-Karmel wrote: "This team possessed tremendous power; not to ignore that Palestine, their country, was part of the Ottoman Empire."[38] The idea of a specifically Palestinian state, however, was at first rejected by most Palestinians; the First Congress of Muslim-Christian Associations (in Jerusalem, February 1919), which met for the purpose of selecting a Palestinian Arab representative for the Paris Peace Conference, adopted the following resolution: "We consider Palestine as part of Arab Syria, as it has never been separated from it at any time. We are connected with it by national, religious, linguistic, natural, economic and geographical bonds." (Yehoshua Porath, Palestinian Arab National Movement: From Riots to Rebellion: 1929-1939, vol. 2, London: Frank Cass and Co., Ltd., 1977, pp. 81-82.) However, particularly after the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the French conquest of Syria, the notion took on greater appeal; in 1920, for instance, the formerly pan-Syrianist mayor of Jerusalem, Musa Qasim Pasha al-Husayni, said "Now, after the recent events in Damascus, we have to effect a complete change in our plans here. Southern Syria no longer exists. We must defend Palestine". Similarly, the Second Congress of Muslim-Christian Associations (December 1920), passed a resolution calling for an independent Palestine; they then wrote a long letter to the League of Nations about "Palestine, land of Miracles and the supernatural, and the cradle of religions", demanding, amongst other things, that a "National Government be created which shall be responsible to a Parliament elected by the Palestinian People, who existed in Palestine before the war." July 25 is the 206th day (207th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 159 days remaining. ...
1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ...
Jerusalem (Hebrew: , Yerushaláyim or Yerushalaim; Arabic: , al-Quds; official Arabic in Israel: أورشليم القدس, Urshalim-Al-Quds) is Israels capital, most populous, [1] and largest city, with a population of 724,000 (as of May 24, 2006 [2]) contained in 123 km². An ancient Middle Eastern city on the watershed...
The Paris Peace Conference, 1919, negotiated the treaties ending World War I. The Paris Peace Conference, 1946, negotiated the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947, with Germanys [[World War II allies and co-belligerents in Europe. ...
Broadly conceived, linguistics is the study of human language, and a linguist is someone who engages in this study. ...
Yehoshua Porath is Professor Emeritus of Middle East History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. ...
London (pronounced ) is the capital city of England and of the United Kingdom. ...
Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah...
This is the list of Mayors of Jerusalem. ...
Musa al-Husayni Musa Kazim al-Husayni (also spelled Husseini; Jerusalem, 1850- 1934) was nominated to several senior posts in the Ottoman administration. ...
Damascus by night, pictured from Jabal Qasioun; the green spots are minarets Damascus (Arabic: ‎ transliterated: Also commonly: الشام ash-ShÄm) is the capital and largest city of Syria. ...
The Palais des Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, built between 1929 and 1938, was constructed as the Leagues headquarters. ...
States currently utilizing parliamentary systems are denoted in orange and red—the former being constitutional monarchies where authority is vested in a parliament, and the latter being parliamentary republics whose parliaments are effectively supreme over a separate head of state. ...
Conflict between Palestinian nationalists and various types of pan-Arabists continued during the British Mandate, but the latter became increasingly marginalised. By 1937, only one of the many Arab political parties in Palestine (the Istiqlal party) promoted political absorption into a greater Arab nation as its main agenda. However, the 1948 Arab-Israeli War resulted in those parts of Palestine which were not part of Israel being occupied by Egypt and Jordan. Pan-Arabism is a movement for unification among the Arab peoples and nations of the Middle East. ...
1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ...
The 1948 Arab-Israeli War is referred to as the War of Independence (Hebrew: מלחמת העצמ×ות) or as the War of Liberation (Hebrew: מלחמת השחרור) by Israelis. ...
 Originally the normal headgear of Palestinian peasants, the keffiyeh, worn here by Yasser Arafat, first came to symbolize Palestinian nationalism during the British Mandate period. The idea of an independent nationality for Palestinian Arabs was greatly boosted by the 1967 Six Day War in which these lands were conquered by Israel; instead of being ruled by different Arab states encouraging them to think of themselves as Jordanians or Egyptians, those in the West Bank and Gaza were now ruled by a state with no desire to make them think of themselves as Israelis, and an active interest in discouraging them from regarding themselves as Egyptians, Jordanians, or Syrians[citation needed]. Moreover, the natives of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip now shared many interests and problems in common with each other that they did not share with the neighboring countries. see http://commons. ...
see http://commons. ...
An Iraqi militiaman wearing a predominantly red keffiyeh in a turban style. ...
Yasser Arafat (Arabic: ياسر عرÙات‎) August 24 or August 4, 1929 – November 11, 2004), born in Cairo, Egypt or Jerusalem (sources vary), Mohammed Abdel-Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini (Ù…Øمد عبد الرؤو٠القدوة الØسيني) and also known by the kunya Abu `Ammar (أبو عمّار), was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (1969–2004); President of the Palestinian...
Map of the territory under the British Mandate of Palestine. ...
(Redirected from 1967 Six Day War) The 1967 Arab-Israeli War, also known as the Six-Day War or June War, was fought between Israel and its Arab neighbors Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. ...
Because of the gradualness of the creation of an Palestinian national identity (as opposed to a regional one) - and, many allege, for reasons of political convenience - many Israelis did not accept the existence of an independent Palestinian people, as in Golda Meir's statement: "There was no such thing as Palestinians. It was not as though there was a Palestinian people in Palestine considering itself as a Palestinian people and we came and threw them out and took their country from them. They did not exist." (Sunday Times, 15 June 1969) (see History of Palestine). Today the existence of a unique Palestinian nationality/identity is generally recognized. ([39]). Golda Meir (Hebrew: ) (born Golda Mabovitz; May 3, 1898 – December 8, 1978) was one of the founders of the State of Israel. ...
June 15 is the 166th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (167th in leap years), with 199 days remaining. ...
1969 (MCMLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1969 calendar). ...
This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ...
During the few decades after the State of Israel came into existence, Palestinian expressions of pan-Arabism could be heard from time to time but usually under outside influence. This was especially true in Syria under the influence of the Baath party. For example, Zuhayr Muhsin, the leader of the Syrian-funded as-Sa'iqa Palestinian faction and its representative on the PLO Executive Committee, told a Dutch newspaper in 1977 that "There is no difference between Jordanians, Palestinians, Syrians and Lebanese. It is for political reasons only that we carefully emphasize our Palestinian identity." Such opinions also existed in Jordan, where government policy was to de-emphasize the difference between Palestinians and Jordanians for domestic reasons. However, most in the Palestinian organizations saw the struggle as either Palestinian-nationalist or Islamic in nature and these themes predominate even more today. Pan-Arabism is a movement for unification among the Arab peoples and nations of the Middle East. ...
Bath Party flag The Arab Socialist Bath Party (also spelled Baath or Baath; Arabic: Øزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي) was founded in 1945 as a radical, left-wing, secular Arab nationalist political party. ...
Zuheir Mohsen (b. ...
As-Saiqa (Arabic: الصاعقة meaning thunderbolt) is a Palestinian political and military faction supported by Syria. ...
In 1977, the United Nations General Assembly created the "International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People", an annual observance on November 29th. [1] For the album by Ash, see 1977 (album). ...
United Nations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ...
Politics
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 Coat of arms of the PNA The Arab summit meeting in Rabat, Morocco in October 1974 stated that the PLO is the "sole legitimate representation of the Palestinian people" (i.e., of Palestinian Arabs). However, Israel, and to a lesser extent the United States and parts of Europe, preferred to deal with what it regarded as more moderate groups for a long period of time[citation needed]. Image File history File links Wiki_letter_w. ...
Palestinian National Authority logo File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...
For the Maltese city on Gozo Island which can also be called Rabat, see Victoria, Malta. ...
The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic Munazzamat al-Tahrir Filastiniyyah منظمة تحرير فلسطينية ) is a political and paramilitary organization of Palestinian Arabs dedicated to the establishment of an independent Palestinian state to consist of the area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea, with an intent to destroy Israel. ...
A Palestinian Arab (or Arab Palestinian) is an Arab of Palestine - either the historical region of Palestine or any of the political divisions designated as Palestine. Journalists, historians and some diplomats or government officials frequently refer to Palestianian Arabs as Palestinians for short. ...
The Palestinian Authority administers large sections of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, although it lacks actual sovereignty. In recent years, its authority has in practice been challenged by groups such as Hamas; however, most such groups continue to recognize its legitimacy in principle. Israel has often acknowledged this authority. The West Bank The Palestinian National Authority (PNA or PA) is a semi-autonomous state institution nominally governing the bulk of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (which it calls the Palestinian Territories). It was established as a part of Oslo accords between the PLO and Israel. ...
Sovereignty is the exclusive right to exercise supreme political (e. ...
The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
Following the November, 2004 death of long-time Fatah party PLO leader and PA chairman Yasser Arafat, Fatah member Mahmoud Abbas was elected as Palestinian Authority Chairman. Fatah (Arabic: ÙتØ); a reverse acronym from the Arabic name Harakat al-Tahrir al-Watani al-Filastini (literally: Palestinian National Liberation Movement) is a major Palestinian political party and the largest organization in the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), a multi-party confederation. ...
Yasser Arafat (Arabic: ياسر عرÙات‎) August 24 or August 4, 1929 – November 11, 2004), born in Cairo, Egypt or Jerusalem (sources vary), Mohammed Abdel-Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini (Ù…Øمد عبد الرؤو٠القدوة الØسيني) and also known by the kunya Abu `Ammar (أبو عمّار), was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (1969–2004); President of the Palestinian...
Mahmoud Abbas (Arabic: Ù…Øمود عباس) (born March 26, 1935), commonly known by the kunya Abu Mazen (ابو مازن), was elected President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) on January 9, 2005 and took office on January 15, 2005. ...
The West Bank The Palestinian National Authority (PNA or PA) is a semi-autonomous state institution nominally governing the bulk of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (which it calls the Palestinian Territories). It was established as a part of Oslo accords between the PLO and Israel. ...
In January, 2006, the List of Change and Reform, the political wing of Hamas, won a majority of seats in the Palestinian parliament in free elections, garnering a 44% plurality of votes cast. This result, a surprise to all parties, was widely interpreted as a protest against Fatah corruption, but was a cause of concern for supporters of the peace process, as Hamas' militant wing targets Israeli civilians for death and explicitly states the destruction of Israel as a primary goal. The Hamas emblem shows the Dome of the Rock, two crossed swords, Palestinian flags, and a map of the land they claim as Palestine (present-day Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip). ...
The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ...
Wikinews has news related to this article: Hamas wins Palestinian election On January 25, 2006, elections were held for the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC), the legislature of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). ...
The UN Partition Plan Map of the State of Israel today The Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has taken shape over the years, despite the ongoing violence in the Middle East. ...
Palestinian citizens of Israel have political representation in the Knesset (Israeli parliament). The Israeli government asserts that non-Jewish citizens of Israel have nearly all the same rights and obligations as Jewish Israelis (which includes Palestinian Jews), but there are important differences and restrictions. The modern Knesset building, Israels parliament, in Jerusalem Though similar-sounding, Beit Knesset (בית ×›× ×¡×ª) literally means House of Assembly, and refers to a synagogue. ...
See also Combatants Arab nations Israel Arab-Israeli conflict series History of the Arab-Israeli conflict Views of the Arab-Israeli conflict International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict Arab-Israeli conflict facts, figures, and statistics Participants Israeli-Palestinian conflict · Arab League · Soviet Union / Russia · Israel and the United Nations · Iran-Israel...
Map of the territory under the British Mandate of Palestine. ...
The term Palestine and the related term Palestinian have several overlapping (and occasionally contradictory) definitions. ...
A Palestinian Jew is a Jewish inhabitant of Palestine throughout certain periods of Middle East history. ...
The following is a list of prominent Palestinians, both from Palestine and from the Palestinian diaspora. ...
Map of the British Mandate of Palestine. ...
Palestinian Arabic is a Levantine Arabic dialect subgroup. ...
Economic overview: Real per capita GDP for the West Bank and Gaza Strip (WBGS) declined by about one-third between 1992 and 1996 due to the combined effect of falling aggregate incomes and rapid population growth. ...
The Palestinian exodus (Arabic: الهجرة الÙلسطينية al-Hijra al-Filasteeniya) refers to the refugee flight of Palestinian Arabs during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. ...
In the areas now controlled by Israel and Palestinian National Authority, multiple ethnic groups, races and religions have long held on to a diverse culture. ...
The Palestinian Christians are Palestinians who follow Christianity. ...
In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, a Palestinian refugee is a refugee from Palestine created by the Palestinian Exodus, which Palestinians call the Nakba (نكبة, meaning disaster). History Most of the refugees had already fled by the time the neighboring Arab states intervened on the side of Palestinians and continued after...
The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic Munazzamat al-Tahrir Filastiniyyah منظمة تحرير فلسطينية ) is a political and paramilitary organization of Palestinian Arabs dedicated to the establishment of an independent Palestinian state to consist of the area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea, with an intent to destroy Israel. ...
References - ^ United Nations General Assembly. International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People, The United Nations. Accessed March 27, 2006.
- Argov Z et al. "Hereditary inclusion body myopathy: the Middle Eastern genetic cluster," Neurology May 13, 2003;60(9):1519-23.
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