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This is an article about the scholars known as Arabists, not the political movement Pan-Arabism. Image File history File links Nuvola_apps_browser. ... Pan-Arabism is a movement for unification among the Arab peoples and nations of the Middle East. ...

An Arabist is a person, especially one not raised in the Arabic-speaking world, who is expert in Arabic language and Arabic literature. This meaning of the term is the primary focus of this article. The Arabic language (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), or simply Arabic (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... The Arabic language (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), or simply Arabic (Arabic: ‎ translit: ), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic. ... Center For Arabic Culture (CAC) Christina Campo-Abdoun & Seifed-Din Abdoun http://cacac. ...

Origins of Arabism

Arabism began in medieval Muslim Spain, which sat on the cusp between the Muslim and Christian worlds. At various times, either a Christian or a Muslim kingdom might be the most hospitable toward scholars. Although some translation of Arabic texts into Latin (mostly of works on mathematics and astronomy) began as early as the 10th century, major work dates from the School of Toledo, which began during the reign of Alfonso VII of Castile, (1105–1157), when Jews literate in Arabic were driven north from al-Andalus (now Andalusia) by the religious rigidity of the Almohad dynasty. Al-Ä€ndalus (Arabic الأندلس) was the Arabic name given to the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim inhabitants; it refers to both the Emirate (ca 750-929) and Caliphate of Córdoba (929-1031) and its taifa successor kingdoms specifically, and in general to Muslim territories from 711-1492. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... A Christian is a follower of Jesus Christ. ... It has been suggested that History of the Latin language be merged into this article or section. ... Euclid, detail from The School of Athens by Raphael. ... Astronomy (Greek: αστρονομία = άστρον + νόμος, astronomia = astron + nomos, literally, law of the stars) is the science of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside the Earths atmosphere, such as stars, planets, comets, aurora, galaxies, and the cosmic background radiation. ... As a means of recording the passage of time, the 10th century was that century which lasted from 901 to 1000. ... Alfonso VII of Castile (March 1, 1104/5 - August 21, 1157), nicknamed the Emperor, was the king of Castile and Leon since 1126, son of Urraca of Castile and Count Raymond of Burgundy. ... Events Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor deposed by his son, Henry V Tamna kingdom annexed by Korean Goryeo Dynasty. ... Events Births September 8 - King Richard I of England (died 1199) Leopold V of Austria (died 1194) Hojo Masako, wife of Minamoto no Yoritomo (died 1225) Deaths August 21 - King Alfonso VII of Castile (born 1105) Agnes of Babenberg, daughter of Leopold III of Austria Sweyn III of Denmark Yury... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... Motto: Dominator Hercules Fundator Andalucía por sí, para España y la humanidad (Andalusia for herself, for Spain, and for humankind) Capital Seville Area  â€“ Total  â€“ % of Spain Ranked 2nd  87 268 km²  17,2% Population  â€“ Total (2005)  â€“ % of Spain  â€“ Density Ranked 1st  7. ... The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i. ...

Translations were made into the Vulgar Latin or early Spanish that was the vernacular language of that time and place, as well as into the Church Latin that was then Europe's lingua franca. Early translations included works by Avicenna, Al-Ghazali, Avicebron, etc.; books on astronomy, astrology, and medicine; and the works of some of the Ancient Greek philosophers, especially Aristotle, who unlike Plato had been unknown or at least largely ignored in medieval Christendom. The latter were accompanied by the commentaries of Al-Ghazali, Avicenna, and Averroes, to the point of there being an identifiable Averroist school of philosophy in Christian Europe. Vulgar Latin, as in this political engraving at Pompeii, was the language of the ordinary people of the Roman Empire, distinct from the Classical Latin of literature. ... Ecclesiastical Latin, sometimes called Church Latin, is the Latin language as used in documents of the Roman Catholic Church. ... Lingua franca, literally Frankish language in Italian, was originally a mixed language consisting largely of Italian plus a vocabulary drawn from Turkish, Persian, French, Greek and Arabic and used for communication throughout the Middle East. ... The works of Avicenna, the greatest of the medieval Persian physicians, played a crucial role in the European Renaissance. ... Al-Ghazali Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Ghazali (Arabic: ابو حامد محمد بن محمد الغزالى for short: الغزالى ) (born 1058 in Tus, Khorasan province of Persia, modern day Iran, died 1111 in Tus) was a Muslim theologian, and philosopher, known as Algazel to the Western Medieval world, Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali, or al-Ghazzali as it... Solomon Ibn Gabriol, also Solomon ben Judah, is a Spanish Jewish poet and philosopher. ... Astrology refers to any of several systems, traditions or beliefs in which knowledge of the apparent positions of celestial bodies is held to be useful in understanding, interpreting, and organizing knowledge about human affairs and events on Earth. ... Medicine is the branch of health science and the sector of public life concerned with maintaining human health or restoring it through the treatment of disease and injury. ... Ancient Greece is the period of Greek history spanning much of the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins and lasting for close to a millennium, until the rise of Christianity. ... Aristotle (Ancient Greek: Aristotelēs 384–March 7 322 BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. ... Plato ( Greek: Πλάτων, Plátōn, wide, broad-shouldered) (c. ... This medieval map, which abstracts the known world to a cross inscribed within an orb, remakes geography in the service of Christian iconography. ... Averroes (Ibn Rushd) (1126 – December 10, 1198) was an Andalusian-Berber philosopher and physician who wrot in arabic, a master of philosophy and Islamic law, mathematics, and medicine. ... Averroism was a philosophical trend among scholastics in the late 1200s based on Averroës interpretations of Aristotle. ...

Spain was so much the center of medieval Arabism as to draw scholars from throughout Christian Europe, notably Gerard of Cremona, Herman of Carinthia, Michael Scotus, and Robert of Ketton. In 1143, Robert of Ketton made the first Latin translation of the Qur'an, at the request of Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny. Marcos de Toledo produced another translation of the Qur'an in the 13th century under a mandate from archbishop Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada, who later edited the landmark Historia Arabum ("history of the Arabs"), drawing on the work of al-Razi for the knowledge of al-Andalus prior to the Almoravid conquest. Gerard of Cremona (Gherardo) (Cremona, Lombardy, c. ... Herman of Carinthia, Hermanus Dalmata Herman of Carinthia (Slovene Herman KoroÅ¡ki) (Croatian Slav Dalmatian, or Herman Dalmatin) (Latin Sclavus Dalmata), was a Slovene (or perhaps a Croatian) philosopher, astronomer, astrologer, mathematician, translator and author. ... Robert of Ketton was a medieval theologian. ... Events Celestine II is elected pope. ... The , , (Arabic: recitation, also transliterated as Quran, Quran, Quran, Koran), is the holy book of Islam. ... Peter the Venerable (about 1092 - December 25, 1156 in Cluny), also known as Peter of Montboissier, was born to Raingarde in Auvergne. ... Cluny nowadays The town of Cluny or Clugny lies in the modern-day département of Saône-et-Loire in the région of France, near Mâcon. ... (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... Colophon of al-Razis Book of Medicine Al-Razi, (full name AbÅ« Bakr Muhammad Ibn ZakarÄ«ya al-Rāzi, in Persian زكريای رازی Zakaria ye Razi, in Arabic ابو بکر محمد بن زكريا الرازی), and also Zakaria al-Razi in Arabic; or in Latin as Rhazes and Rasis. ... Almoravides (From Arabic المرابطون sing. ...

Arabism and proselytism

Beginning in the 13th century, with the Reconquista well under way, Arabist efforts in Spain were tied closely to the goal of the possibility of proselytizing Christianity in the Arab world. In this wave of activity, Raymundus Martini, author of Pugio fidei adversos mauros et iudaeos (The Fight of Faith Against Moors and Jews) wrote an Arabic vocabulary book and Ramon Llull, in 1275, established in Majorca a school to teach Arabic to preachers. Pope Honorius IV granted permission to Martini and Llull to found a center for "oriental studies" in Rome. (12th century - 13th century - 14th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. ... The Reconquista (Reconquest) refers to the liberation of the Christian Iberian Peninsula from Muslim invaders, taking place between 718 and 1492. ... Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, known by Christians as Jesus Christ, as recounted in the New Testament. ... Ramon Llull. ... Events Eleanor de Montfort is captured by pirates in the employ of Edward I of England to prevent her marriage to Llywelyn the Last, prince of Jews over the age of 7 to wear the yellow badge and makes usury illegal Jean de Meun writes the second portion of the... Majorca (Mallorca in Catalan and Spanish, sometimes also encountered in English),: from Latin insula maior, later Maiorica, (major island) is one of the Balearic Islands (Catalan: Illes Balears, Spanish: Islas Baleares), which are located in the Mediterranean Sea and are a part of Spain. ... Honorius IV, né Giacomo Savelli (Rome, ca. ... Orientalism is the study of Near and Far Eastern societies and cultures, languages and peoples by Western scholars. ... City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus – SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BC mythical, 1st millennium BC Region Latium Area  - City Proper  1285 km² Population  - City (2004)  - Metropolitan  - Density (city proper) 2,553,873 almost 4,300,000 1. ...

While Llull may have been motivated in large measure by the desire to proseletise, his relationship to the Arab world was not so simple. According to Julián Ribera, Llull wrote his Book of the Gentile and the Three Wise Men in Arabic, then translated it into Catalan as the Llibre del gentil e dels tres savis. Catalan (Català IPA: ) a Romance language, the national and official language of Catalunya (Catalonia) (On April 3rd 06 the central government of Spain finally recognised the right to define Catalonia as a NATION on the text of the Catalan Constitution) and the Principality of Andorra. ...

This wave of Arabism gained its greatest impulse from Alfonso X of Castile, who commissioned translations of major works into the Latin and into the Castilian Spanish of the time. This led to the first Spanish translation of the Qur'an, and of such influential works as Kalilah and Dimnah, Libro de los Engannos e Asayamientos de las Mugeres (Book of the Deceits and Lies of Women), the Escala de Mahoma (The Ascent of Muhammed?) and Los fuegos del ajedrez (The Fires of Chess). Alfonso's own works in history and astronomy drew on numerous elements of Muslim knowledge; the Tales of Count Lucanor, by Juan Manuel and El Libro de buen amor (The Book of Good Love) by Arcipreste de Hita from this period both show an interpenetration and symbiosis of Oriental and Spanish cultures. Alfonso X and his court. ... It has been suggested that History of the Latin language be merged into this article or section. ... The , , (Arabic: recitation, also transliterated as Quran, Quran, Quran, Koran), is the holy book of Islam. ... Juan Ruiz (ca. ...

This trend continued in the 15th century, with Juan de Segovia's trilingual Qur'an (Arabic, Spanish, and Latin), now lost, and Cardinal Cisneros's multilingual Bible. In the 16th century, Pedro de Alcalá undertook several books intended to allow Spanish-speakers to learn Arabic; also, there are several 16th century histories of the Kingdom of Granada, of its conquest and the Moorish uprisings, including the Guerra de Granada (War of Granada) by Diego Hurtado de Mendoza and the Historia de la rebelión y castigo de los moriscos (History of the Rebellion and Punishment of the Moors) by Mármol Carvajal. (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... (15th century - 16th century - 17th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 to 1600. ... The City of Granada Alhambra, Courtyard of the Lions Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in Spain. ...

The eclipse of Spanish Arabism

By this, time, however, Spanish Arabism was succumbing to the repressive atmosphere created by the Spanish Inquisition. Moriscos hesitated to show even the most minimal knowledge of their mother tongue (Cabanelas, El morisco granadino Alonso del Castillo, Granada, 1965) and Arabic books were burned; any effort to understand Arabic language or culture became a cause for suspicion. It would be the mid-1700s until the power of the Inquisition began to wane and a new Arabism arose in Spain. Pedro Berruguete. ... Morisco (Spanish Moor-like) or mourisco (Portuguese) is a term referring to a kind of New Christian in Spain and Portugal. ...

England

The Adams Professorship in the Arabic language was established at Cambridge University in England in 1632.

Famous Arabists

Hans Wehr (1909-1981), German arabist who was professor at University of Münster from 1957-1974. Wehr published the Arabisches Wörterbuch (1952), which was later published in an English edition as A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, edited by J. Milton Cowan. As part of this dictionary, Wehr created a transliteration scheme to represent the Arabic alphabet.

Richard Francis Burton

He entered Trinity College, Oxford in Autumn 1840, after his family had travelled through Europe much (he spoke English, French and Italian). There he took up his studies including Falconry and Arabic.

First explorations and Journey to Mecca (1851 – 1853)----

Burton's time in the Sindh prepared him well for his Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca and, in this case, Medina) and his seven years in India gave Burton a familiarity with the customs and behaviour of Muslims. It was this journey, undertaken in 1853 which first made Burton famous. He had planned it whilst travelling disguised among the Muslims of Sindh, and had laboriously prepared for the ordeal by study and practice (including being circumcised to further lower the risk of being discovered).

Although Burton was not the first non-Muslim European to make the Hajj (that honor belonging to Ludovico di Barthema in 1503 [8]), his pilgrimage is the most famous and the best documented of the time. He adopted various disguises including that of a Pathan (modern Pashtun) to account for any oddities in speech, but he still had to demonstrate an understanding of intricate Islamic ritual, and a familiarity with the minutiae of Eastern manners and etiquette. Burton's trek to Mecca was quite dangerous and his caravan was attacked by bandits (a common experience at the time). As he put it, although "...neither Koran or Sultan enjoin the death of Jew or Christian intruding within the columns that note the sanctuary limits, nothing could save a European detected by the populace, or one who after pilgrimage declared himself an unbeliever." [9]. The pilgrimage entitled him to the title of Hajji and to wear a green turban. Burton's own account of his journey is given in The Pilgrimage to Al-Medinah and Meccah (1855).

External links

• Alfonso X, el Sabio Escuela de Traductores [1252-1277] (in English despite page name), on the site of Suzanne H. Petersen, University of Washington