Aratus (271 BC - 213 BC) was a statesman of the ancient Greek city-state of Sicyon in the 3rd century BC. He deposed Nicocles in 251 BC. Aratus was a supporter of Greek unity and integrated Sicyon into the Achaean League, which was led by him to his maximum extent. He was elected strategos numerous times and led the Achaeans against Macedonia, the Aetolians and the Spartans. After the Spartans defeated and nearly destroyed the cities of the Achaean League, he requested Antigonus Doson of Macedonia to help fight against the Aetolians and Spartans. After Antigonus died in 222 BC, Aratus did not get along with Philip V of Macedon, who wanted to make the Achæan League subject to Macedonia. Polybius and Plutarch record that Philip had Aratus poisoned. (Polybius 8.14; Plutarch Aratus 52) Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 320s BC 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC - 270s BC - 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 276 BC 275 BC 274 BC 273 BC 272 BC - 271 BC - 270 BC 269 BC 268... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC - 210s BC - 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC 160s BC Years: 218 BC 217 BC 216 BC 215 BC 214 BC - 213 BC - 212 BC 211 BC... Statesman is a respectful term used to refer to politicians, and other notable figures of state. ... The Temple to Athena, the Parthenon Ancient Greece is a period in Greek history that lasted for around three thousand years. ... A city-state is a region controlled exclusively by a city. ... Sicyon was an ancient Greek city situated in the northern Peloponnesus between Corinth and Achaea. ... (2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) The 3rd century BC started on January 1, 300 BC and ended on December 31, 201 BC. // Events The Pyramid of the Moon, one of several monuments built in Teotihuacán Teotihuacán, Mexico begun The first two Punic Wars between Carthage... Nicocles (in Greek Nικoκλης; ruled 251 BC) was a tyrant of the ancient Greek city-state of Sicyon in the 3rd century BC; to which position he raised himself in 251 BC by the murder of Paseas, who had succeeded his son Abantidas in the sovereign power. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC 260s BC - 250s BC - 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC 200s BC Years: 256 BC 255 BC 254 BC 253 BC 252 BC - 251 BC - 250 BC 249 BC... The Achaean League was a confederation of Greek city states in Achaea, a territory on the northern coast of the Peloponnese. ... The term strategos (plural strategoi; Greek στρατηγός) is used in Greek to mean general. In the hellenistic and Byzantine Empires the term was also used to describe a military governor. ... The Aetolian League was a confederation in ancient Greece centering on the cities of Aetolia in central Greece. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Antigonus III Doson (263 BC-221 BC), king of Macedonia 229 BC-221 BC. He belonged to the Antigonid dynasty. ... Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 270s BC 260s BC 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC - 220s BC - 210s BC 200s BC 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC Years: 227 BC 226 BC 225 BC 224 BC 223 BC - 222 BC - 221 BC 220 BC... Coin of Philip V. The Greek inscription reads ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ ([coin] of King Philip). ...

Early Life

Aratus was born, in 271 BC, in Sicyon. His father, Clinias, was governing this city, as magistrate. Clinias had ended a large tyrant streak, which had been a tradition there, pacifying the country.^[1] A magistrate is a judicial officer. ...

Though, in 264 BC, Abantidas led a new coup. Clinias was slain and, then, Abantidas sought the 7 years old Aratus, to kill him. Aratus rushed to the streets. After wandering for a while, Aratus reached Soso's home. This woman was Abantidas' sister, indeed, although she had been married to Prophantus (Clinias' brother). She was so emotionally moved by the child's circumstance that she hid him until the night and, then, she sent Aratus off, to Argos.^[2] Centuries: 4th century BC - 3rd century BC - 2nd century BC Decades: 310s BC 300s BC 290s BC 280s BC 270s BC - 260s BC - 250s BC 240s BC 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC Years: 269 BC 268 BC 267 BC 266 BC 265 BC - 264 BC - 263 BC 262 BC... Abantidas (in Greek Aβαντιδας), the son of Paseas, became tyrant of the ancient Greek city-state of Sicyon after murdering Cleinias, the father of Aratus, 264 BC.1 He either banished or put to death his friends and relations; Aratus, who was then only seven years old, narrowly escaped death. ...

In Argos, Aratus was educated, by other exiles --of whom many had been family's friends--, with liberal notions. Thus, Aratus hated the tyrants. Additionally, Aratus attended the Argos' palaestra regularly, developing an athletic body, which could be appreciated in his statues. He won the pentathlon, once.^[3] Pompeii palaestra seen from the top of the stadium wall. ... The pentathlon (as opposed to the modern pentathlon) was an athletic event in the Olympic Games and other Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece. ...

Soon, Aratus became a political leader, in exile. He was admired, by both his aristocratic birth and his enthusiasm.^[4]

Liberating Sicyon

In Sicyon, after a succession of tyrants, the last was Nicocles. Just after four months, this man had repressed quite fiercely. Also, he feared Aratus so he commissioned spies, to follow him in Argos.^[5] This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Nicocles (in Greek Nικoκλης; ruled 251 BC) was a tyrant of the ancient Greek city-state of Sicyon in the 3rd century BC; to which position he raised himself in 251 BC by the murder of Paseas, who had succeeded his son Abantidas in the sovereign power. ...

Aratus had been pondering about his future. Though, neither Macedonia, with King Antigonus II, nor Egypt, with King Ptolemy II, resulted promising. Consequently, with other exiles, Aratus decided go for Sicyon's liberation. The maneuver had to be swift, dodging any too lengthened conflict, which wouldn't be affordable to the insurgency.^[6] Look up king in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Coin of Antigonus II Gonatas Antigonus II Gonatas (c. ... 309–246 BC), with Arsinoë II. Ptolemy II Philadelphus (Greek: , 309 BC–246 BC), was the king of Ptolemaic Egypt from 281 BC to 246 BC. He was the son of the founder of the Ptolemaic kingdom Ptolemy I Soter and Berenice. ...

Quietly, during a night, they entered into Sicyon, through a rocky side, climbing a steep wall with ladders. Right before the dawn, Aratus reduced the royal guard, without killing any, and he ordered communicating to the local people so they may join the cause. With the dawn, all Sicyon was around the palace and, after a herald harangued them, the people thronged into the palace which was set afire. The flames could be seen 12 km away, from Corinth. Nicocles escaped through a belowground passage. Whereas the soldiers were plundering the palace, Aratus didn't stop them but he assured that the riches were distributed among the people, as well. Aratus could avoid a bloodshed for just one citizen was killed.^[7] Henry Edgar Paston-Bedingfeld, Her Majestys York Herald of Arms in Ordinary at the College of Arms. ... KM, Km, or km may stand for: Khmer language (ISO 639 alpha-2, km) Kilometre Kinemantra Meditation Knowledge management KM programming language KM Culture, Korean Movie Maker. ... Corinth, or Korinth (Greek: Κόρινθος, Kórinthos; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a Greek city-state, on the Isthmus of Corinth, the narrow stretch of land that joins the Peloponnesus to the mainland of Greece. ...

Pacifying Sicyon

Soon, it was clear that Aratus lived only for Sicyon's prosperity. For instance, this dictated the individuals who could be considered his own friends.^[8]

Though, although Aratus had brought most exiles back, after fifty years of tyrannies, most exiles had ended destitute. These claimed for their former properties but they had been reassigned. Fearing a civil war, Aratus decided that Sicyon would join the Achaean League. Sicyon lost his Dorian heritage by this reason. Then, the weak Achaean League was only as powerful, as a single Greek city. Once inside the league, Aratus served in the cavalry. His superordinates were surprised because he responded as humbly, as the lowest soldier.^[9] A civil war is a war in which parties within the same culture, society or nationality fight against each other for the control of political power. ... The Achaean League was a confederation of Greek city states in Achaea, a territory on the northern coast of the Peloponnese. ... Fifth century BCE hoplite, or heavy-armed soldier, possibly the Spartan king Leonidas, a Dorian, who died holding the pass at the Battle of Thermopylae. ... Soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback in combat are commonly known as cavalry (from French cavalerie). ...

For Sicyon, Aratus resorted also to King Ptolemy, of Egypt. Ptolemy was a personal friend because, usually, Aratus sent Greek paintings. These were painted by famous artists, in Sicyon, which was an important artistic node. Already, Ptolemy had sent 25 talents but this wasn't enough. Aratus decided visiting him personally. After a hazardous trip, at which he was almost captured by the Macedonians, Aratus met Ptolemy. The Egyptian King presented Sicyon, with 150 talents. This mollified Sicyon definitively and the exiles erected a brass statue, in Aratus' behalf.^[10] For building painting, see painter and decorator. ... Talent refers to a special aptitude, faculty or gift of a person. ... Brass is any alloy of copper and zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses, each of which has unique properties[1]. Note that in comparison bronze is principally an alloy of copper and tin. ...

Though, the Macedonian King Antigonus began a calumny campaign, against Aratus. The target was the vital relation, which existed between Aratus and Ptolemy. Malicious people corresponded with calumnious gossip, to the very same Ptolemy, whose diplomats traveled to Sicyon, to clear the issue.^[11] This page is about negotiations; for the board game, see Diplomacy (game). ...

The Achaean Strategos

Aratus was appointed Strategos, in the Achaean League. At the time, the Achaean League's worst rivals were Macedonia, whose garrisons were throughout the Peloponnesus, and Aetolia, which had joined the previous, strategically. In his first military actions, Aratus aided the Boeotian army. Leading 10,000 soldiers, Aratus attacked both Locris and Calydon. ^[12] The term strategos (plural strategoi; Greek στρατηγός) is used in Greek to mean general. In the hellenistic and Byzantine Empires the term was also used to describe a military governor. ... For people named Garrison, see Garrison (disambiguation) Garrison House, built by William Damm in 1675 at Dover, New Hampshire Garrison (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, to equip) is the collective term for the body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it, but... Boeotia or Beotia (//, (Greek Βοιωτια; see also list of traditional Greek place names) was the central area of ancient Greece. ... Locris was a region of ancient Greece, made up of two districts. ... Calydon (Greek Καλυδών) was an ancient Greek city in Aetolia, situated on the west bank of the river Evenus. ...

Capturing Corinth

Corinth had been garrisoned years before, by Philip II of Macedonia. Aratus discovered that he had the chance, to liberate the city, by four Sirian brothers. One of them, Erginus, had stolen the Corinthian royal treasury and he had decided banking such fortune, at Sicyon. There, he revealed to Aratus that his brother Diocles --who was soldier in the Macedonian garrison-- had discovered a wall section, which was only 4.5 meter high. It was accessible through some rocks, by a hidden path. To all brothers, Aratus guaranteed a 60 talent reward, hocking his own wife's silver jewelry.^[13] Philip II of Macedon (Macedonia) (382 BC - 336 BC), King of Macedon (ruled 359 BC - 336 BC), was the father of Alexander the Great (Alexander III of Macedon) and Philip III of Macedon. ... The music duo Siria is comprised of singer Natalie Horler of Cascada fame, and one of the DJ/producers from Cascada, DJ Manian. ... The metre, or meter (symbol: m) is the SI base unit of length. ... Talent refers to a special aptitude, faculty or gift of a person. ... General Name, Symbol, Number silver, Ag, 47 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 5, d Appearance lustrous white metal Atomic mass 107. ... Jewelry (the American spelling; spelled jewellery in Commonwealth English) consists of ornamental devices worn by persons, typically made with gems and precious metals. ...

Aratus led 400 men, from which he commanded a 100 man elite personally, right into the garrison, through the secret passage. The Macedonians ended overwhelmed, by the assaulters. On the next morning, Corinth's garrison had surrendered and the entire Achaean army had arrived.^[14]

Aratus congregated all Corinthians at the local theater. Wearing his armour, with his spear in his right hand, the fatigued Aratus was there, with his leant body. He hadn't uttered a word when the multitude acclaimed him. Aratus spoke on the Achaean League's behalf. He said that Corinth should join the league and, then, he returned the city's keys, which had been divested by the Macedonians. The Achaeans garrisoned Corinth, with 400 men.^[15] For other usages see Theatre (disambiguation) Theater (American English) or Theatre (British English and widespread usage among theatre professionals in the US) is that branch of the performing arts concerned with acting out stories in front of an audience using combinations of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound and spectacle &#8212...

Expanding the League

Consequently, Megara, Troezen, and Epidaurus revolted against Macedonia, joining Aratus' plans. Also, the Achaean soldiers followed Aratus anywere, fighting the Macedonian King. Aratus invaded Attica, occupying Salamis. Additionally, Aratus convinced his friend Ptolemy so his kingdom joined the Achaean League, with extraordinary military powers.^[16] Megara (Greek: Μέγαρα; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is an ancient city in Attica, Greece. ... Troezen (TREE-zun) is a city in Argolis located southwest of Athens and a few miles south of Methana. ... Panoramic view of the theater at Epidaurus Epidaurus (Epidauros) was a small city (polis) in ancient Greece at the Saronic Gulf. ... Attica (in Greek: Αττική, Attike; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a periphery (subdivision) in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece. ... Salamis may refer to Salamis Island in the Saronic Gulf of the Aegean Sea, near Athens, Greece, where the Battle of Salamis was fought in 480 B.C.. Salamis, Cyprus, an ancient city on the east coast of Cyprus. ...

A Recognized Leader

Soon, the Achaeans recognized that Aratus' lone interest was boosting the league's greatness. Thus, although it was prohibited by the law, Aratus was appointed Strategos in successive years. Usually, Aratus asseverated that, although a single city may not be strong enough, conjointly inside the Achaean League, all cities could survive organically.^[17]

Against the Peloponnesian Tyrants

Additionally, Aratus campaigned against any tyrannical Peloponnesian leader.^[18]

Argos

Among such campaigns, Aratus' most difficult one was Argos. This city had fallen, under a succession of tyrants, and --sentimentally-- Aratus expected liberating the place at which he had grown. With the Achaeans, Aratus led a spate of campaigns but, basically, the Argives were already accustomed to live so. In one confrontation, a spear cut Aratus' thigh across. At Cleonae, Aratus could kill the first of these foes, Aristoppus, but --now-- Macedonian soldiers helped Aristomachos, to subject Argos again.^[19] Coordinates 37°37′ N 22°43′ E Country Greece Periphery Peloponnese Prefecture Argolis Province Argos Population 29,505 Area 5. ... Cleonae or Cleonæ or Kleonai may refer to any of several ancient cities, including: Archaies Kleones formerly Cleonae, in Argolis, now in Corinthia prefecture, Greece Cleonae (Chalcidice) on Mount Athos This article consisting of geographical locations is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same... Aristomachos of Argos was ageneral of the Achaean League in Ancient Greece who served only for a year, 228 - 227 BC. Categories: | ...

Lydiadas

Lydiadas had been Megalopolis' tyrant but he repented, restricting his power up and joining the Achaean League. In return, Lydiadas was appointed Strategos. Alternately in successive years, both Aratus and Lydiadas were Strategos. Though, --soon-- Lydiadas wanted outmatching Aratus, inside the league. As a declared personal enemy, Lydiadas began ranting constantly, against him. However, the Achaean council began suspecting, by Lydiadas tyrannical past, so he lost much political support.^[20] Lydiadas of Megalopolis was the seventh, ninth and eleventh general of the Achaean League in Ancient Greece who served three terms from, 234 - 233, 232-231 and 230 to 229 BC. Categories: | ...

Allying with Aetolia

Despite recent severe confrontations, after Antigonus II died, Aetolia, whose leader was Pantaleon, accepted helping the Achaeans, against Macedonia. Although this was temporary, it meant that the then powerful Achaean League's achieved its widest reach whereas, almost exclusively, this was due to Aratus' policies.^[21]

Aratus was engaged, to liberate Athens. In the Thriasian Plain, his leg was severely broken, but --afterward-- he kept warring on a litter. Eventually, he captured Athens' Academy, pardoning the local people. Later, Aratus convinced Diogenes, the local Macedonian commander, to sell (Piraeus, Munychia, Salamis, and Sunium), which he had til then held for Macedonia, to the Athenians, for 150 talents --of which 20 were paid by Aratus--.^[22] It has been suggested that Kaminia (Piraeus), Greece be merged into this article or section. ... Munichia is the ancient Greek name for a steep hill (86 m. ... Salamis may refer to Salamis Island in the Saronic Gulf of the Aegean Sea, near Athens, Greece, where the Battle of Salamis was fought in 480 B.C.. Salamis, Cyprus, an ancient city on the east coast of Cyprus. ... Cape Sounion, looking out to the Aegean islands The cape of Sounion or Sounio, previously known as Sunium (in ancient Greek Σούνιον) is located 65 kilometres south-east of Athens, in Attica. ...

Knowing this, the Achaean League was joined, also by Aegina, Hermione, and most Arcadian cities. Also, by Aratus' insistence, Aristomachos ended joining both Argos and Phliasia, with the league, and he was appointed Strategos.^[23] Coordinates 37°45′ N 23°26′ E Country Greece Periphery Attica Prefecture Piraeus Population 13,552 source (2001) Area 87. ... Hermione may refer to: A daughter of Menelaus and Helen in Greek mythology; see Hermione (mythology). ... Arcadia or Arkadía (Greek Αρκαδία; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a region of Greece in the Peloponnesus. ...

Against Sparta

Next, King Cleomenes III was leading Sparta, ravaging the Peloponnesian cities. The Achaean League confronted this menace, with Aratus as Strategos for twelfth time. Aratus captured Mantinea, by surprise, but Cleomenes captured Megalopolis, garrisoning it. ^[24] Cleomenes III was the son of Leonidas II. In keeping with the Spartan agoge and the native pederastic tradition he was the hearer (aites) of Xenares and later the inspirer (eispnelos) of Panteus. ...

Furthermore, Cleomenes overthrew all Spartan political institutions so he raided more ferociously than ever. Consequently, Aratus began corresponding secretly, with Antigonus. Soon, the Macedonians were called "Confederate", garrisoning some Peloponnesian cities again and aiding other cities with troops. For instance, Corinth was reinforced by Macedonian troops although, still, its garrison was Achaean.^[25]

Mantinea fell and, then, Cleomenes demanded being appointed Strategos. Effectively, the Achaean council invited him to Argos but Cleomenes brought his entire army to Lerna, which was 2.5 miles far from Argos. This alarmed Aratus and he suggested to Cleomenes that, as "good friends," just 300 Spartans may enter to Argos. Cleomenes felt offended by the offer and, in the Achaean Council, both argued so bitterly that Cleomenes declared the war formally, to the league.^[26] For the municipality, see Myloi (Argolida), Greece, the seat of the municipality of Lerna In classical Greece, Lerna was a region of springs and a former lake near the east coast of the Peloponnesus, south of Argos. ...

Consequently, Sparta captured most Achaean cities and Aratus witnessed that his league crumbled. Aratus was commanded to police the league. Thus, he executed people, both in Sicyon and in Corinth. The Corinthians attempted abducting Aratus but they failed. Subsequently, Corinth surrendered voluntarily, to Sparta. The city was garrisoned and further fotified.^[27]

Both Aetolia and Athens denied further assistance to the League. Aratus, who was being appointed Strategos yearly --still--, became a weak Greek political figure, with neither power nor hope. ^[28]

Nonetheless, Cleomenes had many courtesies to Aratus, desiring integrating into the league. Aratus' Corinthian estate wasn't touched whereas Cleomenes offered a 12 talent pension, to him. Aratus excused denying these requests:

• "Now, I don't govern affairs. Instead, they govern me."

Being angered by this response, Cleomenes launched a massive invasion, around Sicyon.^[29]

Friend of Macedonia

Three months after this, Aratus deemed that Achaea should surrender Sicyon to Macedonia, definitively, because this city was their condition, for help. In Aegium, the Achaean council approved this. Then, some angered Corinthians plundered all Aratus' possessions, giving his residence to Cleomenes.^[30] Aigion or Aigio (Greek: Modern: Αίγιο, Ancient/Katharevousa: -on, Latin: Aegium) also, Egio or Egionis a town in northeast Achaea that has a population of around 12,000, with a square, a bus terminal and a fountain in downtown. ...

Aratus met Antigonus III at Pegae. The Macedonian King had brought 20,000 soldiers plus 1,300 cavalrymen. They swore reciprocal fidelity although, logically, Aratus was scared, after years of war. Particularly, his own career had begun, hating previous Macedonian Kings. However, soon he discovered that Antigonus admired him up, indeed.^[31] Antigonus III Doson (263 BC-221 BC), king of Macedonia 229 BC-221 BC. He belonged to the Antigonid dynasty. ...

Immediately, the renewed Achaean League smashed the Spartan threat. Argos, Corinth, Mantinea, and all other cities were recuperated. Cleomenes was definitively defeated at Sellasia, fleeing to Egypt then.^[32] Sellasia, Selasia or Selassia (Greek: Σελλασία) rarely Arakhova is a village and a municipality which this town is the seat of the municipality of Oinounta, Inounta or Inouda (Greek, Modern: Οινούντα, Ancient/Katharevousa: -ous), ancient form...

Loyalty to Macedonia

Henceforth, until dieing, Aratus subjugated his policies to the Macedonian monarchy. He demonstrated that, as Antigonus' chief advisor, he was as good, as before (as a democratic functionary). Indeed, Aratus became Antigonus' favorite. Among other things, Mantinea was renamed "Antigonea," by Aratus.^[33]

Some time before the alliance, Aratus had done a sacrifice where two conjoined gallbladders were found. The interpretation was that "two bitter enemies would join amicably." This was remembered when, watching an entertainment at Corinth, both Aratus and Antigonus ended protected from a very cold weather, under the same cloak.^[34] The gallbladder (or cholecyst, sometimes gall bladder) is a pear-shaped organ that stores about 50 ml of bile (or gall) until the body needs it for digestion. ...

However, the Achaeans criticized him hard for he allowed that, indiscriminately, the Macedonians did torture, executions, pillaging, and so forth. For instance, Aratus witnessed that many statues, which represented the former regional tyrants, were erected. Though, those, which represented the leaders which had liberated Corinth, were torn down. Among these, Aratus' statue was only left.^[35]

Teaching the New King

Antigonus returned to Macedonia where he went seriously sick. He sent his son Philip to Peloponnesus, to live with Aratus, so he may be acquainted by the local people.^[36]

Philip V assumed and, again, with his courtesies, Aratus became favorite. Other Macedonians hated him so much that they insulted Aratus in any occasion. Once, they threw stones at him. Eventually, these aggressors were executed by the Macedonian King.^[37] Coin of Philip V. The Greek inscription reads ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ ([coin] of King Philip). ...

Being so well protected by Macedonia, the Achaean Leage plunged into faineance. Aetolia capitalized this, invading the western region. Aratus was defeated, at Caphyae (Arcadia), for the Achaeans were totally untrained, after their long inactivity. Aratus was ferociously reproached and, then, he lost his confidence up. Even, he missed many good chances to defeat the Aetolians. However, Philip V mediated and Aratus regained his security, as Strategos.^[38] Caphyae or Kaphyai (Greek: ), was an ancient city of Arcadia situated in a small plain, northwest of the lake of Orchomenus. ... Arcadia or Arkadía (Greek Αρκαδία; see also List of traditional Greek place names) is a region of Greece in the Peloponnesus. ...

Notes

Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ... Mestrius Plutarchus (Greek: Πλούταρχος; 46 - 127), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist. ...

See also

• List of poisonings
• Philopoemen
• Lycortas