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Araucaria bidwillii is a species in the genus Araucaria, family Araucariaceae. It is a large evergreen coniferous tree, native to southeast Queensland with small disjunct populations in northern Queensland's World Heritage listed Wet Tropics, and many fine old specimens planted in northeast New South Wales. It is an evergreen tree that reaches heights of 20-50 m at natural or planted areas at various latitudes. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 461 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (582 × 756 pixel, file size: 155 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The Bunya Pine, Araucaria bidwillii. ...
The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species continuing to survive either in the present day or the future. ...
Image File history File links Status_iucn2. ...
Least Concern (LC) is an IUCN category assigned to extant species or lower taxa which have been evaluated but do not qualify for any other category. ...
Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ...
Divisions Green algae land plants (embryophytes) non-vascular embryophytes Hepatophyta - liverworts Anthocerophyta - hornworts Bryophyta - mosses vascular plants (tracheophytes) seedless vascular plants Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses Equisetophyta - horsetails Pteridophyta - true ferns Psilotophyta - whisk ferns Ophioglossophyta - adderstongue ferns seed plants (spermatophytes) †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns Pinophyta - conifers Cycadophyta - cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Gnetophyta - gnetae Magnoliophyta...
Orders & Families Cordaitales †Pinales Pinaceae - Pine family Araucariaceae - Araucaria family Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family Cupressaceae - Cypress family Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales †Voltziales †The conifers, division Pinophyta, also known as division Coniferae, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the...
Orders & Families Cordaitales †Pinales Pinaceae - Pine family Araucariaceae - Araucaria family Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family Cupressaceae - Cypress family Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales †Voltziales †The conifers, division Pinophyta, also known as division Coniferae, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the...
Families Pinaceae, pine family Araucariaceae, araucaria family Podocarpaceae, yellow-wood family Phyllocladaceae Sciadopityaceae, umbrella-pine family Cupressaceae, cypress family Cephalotaxaceae, plum-yew family Taxaceae, yew family The Order Pinales in the Division Pinophyta, Class Pinopsida comprises all the extant conifers. ...
Genera Agathis Araucaria Wollemia The Araucariaceae are a very ancient family of conifers. ...
Species See text. ...
This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
Karl Heinrich Emil Koch (1809 - 1879) was a German botanist. ...
The hierarchy of scientific classification. ...
For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ...
Species See text. ...
Genera Agathis Araucaria Wollemia The Araucariaceae are a very ancient family of conifers. ...
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Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales Pinaceae - Pine family Araucariaceae - Araucaria family Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family Cupressaceae - Cypress family Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † The conifers, division Pinophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. ...
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The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ...
The bunya pine (A. bidwillii) is the last surviving species of the Section Bunya of the genus Araucaria. This section was diverse and widespread during the Mesozoic with some species having cone morphology similar to A. bidwillii, which appeared during the Jurassic. Fossils of Section Bunya are found in South America and Europe. A. bidwillii was a sacred tree for the Aboriginal people and has been recognized as an important tree throughout the world
A. bidwillii has a limited distribution within Australia and, part of the reason for the remnant sites, was the drying out of Australia with loss of rainforest and poor seed dispersal. The remnant sites at the Bunya Mountains, Jimna areaa and at Mt Lewis in Queensland have genetic diversity at these scattered sites. The cones are large, soft-shelled and nutritious and fall intact to the ground beneath the tree before dehiscing. The possibility of past larger animal as vectors since the Jurassic, such as dinosaurs and large mammals should be considered, but is obviously unprovable for the bunya.
Although there are no reported dispersal agents for the seeds of A. bidwillii, macropods and various species of rats are know as predators of the seeds and tubers. It was observed the bush rat (Rattus fuscipes) was caching bunya seeds a limited distances uphill from parent trees, possibly allowing ridge-top germination. Brushtail possums (Trichosurus spp.) were mentioned as carrying the seeds up trees. From a study in 2006, the short-eared possum (Trichosurus caninus) is able to disperse the seed of A. bidwillii to maintain this ancient tree.
Natural populations of this species have been reduced in extent and abundance through exploitation for its timber, the construction of a dam and historical clearing. Most populations are now protected in formal reserves and national parks.
The fruit of Bunya, commonly known as the Bunya nut. The cones are 20-35 cm in diameter, and disintegrate when mature to release the large (3-4 cm) seeds. The seeds are edible, similar to pine nuts, and were an important food resource for Australian Aboriginal people; groves of the trees were often under particular tribal ownership. They are eaten both raw and cooked. Traditionally they were also ground and made into a paste, which was eaten directly or cooked in hot coals to make bread. Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ...
Mature female European Black Pine cone Male cones of a pine A cone (in formal botanical usage: strobilus, plural strobili) is an organ on plants in the division Pinophyta (conifers) that contains the reproductive structures. ...
A ripe red jalapeño cut open to show the seeds For other uses, see Seed (disambiguation). ...
Pine nuts are the edible seeds of pine trees (family Pinaceae, genus Pinus). ...
Australian Aborigines are the indigenous peoples of Australia. ...
Aboriginal millstone - vital in making flour or pastes for bread. ...
The vernacular name is Bunya, Bonye, Bunyi or Bunya-bunya, from various tribes or European variations of the Australian Aboriginal name for the tree; it is also often called Bunya Pine (though this is inaccurate as it is not a pine). It is also commonly referred to as the False Monkey Puzzle, despite its obvious physical differences from the Monkey Puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana). Australian Aborigines are the indigenous peoples of Australia. ...
Subgenera Subgenus Strobus Subgenus Ducampopinus Subgenus Pinus See Pinus classification for complete taxonomy to species level. ...
Binomial name Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch Araucaria araucana (Pehuén or Monkey-puzzle) is the hardiest species in the conifer genus Araucaria. ...
Cultivation
A pair of Bunya seedlings showing the change in leaf colour. The cotyledons are hypogeal, remaining below the ground. Bunya nuts are slow to germinate. A set of 12 seeds sown in Melbourne took on average about six months to germinate (with the first germinating in 3 months) and only developed roots after 1 year. The first leaves form a rosette and are dark brown. The leaves only turn green once the first stem branch occurs. Unlike the mature leaves, the young leaves are relatively soft. As the leaves age they become very hard and sharp. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1200 × 1600 pixel, file size: 473 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A photo of a year old and a 6 month old Bunya-bunya seedling. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1200 × 1600 pixel, file size: 473 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) A photo of a year old and a 6 month old Bunya-bunya seedling. ...
cotyledon in formation before the accumulation of the reserves seen at Judas-tree (Cercis siliquastrum) Comparison of a monocot and dicot sprouting A cotyledon (Greek: κοτυληδών) is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant. ...
In botany, a seed is described as hypogeal when the cotyledons of the germinating seed remain non-photosynthetic, inside the seed shell, and below ground. ...
Melbourne (pronounced ) is the second most populous city in Australia, with a metropolitan area population of approximately 3. ...
One of the most discussed aspects of the ecology of A. bidwillii is the unusual crytogeal seed germination in which the seed after germination forms an underground tuber from which the aerial shoot later emerges The actual emergence of the seed is then known to occur over several years presumably as a strategy to allow the seedlings to emerge under optimum climatic conditions or, it has been suggested to avoid fire This erratic germination has been one of the main problems in silviculture of the speciesHowever, it appears that no study has been done to determine the periodicity of seedling emergence so a small scale experiment was devised to shed light on this factor.
Seeds were extracted from two mature cones collected from the same tree. One hundred apparently full seeds were selected and planted into 30cm by 12cm plastic tubes commercially filled with sterile potting mix in early February 1999. These were then placed in a shaded area and watered weekly. The tubes were checked monthly for emergence. A few plants started to emege after 3 months in winter after seedind in early autumn but most emerged in summer. However some emerged over the whole 18 months and then two emerged after 2 years.
It can be seen that, in the highly variable Australian climate, the spread of actual emergence maximises the possibility of at least successful replacement of the parent tree.
Once established Bunyas are quite hardy and can be grown as far south as Hobart in Australia and Christchurch in New Zealand.
Bunya nuts were important as food in the fire to the Aboriginal people for feasts during mast years. The nuts are very good for modern cooking. They can be boiled for ten minutes and used in salads, stir fries or in potato pesto or in fish covered in alfoil in the oven. Many recipes for chestnuts can be substituted.
References Haines R. J. (1983) Embryo development and anatomy in Araucaria Juss. Australian Journal of Botany. 31, 125-140. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List and Red Data List), created in 1963, is the worlds most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species and can be found here. ...
The World Conservation Union or International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is an international organization dedicated to natural resource conservation. ...
Haines R. J. (1983) Seed development in Araucaria Juss. Australian Journal of Botany. 31, 255-267.
Hernandez-Castillo, G. R., Stockey R. A.(2002) Palaeobotany of the Bunya Pine In (Ed. Anna Haebich) ppl 31-38. ‘On the Bunya Trail’ Queensland Review – Special Edition, Volume 9, No. 2, November 2002 (University of Queensland Press: St Lucia).
Pye M.G., Gadek P. A. (2004) Genetic diversity, differentiation and conservation in Araucaria bidwillii (Araucariaceae), Australia's Bunya pine. Conservation Genetics .5, 619-629.
Smith I. R., Withers K., Billingsley J. (2007) Maintaining the Ancient Bunya Tree (Araucaria bidwillii Hook.) - Dispersal and Mast Years. 5th Souther Connection Conference, Adelaide, South Australia 21-25th January 2007.
Smith I. R. (2004) Regional Forest Types-Southern Coniferous Forests In ‘Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences’ (eds. Burley J., Evans J., Youngquist J.) Elsevier: Oxford. pp 1383-1391.
Smith I. R., Butler D (2002) The Bunya in Queensland’s Forests, In (Ed. Anna Haebich) ppl 31-38. ‘On the Bunya Trail’ Queensland Review – Special Edition, Volume 9, No. 2, November 2002 (University of Queensland Press: St Lucia).
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