The Arauco War was a long conflict between colonial Spaniards and the Mapuche people of the region of Araucanía, of modern Chile. The beginning of the conflict is usually placed at the Battle of Reynogüelén, which occurred in 1536 between an expedition of Diego de Almagro and a well organized and numerous group of Mapuche soldiers, near the confluence of the Ñuble and Itata rivers. Its end however, is more difficult to pin down. Since 1609, each governor of Chile held "Parlamentos" with the Mapuche chiefs, in which they discussed the maintenance of a treaty between both parties, violations of which were quite frequent. However, it was not until 1881 that these finally ended, with a process known as the Pacification of Araucanía.^[1] Mapuche test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Mapuche (Mapudungun; Che, People + Mapu, of the Land) are the Indigenous inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina. ... Araucanía is Chiles ninth administrative region from north to south. ... Also written Reinogüelén, Reinohuelén y Reynohuelén Reynogüelén was a battle between Spanish conquistadors and Mapuche soldiers, near the confluence of the Ñuble and Itata rivers, in Chile. ... Year 1536 was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Diego de Almagro Diego de Almagro (b. ... (Translated from es:Provincia de Ñuble [1]) Map of the Bío-Bío Region, highlighting the Province of Ñuble Ñuble Province is a province of the Bío-Bío Region of the Republic of Chile, with a total surface of 13,178. ... Species see text Itata is a spider genus of the Salticidae family (jumping spiders). ... // Events April 4 – King of Spain signs an edit of expulsion of all moriscos from Spain April 9 – Spain recognizes Dutch independence May 23 - Official ratification of the Second Charter of Virginia. ... Year 1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Map showing the old and the new frontier established by 1870 The Occupation of the Araucania (1861–1883) were a series of military campaigns, agreements and penetrations by the Chilean army and settlers which led to the incorporation of the Araucanía into the Chilean national territory. ...

Campaigns of Pedro de Valdivia (1546–1553)

Pedro de Valdivia

With the goal of securing the city of Santiago, which had been destroyed on September 11, 1541 by natives under the direction of the chief, Michimalonco, and also with the hope of enlarging the territory under his jurisdiction, the Spanish conquistador, Pedro de Valdivia, resolved to take personal command of a land expedition into Araucanía. Download high resolution version (615x790, 158 KB)Subject: Pedro de Valdivia Source: [1] The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Download high resolution version (615x790, 158 KB)Subject: Pedro de Valdivia Source: [1] The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. ... Location of Santiago commune in Greater Santiago Coordinates: , Region Province Foundation February 12, 1541 Government  - Mayor Raúl Alcaíno Lihn Area 1  - City 22. ... is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events The first official translation of the entire Bible in Swedish February 12 - Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile. ... Michima Lonco (Michima Head or Chief) it was said that Michima was a great warrior, born in the Aconcagua Valley and eduacated in Cuzco by the Inka Empire. ... A Conquistador (Spanish: []) (English: Conqueror) was a Spanish soldier, explorer and adventurer who took part in the gradual invasion and conquering of much of the Americas and Asia Pacific, bringing them under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 19th centuries. ... Pedro de Valdivia Pedro de Valdivia (c. ... Araucanía is Chiles ninth administrative region from north to south. ...

In 1544, he sent a naval expedition comprised by the barks, San Pedro and Santiaguillo, under the command of a Captain Pastene, to reconnoiter the southwestern coast of South America. The expedition set sail from Valparaíso, entered the bay of San Pedro, and made landings at what is now known as Concepción and at Valdivia, which was later named in honor of the commander. It then returned to Valparaiso. Events April 11 - Battle of Ceresole - French forces under the Comte dEnghien defeat Imperial forces under the Marques Del Vasto near Turin. ... For other places with the same name, see Valparaiso (disambiguation). ... City motto: La Capital del Sur de Chile The Capital of the South of Chile Also called Biobios Pearl Founded October 5, 1550, Original Name La Concepción de María Purísima del Nuevo Extremo Region Bío-Bío Region Area  - City Proper  222 km² Population  - City... Nickname: Motto: Muy Noble y Muy Leal (Very Noble and Very Loyal) Location of the Commune of Valdivia Coordinates: Country Chile Region Los Lagos Province Valdivia Founded as Santa María la Blaca de Valdivia Founded 9 February 1552 Government  - Mayor Bernardo Berger Fett Area  - City 1,016 km²  (392. ...

Valdivia himself set out in 1546, with sixty horsemen plus native guides and porters, and reached the Bío-Bío River, where they were attacked by Mapuche warriors. Realizing that it would be impossible to proceed in such hostile territory with so limited a force, Valdivia wisely elected to return to Santiago. // Events Spanish conquest of Yucatan Peace between England and France Foundation of Trinity College, Cambridge by Henry VIII of England Katharina von Bora flees to Magdeburg Science Architecture Michelangelo Buonarroti is made chief architect of St. ... The Bío-Bío at Concepción close to where it meets the sea The Bio-Bio River is a river in Chile. ... Mapuche test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Mapuche (Mapudungun; Che, People + Mapu, of the Land) are the Indigenous inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina. ...

Founding of Concepción, Imperial, and Valdivia

In 1550, a new two-pronged expedition was launched. One "prong" was a naval force under the command of Pastene, and the other was a land force under Valdivia. They planned to reunite on the shores of the Bay of San Pedro. The land column advanced to the Laja river, where they were ambushed by the Mapuches and suffered extensive casualties. The Spanish retreated, in the valleys of the Laja and Bío-Bío rivers, towards San Pedro. On the banks of the Andalién river, they were attacked again by the Araucanians, although with less serious losses. In this area, they established a small fort, which they garrisoned with a few soldiers, to protect their onward retreat towards San Pedro. Events February 7 - Julius III becomes Pope. ... Mapuche test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Mapuche (Mapudungun; Che, People + Mapu, of the Land) are the Indigenous inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina. ... Mapuche test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Mapuche (Mapudungun; Che, People + Mapu, of the Land) are the Indigenous inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina. ...

On March 3 of that year, Valdivia founded a fort at Concepción, which was attacked nine days later by the Mapuches. Jerónimo de Alderete succeeded in fending off the assaults, despite the small size of his force. On March 20, the marine column anchored in the bay, provided materials to finish the fort, and replaced his casualties. Valdivia sent an emissary to the Viceroy of Peru, asking for additional forces; he knew that it would not be possible to complete the conquest of Arauco with only the forces at his disposal. After reinforcement at Concepción in 1551, he organized another expedition to establish a fort on the banks of the Imperial River. He then returned to Concepción to prepare another expedition and await the reinforcements the Viceroy had promised to send by sea. is the 62nd day of the year (63rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... City motto: La Capital del Sur de Chile The Capital of the South of Chile Also called Biobios Pearl Founded October 5, 1550, Original Name La Concepción de María Purísima del Nuevo Extremo Region Bío-Bío Region Area  - City Proper  222 km² Population  - City... is the 79th day of the year (80th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Created in 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) contained most of Spanish-ruled South America until the creation of the separate viceroyalties of New Granada (now Colombia, Ecuador, Panamá and Venezuela, the last-named previously in the Viceroyalty of New Spain) in 1717 and Río... Year 1551 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Imperial River may refer to one of the following rivers: In South America: Imperial River (Chile) In the United States: Imperial River (Florida) Category: ...

Leaving orders that the new troops should disembark on the Tierras de Valdivia that Pastene had discovered earlier, Valdivia left with two hundred soldiers in the direction of Fort Imperial. Once he had passed it on his way south, he ordered Jerónimo de Alderete to drive inland and establish a fort, with the goal of securing his eastern flank. To this end, Alderente reached Lake Villarrica and established a fort there. Meanwhile, Valdivia's column advanced southwards and joined the reinforcements sent from Peru, under the command of Francisco de Villagra. There, Fort Valdivia was established. After garrisoning the new forts, Valdivia returned to his base at Concepción in 1552. Lake Villarrica, also known as Mallolafquén (its pre-Hispanic name in Mapudungun), is located about 700 kilometers south of Santiago in Chile’s Lake District in the southeast area of the Province of Cautín. ... Francisco de Villagra Francisco de Villagra Velázquez (Santervas; 1511 - † Concepción; July 22, 1563) was a Spanish conquistador, and Governor of Chile, amoungst other things. ... Events April - War between Henry II of France and Emperor Charles V. Henry invades Lorraine and captures Toul, Metz, and Verdun. ...

The Toqui Lautaro and the Battle of Tucapel

With the goal of securing the lines of communication with the southern forts, Valdivia launched a third expedition which established forts at Tucapel, Purén, Confines (now called Angol), Arauco, and Lebu. The Araucanians didn't offer any resistance to the conquistadors in their fort-building. Purén is a small Chilean town (13. ... Confines is a town and municipality in the Santander Department in northeastern Colombia. ... Angol is a municpality of Chile, in the province of Malleco, in Araucanía, Chiles ninth administrative district. ... Arauco, a coastal province of southern Chile, bounded N., E. and S. by the provinces of Concepcion, Bio-bio, Malleco and Cautin. ... The Lebou (Lébou) are an ethnic group of Senegal, West Africa, living on the peninsula of Cap-Vert. ...

In 1553, the Mapuches held a council at which, because of the growth of Spanish forces in their territory, they resolved to make war. They chose as "toqui" (wartime chief) a man called Lautaro, who had served as an auxiliary to the Spanish cavalry. Because of his experiences with the Spanish, he had some insight into the best methods for fighting the conquistadors. // Events June 26 - Christs Hospital in London gets a Royal Charter July 6 - Edward VI of England dies July 10 - Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed Queen of England - for the next nine days July 18 - Lord Mayor of London proclaims Queen Mary as the rightful Queen - Lady Jane Grey... Toqui is a title conferred by the Mapuche (an indigenous Chilean people) to those who are chosen as their leader during times of war. ... For the volcano in Chile, see Lautaro (volcano). ...

With six thousand warriors under his command, Lautaro attacked the fort at Tucapel. The Spanish garrison was unable to withstand the assault and retreated to Purén. Certain that the Spaniards would attempt to retake it, Lautaro seized Tucapel. Valdivia, with a reduced force, mounted a counter-attack, but he was quickly surrounded and his army was massacred by the Mapuches. The Battle of Tucapel was Pedro de Valdivia's last; he was captured and later killed in captivity. Purén is a small Chilean town (13. ... Pedro de Valdivia The Battle of Tucapel (also known as the Disaster of Tucapel) is the name given to a battle fought between Spanish conquistador forces led by Pedro de Valdivia and Mapuche (Araucanian) Indians that took place on Tucapel, Chile on December 25, 1553. ... Pedro de Valdivia Pedro de Valdivia (c. ...

Campaigns of Lautaro and Caupolicán (1554–1557)

After the defeat at Tucapel, the Spanish hurriedly reorganized their forces, reinforcing fort Imperial for its defence and abandoning Confines and Arauco in order to strengthen Concepción. However, Araucanian tradition dictated a lengthy victory celebration, which kept Lautaro from exploiting the weakness of the Spanish position as he desired. It was only in February of 1554 that he succeeded in putting together an army of 8,000 men, just in time to confront a punitive expedition under the command of Francisco de Villagra. Events January 5 - Great fire in Eindhoven, Netherlands. ... Francisco de Villagra Francisco de Villagra Velázquez (Santervas; 1511 - † Concepción; July 22, 1563) was a Spanish conquistador, and Governor of Chile, amoungst other things. ...

Battle of Marihueñu

Lautaro chose the hill of Marihueño to fight the Spanish, and subsequently organized his forces in four divisions: two had the mission of containing and wearing down the enemy, another would be held in reserve to launch a fresh attack as the Spanish were about to crumble, and the last would work to cut off their retreat. Additionally, a small group was sent to destroy the reed bridge the Spanish had erected across the Bío-Bío River, which would disrupt even more the attempted retreat of Villagra. The Bío-Bío at Concepción close to where it meets the sea The Bio-Bio River is a river in Chile. ...

The Spanish attack broke the first Mapuche lines, but the quick action of the third group maintained the Mapuche position. Later, the wings of this division began to attack the Spanish flanks, and the fourth division attacked from behind. After hours of battle, only a small group of Spanish were able to retreat.

Despite this new victory, Lautaro was again unable to pursue the opportunity due to the celebrations and beliefs of his people. By the time he arrived at Concepción, it was already abandoned. After burning it, he could not continue the offensive with his remaining forces, and the campaign came to an end as the warriors demobilized.

In Santiago, Villagra reorganized his forces, and that same year of 1554, he departed again for Arauco and reinforced the strongholds of Imperial and Valdivia, without any interference from the Mapuches, who were dealing with their first epidemic of smallpox, which was brought by the Spanish. In 1555, the Real Audiencia in Lima, ordered him to reconstruct Concepción, which was done under the command of Capitan Alvarado. Location of Santiago commune in Greater Santiago Coordinates: , Region Province Foundation February 12, 1541 Government  - Mayor Raúl Alcaíno Lihn Area 1  - City 22. ... Events January 5 - Great fire in Eindhoven, Netherlands. ... Smallpox (also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera) is a contagious disease unique to humans. ... Events Russia breaks 60 year old truce with Sweden by attacking Finland February 2 - Diet of Augsburg begins February 4 - John Rogers becomes first Protestant martyr in England February 9 - Bishop of Gloucester John Hooper is burned at the stake May 23 - Paul IV becomes Pope. ... An Audiencia (Spanish: audiency) was a Judicial District to functioned as an Appeals Court. ... For other uses, see Lima (disambiguation). ...

Lautaro attacked Concepción when he learned that it was being rebuilt, with 4,000 warriors. He put the town under siege, which Alvarado attempted to break unsuccessfully. Only 38 Spaniards managed to escape by sea the second destruction of the city.

Peteroa and the Hills of Caune

After this action, Lautaro planned an assault on Santiago, for which he drew scant support from his troops, who soon dwindled to only 600. In October of 1556 he reached in his northward march the river Mataquito, where he destroyed a fortified camp at Peteroa. From there he launched feelers towards Santiago. Location of Santiago commune in Greater Santiago Coordinates: , Region Province Foundation February 12, 1541 Government  - Mayor Raúl Alcaíno Lihn Area 1  - City 22. ... Events January 16 - Abdication of Emperor Charles V. His son, Philip II becomes King of Spain, while his brother Ferdinand becomes Holy Roman Emperor January 23 - The Shaanxi earthquake, the deadliest earthquake in history, occurs with its epicenter in Shaanxi province, China. ...

In Peteroa he repulsed small attacking Spanish forces, first under the command of Diego Cano and later Francisco de Villagra himself. Lautaro retreated towards the river Itata, with the Spaniards in pursuit. Instead of confronting them, he gave them the slip, and left for Santiago. Species see text Itata is a spider genus of the Salticidae family (jumping spiders). ...

Despite the stealth under which the Mapuches moved, the city leaders knew of the advance, and sent a small expedition to detain them, buying time for word to be sent to Villagra to return to the city. The Spanish forces met in the field, and, presumably by the treason of a fellow Araucano, found out about the disposition of Lautaro's camp. On April 29, the conquistadors launched a surprise attack from the hills of Caune, obtaining a decisive victory in which Lautaro was killed. is the 119th day of the year (120th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Campaigns of Caupolicán

García Hurtado de Mendoza

García Hurtado de Mendoza, Marquis of Cañete was designated the interim governor of Chile in 1557, and immediately ordered the reconstruction of Concepción, this time with a much stronger force than before: 600 soldiers, 6 pieces of artillery, and 1,000 horses. Image File history File links García_Hurtado_de_Mendoza. ... Image File history File links García_Hurtado_de_Mendoza. ... García Hurtado de Mendoza, governor of Chile and viceroy of Perú García Hurtado de Mendoza y Manrique, Marquis of Cañete (Spanish: García Hurtado de Mendoza y Manrique, marqués de Cañete) (Cuenca, July 21, 1535 - Madrid, 1609) was a Spanish soldier, governor of Chile, and... Events Spain is effectively bankrupt. ... Concepción (Spanish for conception, in reference to the Immaculate Conception of Roman Catholic dogma) is the name of several towns and cities in Latin America: Concepción, Chile Concepción, Santander, Colombia Concepción, Campeche, Mexico Concepción, Tabasco, Mexico Concepción, Paraguay Concepción, Zulia State, Venezuela And...

After the death of Lautaro, and before the new Spanish expedition, the Mapuches chose Caupolicán as a new Toqui. He attacked Concepción with 3,000 warriors but was soundly defeated. Although he was able to escape immediately after the battle, as the Spanish cavalry did not arrive in time to pursue, he would not remain indefinitely out of their clutches. He was eventually captured and sentenced to death by impaling through the rectum. Caupolicán was a leader of the Mapuche people of Chile, who decided to choose a supreme war leader in response to the Spanish threat. ... Categories: Stub | Death penalty | Torture ... The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. ...

End of the Spanish conquest and Destruction of Seven Cities (1558–1604)

Despite having founded cities and forts in Mapuche territory, all further Spanish conquest attempts failed. The Kingdom of Chile became a problematic region which the Spaniards would possibly have abandoned if they not feared colonization by another European nation in the region. Several Spanish generals and nobles were assigned posts in Chile. the Captaincy until 1776 the Captaincy between 1776 and 1818 The Kingdom of Chile or Realm of Chile (Spanish: Reino de Chile), also known as the General Captaincy of Chile (Capitanía General de Chile), was an administrative territory of the Spanish Empire from 1541 to 1818, the year in...

Destruction of Seven Cities

Main article: Destruction of Seven Cities

In September of 1592, Martín García Oyez de Loyola was appointed as General Captain directly by Felipe II, king of Spain. He insisted in penetrating the Mapuche territory with an army with soldiers coming directly from Panama. Later, the 21 December of 1598 Oñez de Loyola became the second governor of Chile to die in war with the Mapuches after the Battle of Curalaba. The battle became the beginning of a general uprising that finished with all Spanish settlements south of the Bio-Bio River with the exception of Chiloé Island and Valdivia, which was later rebuilt. Year 1592 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... Felipe II is the name of two Spanish kings who ruled also over Portugal: Philip II of Spain (the I of Portugal) and Philip II of Portugal (the III of Spain). ... is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events January 7 - Boris Godunov seizes the throne of Russia following the death of his brother-in-law, Tsar Feodor I. April 13 - Edict of Nantes - Henry IV of France grants French Huguenots equal rights with Catholics. ... The Disaster of Curalaba is the name given to a battle (or surprise attack) between Spanish conquerors led by Martín García Óñez de Loyola and Mapuche people led by Pelantaru on a place called Curalaba (which means broken stone in Mapudungun), in southern Chile. ... The Bío-Bío River (alternate spellings Biobío or Bio Bio) is the second largest river in Chile. ... Chiloé Island Location of Chiloé in Chile Chiloé Island (Spanish: Isla de Chiloé), also known as Isla Grande de Chiloé Big Island of Chiloé, is a South American island off the coast of Chile, in the Pacific Ocean. ... Nickname: Motto: Muy Noble y Muy Leal (Very Noble and Very Loyal) Location of the Commune of Valdivia Coordinates: Country Chile Region Los Lagos Province Valdivia Founded as Santa María la Blaca de Valdivia Founded 9 February 1552 Government  - Mayor Bernardo Berger Fett Area  - City 1,016 km²  (392. ...

17th-century

The last major uprising came by 1655 when mapuche armies overwhelmed the Spaniards and came to the shores of the Maule River. After that, the Spanish tactics varied from a "defensive war" proposed by Jesuit missionaries, and parliaments with loncos to make agreements with the Mapuche in so called parliaments. This allowed the grow of commerce and increased the mestization. Events March 25 - Saturns largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens. ... The Maule river (in Mapudungun rainy) is one of the most important rivers of Chile and is inextricably linked to this countrys pre-Hispanic (Inca) times, the countrys conquest, colonial period, wars of Independence, modern history, agriculture (wine, traditional crops), culture (literature, poetry, folklore), religion, economy and politics. ... The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu), commonly known as the Jesuits, is a Roman Catholic religious order. ... A lonco is a tribal chief of the Mapuches. ... Language(s) Predominantly Spanish, (with a minority of other languages), while Mestiços speaks Portuguese Religion(s) Christianity (Predominantly Roman Catholic, with a minority of Protestant and other Religions) Related ethnic groups European (mostly Spanish, Portuguese, French and Italian), Amerindian people, Austronesian people, Hispanics and Latinos Mestizo (Portuguese: Mestiço...

18th-century

After 30 years of peace the War of Arauco continued with a Mapuche uprising in 1723. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Mapuche test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Mapuche (Mapudungun; Che, People + Mapu, of the Land) are the Indigenous inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina. ... Events February 16 - Louis XV of France attains his majority Births February 24 - John Burgoyne, British general (d. ...

Involvement in the Chilean war of independence

Occupation of Araucanía

Background

Main article: Occupation of the Araucanía.

In 1860 Chilean president José Joaquín Pérez Mascayano decided to incorporate the territory between the Bio-Bio River and Toltén River (the Araucanía). With the proclamation of the Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia by Orélie-Antoine de Tounens it became a priority to incorporate the Araucanía even if Orélie Antonie never was a serious threat. The authorities decided to apply the plan proposed by General Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez which included a mix of military and cultural penetration together with agreements with local chiefs. The plan also included the foundation of cities, building of roads and other public infrastructure such as schools and hospitals. Map showing the old and the new frontier established by 1870 The Occupation of the Araucania (1861-1883) were a series of military campaigns, agreements and penetration by the Chilean Army and settlers that lead to the incorporation of the Araucanía to the national territory. ... José Joaquín Pérez, president of Chile 1861-1871 José Joaquín Pérez Mascayano (May 6, 1801 - July 1, 1889) was a Chilean political figure. ... The Bío-Bío River (alternate spellings Biobío or Bio Bio) is the second largest river in Chile. ... Toltén River is a river located in the Araucanía Region of Chile. ... The Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia (also called New France) was a self-proclaimed independent state or micronation founded by a French lawyer and adventurer named Orelie-Antoine de Tounens in southern South America in the mid 19th century. ... Orelie-Antoine I, King of Araucania and Patagonia. ... Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez in meeting with the main loncos of Araucania in 1869 Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez (Santiago 1823 – 7 April 1891) was a Chilean politician and military figure that played a mayor roll in the Occupation of the Araucanía. ...

The occupation

Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez in meeting with the main loncos of Araucania in 1869

Cornelio Saavedra advanced in relatively short time to the Malleco River and founded the city of Angol, together with the forts of Mulchén and Lebu in 1862. From Valdivia in the south the troops also succeeded in advancing along the coast into the Toltén River. This first phase of occupation was carried out with relatively low levels of resistance, but soon after the lonco Quilapán started a revolt near Malleco River. When the War of the Pacific started in 1879 much of the troops in the south of Chile were moved north to fight Peru and Bolivia. In 1880 several Mapuche tribes took advantage of this situation and launched a series of spontaneous attacks on to the Chilean forts established in the frontier. With a victorious Chilean army returning from the War of the Pacific, the government of Domingo Santa María launched the final campaign to incorporate the heartland of the Mapuches into Chile. Colonel Gregorio Urrutia was chosen for this task. The old Spanish town of Villarrica was refounded and the forts of Carahue, Lautaro, Pillánlelbu, Temuco, Nueva Imperial and Pucón where founded. The tribes living close to this forts their territory, and about 10,000 Mapuche Indians were killed in skirmishes by the Chilean army. Many of the survivors escaped to mountains where they joined with the Pehuenches and other tribes escaping from Argentine territory. Some indigenous remnants were placed into reductions and their land was given to Chilean and foreign settlers. Some historians consider the occupation of the Araucania to be the end of a 300-years long War of Arauco. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez in meeting with the main loncos of Araucania in 1869 Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez (Santiago 1823 – 7 April 1891) was a Chilean politician and military figure that played a mayor roll in the Occupation of the Araucanía. ... A lonco is a tribal chief of the Mapuches. ... 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Malleco River is a river in Malleco Province, Araucania Region, southern Chile. ... Angol is a municpality of Chile, in the province of Malleco, in Araucanía, Chiles ninth administrative district. ... Mulchén is a town and municipality in the Bio-Bio Region of Chile located at . It was founded in 1871 by soldiers during the so called Pacification of the Araucania. Categories: | | | ... This article is about 1862 . ... Nickname: Motto: Muy Noble y Muy Leal (Very Noble and Very Loyal) Location of the Commune of Valdivia Coordinates: Country Chile Region Los Lagos Province Valdivia Founded as Santa María la Blaca de Valdivia Founded 9 February 1552 Government  - Mayor Bernardo Berger Fett Area  - City 1,016 km²  (392. ... A lonco is a tribal chief of the Mapuches. ... Combatants Republic of Peru Republic of Bolivia Republic of Chile Commanders Juan Buendía Andrés Cáceres Miguel Grau Manuel Baquedano Patricio Lynch Juan Williams Strength Peru-Bolivian Army 7,000 soldiers in 1878 Peruvian Navy 2 ironclad, 1 corvette, 1 gunboat Army of Chile 4,000 soldiers in... Year 1879 (MDCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Domingo Santa María Domingo Santa María González (August 4, 1824 - 1896) was a Chilean political figure. ... Villarrica, Chile is a city in southern Chile located on the shore of Villarrica Lake in the Province of Cautín, Araucanía region. ... Carahue is a city and commune in southern Chile. ... Lautaro Lautaro (In Mapudungun: Lef-Traru: Speedy Crested Caracara) was a Mapuche military leader and protagonist in the War of Arauco. ... Temuco Temuco, which in the mapudungun language means temu water, herbal tree used by Mapuches to cure diseases, is the capital of the IX región (la Araucanía), Chile, and is located 670kms south of Santiago. ... Nueva Imperial is a small town or comuna in the south of Chile. ... Volcano and Lake Villarrica. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Aftermath

Araucanía was not fully "pacified" after the campaigns, and it remained an insecure land, in spite of military efforts. Even nowadays some Mapuche groups continue pillaging haciendas in what they consider their ancestral lands. With the construction of the Malleco viaduct in the 1890s, the region became more accessible and colonization southward in Chile increased even more. Hacienda is a Spanish word describing a vast ranch, common in the Pampa. ... Malleco Viaduct. ...

See also

• Occupation of the Araucanía
• History of Chile
• Pedro de Valdivia
• Lautaro
• Caupolican
• Araucanization

Map showing the old and the new frontier established by 1870 The Occupation of the Araucania (1861-1883) were a series of military campaigns, agreements and penetration by the Chilean Army and settlers that lead to the incorporation of the Araucanía to the national territory. ... Map of Chile This is the history of Chile. ... Pedro de Valdivia Pedro de Valdivia (c. ... Lautaro was a Mapuche military leader and protagonist in the War of Arauco. ... Caupolican was a leader of the Mapuche people of Chile, who decided to choose a supreme war leader in response to the Spanish threat. ... The Araucanization (Spanish: Araucanización) was the process of expansion of Mapuche culture and language into the patagonic plains. ...

References