In the sequence of North American cultural stages first proposed by Gordon Willey and Phillip Phillips in 1958, the Archaic stage was the second period of human occupation in the Americas, from around 8000 BC to 1000 BC although as its ending is defined by the adoption of sedentary farming, this date can vary significantly across the Americas. World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west by the... Gordon Willey (b. ... 1958 (MCMLVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... (9th millennium BC – 8th millennium BC – 7th millennium BC – other millennia) Events The south area of Çatalhöyük. ... (Redirected from 1000 BC) Centuries: 12th century BC - 11th century BC - 10th century BC Decades: 1050s BC 1040s BC 1030s BC 1020s BC 1010s BC - 1000s BC - 990s BC 980s BC 970s BC 960s BC 950s BC Events and Trends 1006 BC - David becomes king of the ancient Israelites (traditional...

It followed the Lithic stage and was superseded by the Formative stage.

The Archaic stage is characterised by subsistence economies supported through the exploitation of nuts, seeds and shellfish. Numerous local variations have been identified; in the Great Basin and western interior the period has been subdivided into Desert Archaic, Middle Archaic and Late Archaic whilst in south-western North America a only single Southwestern Archaic is recognised. The following is a list of subsistence techniques: Hunting and Gathering, also known as Foraging freeganism involves gathering of discarded food in the context of an urban environment gleaning involves the gathering of food that traditional farmers have left behind in their fields Cultivation Horticulture - plant cultivation, based on the... Look up Nut in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Nut may be: Nut (fruit) , a type of fruit borne by certain flowering plants Nut (hardware), a type of hardware: a small, often hexagonal piece of metal, with a hole with internal screw thread, to be fitted onto a bolt which is... SEED is a block cipher developed by the Korean Information Security Agency. ... Shellfish is a term used to describe shelled molluscs and crustaceans used as food. ... Map showing the Great Basin in orange The Great Basin is a large, arid region of the western United States, commonly defined as the contiguous watershed region, roughly between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, that has no natural outlet to the sea. ...

Southern North America

In Mesoamerica, the Mexican Archaic lasted from c. 9500 BC to 2500 BC and it was here that nomadic groups of hunter-gatherers first began to domesticate maize, squash and bottle gourds as the earliest of three (or possibly four) regions to independently develop farming in the Americas. This began as a managed exploitation of wild plants but by the end of the period had become full agrarian food production. Around 2000BC, this technology spread into southern North America where the knowledge of maize farming was able to be adopted as a much quicker transition than the slower original development further south. An alternate theory is that some Mesoamerican farmers colonised northwards themselves, bringing their farms with them. Mesoamerica is the region extending from central Mexico south to the northwestern border of Costa Rica that gave rise to a group of stratified, culturally related agrarian civilizations spanning an approximately 3,000-year period before the European discovery of the New World by Columbus. ... In anthropology, the hunter-gatherer way of life is that led by certain societies of the Neolithic Era based on the exploitation of wild plants and animals. ... Binomial name Zea mays L. Maize (Zea mays ssp. ... Look up squash on Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... The calabash (Lagenaria siceraria) is a vine-based plant that produces a fruit that resembles either a bottle, utencil, or pipe. ...

The site of Las Capas in southern Arizona has revealed irrigation canals dug in the Late Archaic indicating sophisticated methods of water control were being adopted. Terraced fields were also a feature of farming in Mexico's Northern Chihuahua province. Dating to around 1200BC. Hunting and gathering were still an important element in the lives of the inhabitants but they lived in identifiable permanent villages of pit houses associated with storage features and roasting pits. State nickname: The Grand Canyon State, The Copper State Other U.S. States Capital Phoenix Largest city Phoenix Governor Janet Napolitano (D) Senators John McCain (R) Jon Kyl (R) Official language(s) English Area 295,254 km² (6th)  - Land 294,312 km²  - Water 942 km² (0. ... High-altitude aerial view of irrigation in the Heart of the Sahara Irrigation (in agriculture) is the replacement or supplementation of rainfall with water from another source in order to grow crops. ... A terrace is: In agriculture, a levelled section of a hilly cultivated area, designed to slow or prevent the rapid run-off of irrigation water. ... A dugout or dug-out is a shelter dug out of the ground. ...

Eastern North America

In eastern North America, the landscape of pine forest, swamps and lakes in the Archaic provided a diet of hickory nuts, freshwater mussels and gourds to supplement hunting. The use of gourds as fishnet floats may have impelled their planting and cultivation. Simple cultivation may have begun as early as 6000BC independently of advances further south. The first earthworks appear as well as shell middens. Florida's wetlands have preserved vast quantities of organic material from the period such as the human burials at Windover Pond, the sinkhole at Little Salt Spring whilst the Archaic camp at Koster in Illinois indicates a kind of seasonal sedentism focusing on cultivated food sources along with river fish and game, hunted with the assistance of some of the earliest domesticated dogs. Other significant sites include Eva, Tennessee and Icehouse Bottom in Tennessee. Species See text Hickory is a tree of the genera Carya and Annamocarya. ... Orders A mussel is a bivalve mollusc that can be found in lakes, rivers, creeks, intertidal areas, and throughout the ocean. ... A gourd is a hollow, dried shell of a fruit in the Cucurbitaceae family of plants. ... A midden, or kitchen midden, is a dump for domestic waste. ... State nickname: Sunshine State Official languages English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville (largest metropolitan area is Miami) Governor Jeb Bush (R) Senators Bill Nelson (D) Mel Martinez (R) Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 22nd 170,451 km² 17. ... Koster is a small farming town situated on the watershed between the Orange and Limpopo Rivers in North West Province of South Africa. ... State nickname: Land of Lincoln, The Prairie State Other U.S. States Capital Springfield Largest city Chicago Governor Rod Blagojevich (D) Senators Richard Durbin (D) Barack Obama (D) Official language(s) English Area 149,998 km² (25th)  - Land 143,968 km²  - Water 6,030 km² (4. ... Trinomial name Canis lupus familiaris (Linnaeus, 1758) The dog is a canine mammal of the Order Carnivora and it has been argued it has been domesticated for between 12,000 years and perhaps for as long as 150,000 years based on recent genetic evidence. ... EVA or Eva may refer to: Extra-vehicular activity, also known as a spacewalk. ... State nickname: Volunteer State Official languages English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Governor Phil Bredesen (D) Senators Bill Frist (R) Lamar Alexander (R) Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 36th 109,247 km² 2. ...

Seeds stood in for maize as the main cultivated food source during the Middle and Late Archaic in eastern North America. Selective breeding of sunflower, sumpweed and chenopod plants created larger seeds which would have rendered the specimens unable to reproduce without human assistance. Binomial name Helianthus annuus L. The sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is an annual plant in the Family Asteraceae with a large flower head (inflorescence). ...

See also, the Archaic period in southeastern North America. The Archaic period in southeastern North America lasted from roughly 8000 to 1000 BC, and was followed by the Woodland period. ...

Western North America

In Western North America, agriculture did not gain a foothold and peoples of the Great Plains and the Pacific North West continued to develop hunting and gathering techniques. Beneficial plant species were managed where they could provide medicine, plant fibre or building material but crop domestication did not take place. Although this meant that most of the peoples in this region remained as nomads, sedentary populations reliant on fishing and managed plant exploitation did emerge in California and the continent's north west coast. The Great Plains is the broad expanse of prairie which lies east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States of America and Canada, covering all or parts of the U.S. states of New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Montana, South Dakota and North Dakota and the...

Elsewhere, people were reliant on hunting. On the Great Plains, sites such as the later Head-Smashed-In in Alberta attest to the practice of driving bison over a cliff to kill them. The climate was colder and wetter at the time and killed bison could be preserved in the winter snows and dug out and thawed as needed. Summer species hunted included porcupine, deer and rabbit. Later in the Middle Archaic period the climate warmed and Bison numbers fell, leading humans to find new methods to survive. In the Rocky Mountains, people developed large nets to trap mountain goats and sheep and at Mustang Springs a well was dug to maintain a water supply. In the Later Archaic the weather cooled again and bison numbers recovered. Some groups built bison pounds in which to keep live animals until they were needed for slaughter. Teepees and medicine wheels appeared for the first time. Motto: Fortis et Liber (Strong and free) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Edmonton Largest city Calgary Lieutenant-Governor Norman Kwong Premier Ralph Klein (PC) Area 661,848 km² (6th) • Land 642,317 km² • Water 19,531 km² (2. ... Categories: Stub | Buildings and structures | Survival skills ... A medicine wheel at Big Horn Medicine wheels are stone structures built by the natives of North America for various spiritual and ritual purposes. ...

Cultures of the North American Archaic

Within these sub divisions existed numerous cultures including: In archaeology, culture refers to either of two separate but allied concepts: An archaeological culture is a pattern of similar artefacts and features found within a specific area over a limited period of time. ...

• The Paleo-arctic tradition
• The Campbell tradition
• The Chincharro culture
• The Cochise culture