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Architecture Portal

The Parthenon on top of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece

Architecture (from Latin, architectura and ultimately from Greek, "a master builder", from αρχι- "chiefs, leader" , "builder, carpenter")^[1] is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Architecture may refer to: Traditional architecture, the art and science of designing buildings Nontraditional architecture, a representation of an arbitrary natural or man-made structure of two or more interacting parts. ... Image File history File links Portal. ... Image File history File links Ac. ... Image File history File links Ac. ... The Parthenon seen from the hill of the Pnyx to the west. ... Acropolis of Athens from the south-west with the Propylaea and the Temple of Nike (left centre) and the theatre of Herodes Atticus (below left) Acropolis (Gr. ... Nickname: Το κλεινόν άστυ Location of the city of Athens (red dot) within the Prefecture of Athens and Periphery of Attica Coordinates: Country Greece Peripheries Attica Prefecture Athens Founded circa 2000 BC Government  - Mayor Nikitas Kaklamanis Area [1][2]  - City 38. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in Latium, the region immediately surrounding Rome. ... The Bath, a painting by Mary Cassatt (1844-1926). ... Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ... Design, usually considered in the context of the applied arts, engineering, architecture, and other such creative endeavours, is used as both a noun and a verb. ... For other uses, see Building (disambiguation). ... Look up Structure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

A wider definition would include within its scope also the design of the total built environment, from the macrolevel of town planning, urban design, and landscape architecture to the microlevel of creating furniture. Architectural design usually must address both feasibility and cost for the builder, as well as function and aesthetics for the user. Urban, city, or town planning, deals with design of the built environment from the municipal and metropolitan perspective. ... Urban design concerns the arrangement, appearance and functionality of towns and cities. ... Central Park, like all parks, is an example of landscape architecture. ... Look up furniture in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... In economics, business, and accounting, a cost is the value of inputs that have been used up to produce something, and hence are not available for use anymore. ... In large construction projects, such as skyscrapers, cranes are essential. ... The Parthenons facade showing an interpretation of golden rectangles in its proportions. ...

Planned architecture often manipulates space, volume, texture, light, shadow, or abstract elements in order to achieve pleasing aesthetics. This distinguishes it from applied science or engineering, which usually concentrate more on the functional and feasibility aspects of the design of constructions or structures. The word manipulation can refer to: Joint manipulation Social influence Sleight of hand tricks in magic or XCM. Abuse Advertising Brainwashing Charisma Fraud Indoctrination Love bombing Machiavellianism Media manipulation Mind control Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) Propaganda Social psychology Puppeteer Photo manipulation Categories: | | ... Space has been an interest for philosophers and scientists for much of human history. ... The volume of a solid object is the three-dimensional concept of how much space it occupies, often quantified numerically. ... ... Prism splitting light Light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength that is visible to the eye (visible light) or, in a technical or scientific context, electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength[1]. The elementary particle that defines light is the photon. ... Shadows on pavement A shadow is a region of darkness where light is blocked. ... The Parthenons facade showing an interpretation of golden rectangles in its proportions. ... Applied science is the exact science of applying knowledge from one or more natural scientific fields to practical problems. ... Engineering is the design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ...

In the field of building architecture, the skills demanded of an architect range from the more complex, such as for a hospital or a stadium, to the apparently simpler, such as planning residential houses. Many architectural works may be seen also as cultural and political symbols, and/or works of art. The role of the architect, though changing, has been central to the successful (and sometimes less than successful) design and implementation of pleasingly built environments in which people live. A physician visiting the sick in a hospital. ... Telstra Stadium in Sydney, Australia is capable of being converted from a rectangular rugby football field to an oval for cricket and Australian rules football games This article is about the building type. ... A residential area is a type of land use where the predominant use is residential. ...

Table of architecture, Cyclopaedia, 1728

Romans absorbed brightness and rituals based in Greek Architecture; the Temple and all Gods, the Ágora (specific place for special or casual meeting), and, building the Colosseum of Rome, they represent all orders, Doric, Ionic e Corinthian. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2529x2708, 2983 KB)Table of architecture, Cyclopaedia, 1728, volume 1 http://digicoll. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2529x2708, 2983 KB)Table of architecture, Cyclopaedia, 1728, volume 1 http://digicoll. ... 1913 advertisement for Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The Colosseum by night: exterior view of the best-preserved section. ... Doric, a synonym of Dorian, may refer to any of the following: The Dorians, one of the ancient Hellenic races, Doric Greek, the dialect of the former, the Doric order and its distinctive Doric column, in ancient Greek architecture, the Dorian mode in music, also called the Doric mode, or... From ancient Greece (Ionic) An Ionian is a member of one of the four great divisions of the ancient Greek people. ... Corinthian refers originally to the port of Corinth in Greece Corinthian order a classical order of Greek and Roman architecture Corinthian league Pauline epistles, books of the New Testament of the Bible: First Epistle to the Corinthians Second Epistle to the Corinthians Third Epistle to the Corinthians (Armenian Orthodox) The...

Le Corbusier said: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: "This is beautiful. That is Architecture. Art enters in..." (Vers une architecture, 1923) Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, widely known as Le Corbusier (October 6, 1887– August 27, 1965), was a French Swiss born architect, famous for his contributions to what is now called modernism, or the International Style. ... This article needs to be wikified. ...

Scope

According to the very earliest surviving work on the subject, Vitruvius' De architectura, good buildings satisfy three core principles: Firmness, Commodity, and Delight;^[2] architecture can be said to be a balance and coordination among these three elements, with none overpowering the others. A modern-day definition sees architecture as addressing aesthetic, structural, and functional considerations. However, looked at another way, function itself is seen as encompassing all criteria, including aesthetic, psychological, and cultural ones. Delight, on the other hand, is a very controversial principle which is disputed by critics due to the fluidity of the term as well as being subject to infinite interpretations by the viewer or others - beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born ca. ... De architectūra (Latin: On architecture) was a treatise on architecture written by the Roman architect Vitruvius and dedicated to his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus. ...

Most modern-day definitions of "good buildings" recognize that because architecture does not exist in a vacuum, architectural form cannot be merely a compilation of historical precedent, functional necessities, and socially aware concerns, but must also be a transcendent synthesis of all of the former and a creation of worth in and of itself. As Nunzia Rodanini stated,^[3] “Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences…Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development…To restrict the meaning of (architecture) formalism to art for art’s sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality”. The values and its accompanying aspects which modern architecture is based on vary, both between different architectural schools of thought and among practising architects.^[4]

Architecture is an interdisciplinary field, drawing upon mathematics, science, art, technology, social sciences, politics, history, and philosophy. Vitruvius states: "Architecture is a science, arising out of many other sciences, and adorned with much and varied learning: by the help of which a judgement is formed of those works which are the result of other arts." He adds that an architect should be well versed in fields such as music and astronomy. Philosophy is a particular favourite; in fact the approach of an architect to their subject is often called their philosophy. Rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology are some topics from philosophy that have influenced architecture. Interdisciplinarity is a type of academic collaboration in which specialists drawn from two or more academic disciplines work together in pursuit of common goals. ... Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, as imagined by by Raphael in this detail from The School of Athens. ... Part of a scientific laboratory at the University of Cologne. ... The Bath, a painting by Mary Cassatt (1844-1926). ... By the mid 20th century humans had achieved a mastery of technology sufficient to leave the surface of the Earth for the first time and explore space. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Politics is the process by which groups make decisions. ... History studies the past in human terms. ... This article is 58 kilobytes or more in size. ... Allegory of Music on the Opéra Garnier Music is an art form that involves organised sounds and silence. ... A giant Hubble mosaic of the Crab Nebula, a supernova remnant Astronomy is the science of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earths atmosphere (such as auroras and cosmic background radiation). ... This article is 58 kilobytes or more in size. ... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... In epistemology and in its broadest sense, rationalism is any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification (Lacey, 286). ... In philosophy generally, empiricism is a theory of knowledge emphasizing the role of experience in the formation of ideas, while discounting the notion of innate ideas. ... Structuralism as a term refers to various theories across the humanities, social sciences and economics many of which share the assumption that structural relationships between concepts vary between different cultures/languages and that these relationships can be usefully exposed and explored. ... Post-structuralism is a body of work that followed in the wake of structuralism, and sought to understand the Western world as a network of structures, as in structuralism, but in which such structures are ordered primarily by local, shifting differences (as in deconstruction) rather than grand binary oppositions and... This article is about the philosophical movement. ...

Golden Gate in Vladimir.

In modern usage, architecture is the art and discipline of creating an actual, or inferring an implied or apparent plan of any complex object or system. The term can be used to connote the implied architecture of abstract things such as music or mathematics, the apparent architecture of natural things, such as geological formations or the structure of biological cells, or explicitly planned architectures of human-made things such as software, computers, enterprises, and databases, in addition to buildings. In every usage, an architecture may be seen as a subjective mapping from a human perspective (that of the user in the case of abstract or physical artifacts) to the elements or components of some kind of structure or system, which preserves the relationships among the elements or components. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (2288 × 1712 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 599 pixel Image in higher resolution (2288 × 1712 pixel, file size: 1. ... Golden Gate The Golden Gate of Vladimir (Zolotye Vorota, Russian Золотые ворота), originally a tower over the citys main gate, was built in 1158-64. ... Population 315,954 (2002) Time zone Moscow (MSK/MSD), UTC +0300 (MSK)/+0400 (MSD) Latitude/Longitude Vladimir (Russian: ) is an old city in Russia. ... The Bath, a painting by Mary Cassatt (1844-1926). ... Discipline is any training intended to produce a specific character or pattern of behaviour, especially training that produces moral, physical, or mental development in a particular direction. ... System (from Latin systÄ“ma, in turn from Greek sustÄ“ma) is a set of entities, real or abstract, comprising a whole where each component interacts with or is related to at least one other component. ... Allegory of Music on the Opéra Garnier Music is an art form that involves organised sounds and silence. ... Euclid, Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC, as imagined by by Raphael in this detail from The School of Athens. ... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Structural biology is a branch of molecular biology concerned with the study of the architecture and shape of biological macromolecules--proteins and nucleic acids in particular—and what causes them to have the structures they have. ... Computer software (or simply software) refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of a computer for some purpose. ... The tower of a personal computer. ... Enterprise architecture is the practice of applying a comprehensive and rigorous method for describing a current and/or future structure and behavior for an organizations processes, information systems, personnel and organizational sub-units, so that they align with the organizations core goals and strategic direction. ... The term or expression database originated within the computer industry. ... In mathematics and related technical fields, the term map or mapping is often a synonym for function. ... In mathematics, an element (also called a member) is an object contained in a set (or more generally a class). ... Look up Structure in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Architectural history

Main article: Architectural history

Architecture first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalised through oral traditions and practices, architecture became a craft. Here there is first a process of trial and error, and later improvisation or replication of a successful trial. What is termed Vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... // Building material is any material which is used for a construction purpose. ... A craft is a skill, especially involving practical arts. ... Vernacular architecture is a term used to categorise a method of construction which uses locally available resources to address local needs. ...

The Colosseum, Rome, Italy is an example of Roman architecture.

Early human settlements were essentially rural. As surplus of production began to occur, rural societies transformed into urban ones and cities began to evolve. In many ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians' and Mesopotamians' architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, while in other ancient cultures such as Iran architecture and urban planning was used to exemplify the power of the state. Image File history File links Colosseum-2003-07-09. ... Image File history File links Colosseum-2003-07-09. ... The Colosseum by night: exterior view of the best-preserved section. ... Nickname: The Eternal City Motto: SPQR: Senatus PopulusQue Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area    - City 1285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban... Rural area in Dalarna, Sweden Qichun, a rural town in Hubei province, China Rural areas (also referred to as the country, countryside) are sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities. ... The city of San Francisco, an example of an urban area. ... Look up Supernatural in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Urban planning is concerned with the ordering and design of settlements, from the smallest towns to the worlds largest cities. ...

Badshahi Masjid, Lahore, Pakistan

However, the architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilisations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from more civic ideas and new building types emerged. Architectural styles developed and texts on architecture began to be written. These became canons to be followed in important works, especially religious architecture. Some examples of canons are the works of Vitruvius, the Kaogongji of ancient China and Vaastu Shastra in ancient India. In Europe in the Classical and Medieval periods, buildings were not attributed to specific individual architects; the architects usually remained anonymous. Guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trade. Over time the complexity of buildings and their types increased. General civil construction such as roads and bridges began to be built. Many new building types such as schools, hospitals, and recreational facilities emerged. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2270x1514, 427 KB) Summary A 4 Megapixel picture of Badshahi Mosque, Lahore, Pakistan. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2270x1514, 427 KB) Summary A 4 Megapixel picture of Badshahi Mosque, Lahore, Pakistan. ... View from Minto Park The Badshahi Masjid (بادشاەى مسجد), or the Emperors Mosque, was built in 1673 by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in Lahore, Pakistan. ... Lahore (Urdu: لاہور, Punjabi: لہور) is the capital of the province of Punjab, and the second most populated city in Pakistan, also known as the Gardens of the Mughals or City of Gardens, after the significant rich heritage of the Mughal Empire. ... Urbanism is the study of cities - their economic, political, social and cultural environment, and the imprint of all these forces on the built environment. ... Area under Roman control  Roman Republic  Roman Empire  Western Empire  Eastern Empire Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a city-state founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea. ... Vaastu Shastra (Vaastu- physical environment and Shastra- knowledge/ text/ principles. ... This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ... Classical antiquity is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, which begins roughly with the earliest-recorded Greek poetry of Homer (7th century BC), and continues through the rise of Christianity and the fall of the Western Roman Empire (5th century AD... The Middle Ages formed the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three ages: the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. ... For the guitar manufacturer, see Guild Guitar Company. ...

Virupaksha Temple, Hampi, India

Islamic architecture has a long and complex history beginning in the seventh century CE. Examples can be found throughout the countries that are, or were, Islamic - from Morocco and Spain to Turkey, Iran and Pakistan. Other examples can be found in areas where Muslims are a minority. Islamic architecture includes mosques, madrasas, caravansarais, palaces, and mausolea of this large region. Hampi- Virupaksha Temple Photograph taken by me (KRS) in December 2003 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Hampi- Virupaksha Temple Photograph taken by me (KRS) in December 2003 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Vijay Vittal Temple Hampi (ಹ೦ಪೆ, Hampe in Kannada) is a village in northern Karnataka, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in India. ... Vijay Vittal Temple Hampi (ಹ೦ಪೆ, Hampe in Kannada) is a village in northern Karnataka, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in India. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Era Vulgaris redirects here. ...

With the Renaissance and its emphasis on the individual and humanity rather than religion, and with all its attendant progress and achievements, a new chapter began. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects - Michelangelo, Brunelleschi,Zielinski[Leonardo da Vinci]] - and the cult of the individual had begun. But there was no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist. Raphael was famous for depicting illustrious figures of the Classical past with the features of his Renaissance contemporaries. ... Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (March 6, 1475 – February 18, 1564), commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet and engineer. ... Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377 - 1446, was the first great Florentine architect of the Italian Renaissance. ... Zieliński (feminine: Zielińska, plural Zielińscy) is the 8th most popular surname in Poland (91,043 people) Famous people: Categories: Polish surnames ... Look up artist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... For the Technical Symposium of NITK Surathkal Engineer , see Engineer (Technical Fest). ...

With the consolidation of knowledge in scientific fields such as engineering and the rise of new materials and technology, the architect began to lose ground on the technical aspects of building. He therefore cornered for himself another playing field - that of aesthetics. There was the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes. In the 19th century Ecole des Beaux Arts in France, the training was toward producing quick sketch schemes involving beautiful drawings without much emphasis on context.. Engineering is the design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. ... The Parthenons facade showing an interpretation of golden rectangles in its proportions. ... École des Beaux Arts refers to several art schools in France. ...

The Palace of Versailles in France is the largest palace in Europe and served as the model for European royal residences for over 100 years.

Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass consumption and aesthetics started becoming a criterion even for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. Download high resolution version (1278x542, 182 KB)Versailles, the Cour dHonneur Source: French Wikipedia: Image:Chateau-de-versailles-cour. ... Download high resolution version (1278x542, 182 KB)Versailles, the Cour dHonneur Source: French Wikipedia: Image:Chateau-de-versailles-cour. ... The Château de Versailles, or Versailles, is a royal château in Versailles, France. ... A Watt steam engine. ...

Bauhaus building, Dessau, Germany

The dissatisfaction with such a general situation at the turn of the twentieth century gave rise to many new lines of thought that in architecture served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Germany in 1919, consciously rejected history and looked at architecture as a synthesis of art, craft, and technology. Image File history File links From WIKIPEDIA.DE. There described as: Bauhaus Dessau, eigenes Foto von 2003, public domain. ... Image File history File links From WIKIPEDIA.DE. There described as: Bauhaus Dessau, eigenes Foto von 2003, public domain. ... For the British goth band, see Bauhaus (band). ... Dessau is a town in Germany on the junction of the rivers Mulde and Elbe, in the Bundesland (Federal State) of Saxony-Anhalt. ... Le Corbusiers Villa Savoye, a well known example of modern architecture Modern architecture is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament, that first arose around 1900. ... The Deutscher Werkbund (German Work Federation) was a German association of architects, designers and industrialists, an important precursor to the Bauhaus. ... 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article may require cleanup. ... For the British goth band, see Bauhaus (band). ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... History studies the past in human terms. ...

When Modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after WW I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. Their approach reduced buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. The classical columns, arches, and details of Classical architecture were rejected in favor of modern materials and forms. Buildings that displayed their construction and structure, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind traditional forms, were seen as beautiful in their own right. Architects such as Mies van der Rohe worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution. Le Corbusiers Villa Savoye, a well known example of modern architecture Modern architecture is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament, that first arose around 1900. ... A work similar to Marcel Duchamps Fountain Avant garde (written avant-garde) is a French phrase, one of many French phrases used by English speakers. ... From the point of view of modern times, the ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean sometimes seem to blend smoothly into one melange we call the Classical. ... Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (born Maria Ludwig Michael Mies) (March 27, 1886 - August 17, 1969) was an architect and designer. ... A Watt steam engine. ...

Stalinist architecture in Kursk.

Many architects resisted Modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of ornamented styles. As the founders of the International Style lost influence in the late 1970's, Postmodernism developed as a reaction against the austerity of Modernism. Robert Venturi's contention that a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside) was better than a "duck" (a building in which the whole form and its function are tied together) gives an idea of this approach. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1280 × 960 pixel, file size: 276 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Kursk Architecture Metadata... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (1280 × 960 pixel, file size: 276 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Kursk Architecture Metadata... Unrealised design for the Palace of Soviets, Moscow, by Boris Iofan, 1933 Stalinist architecture (also referred to as Stalins Empire style or Socialist Classicism) is a term given to constructions that were built in the Soviet Union between 1933 and 1955. ... Kursk (Russian: ; pronunciation: koorsk) is a city in Central Russia, the administrative center of Kursk Oblast. ... The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1927) The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1930) The International style was a major architectural trend of the 1920s and 1930s. ... Postmodernism (sometimes abbreviated as Pomo or PoMo) is a term used in a variety of contexts to describe social conditions, movements in the arts, economic and social conditions and scholarship from the perspective that there is a definable and differentiable period after the modern, or that the 20th century can... Robert Charles Venturi (June 25, 1925 -) is a Philadelphia-based architect who worked under Eero Saarinen and Louis Kahn before forming his own firm with John Rauch. ...

Another part of the profession, and also some non-architects, responded by going to what they considered the root of the problem. They felt that architecture was not a personal philosophical or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it had to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to give a livable environment. The Design Methodology Movement involving people such as Chris Jones, Christopher Alexander started searching for more people-oriented designs. Extensive studies on areas such as behavioural, environmental, and social sciences were done and started informing the design process. Christopher Alexander (born October 4, 1936 in Vienna, Austria) is an architect, noted for his design of building complexes in California, Japan, and Mexico. ...

As many other concerns began to be recognised and complexity of buildings began to increase in terms of aspects such as services, architecture started becoming more multi-disciplinary than ever. Architecture now required a team of professionals in its making, an architect being one among the many,^[5] sometimes the leader. This is the state of the profession today. However, individuality is still cherished and sought for in the design of buildings seen as cultural symbols - the museum or fine arts centre has become a showcase for new experiments in style: today one style, tomorrow maybe something else.

Frank Lloyd Wright's Famous "Fallingwater"

Modern architecture in Warsaw

Image File history File linksMetadata FallingwaterWright. ... Image File history File linksMetadata FallingwaterWright. ... Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867—April 9, 1959) was one of the most prominent and influential architects during the first half of the 20th century. ... Fallingwater is now a museum, open to the public. ... Image File history File links Wawka2. ... Image File history File links Wawka2. ... Motto: Contemnit procellas (It defies the storms) Semper invicta (Always invincible) Coordinates: Country Poland Voivodeship Masovian Voivodeship Powiat (County) Gmina (Commune) Warszawa Districts 18 boroughs City Rights turn of the 13th century Government  - Mayor Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz Area  - City 516. ...

List of Building Styles

• Neolithic architecture
  • Egyptian architecture
  • Assyrian architecture
  • Babylonian architecture
  • Etruscan architecture
• Minoan architecture
• Maya architecture
• Mycenaean architecture
• Persian architecture
• Sumerian architecture
• African Architecture
• Chinese architecture
• Indian architecture
• Newari architecture
• Islamic architecture
• Japanese architecture
• Architecture of the Pacific
• Mesoamerican architecture
  • Incan architecture
• Classical architecture
  • Architecture of Ancient Greece
  • Roman architecture
• Medieval architecture
  • Byzantine architecture
  • Sassanid architecture
  • Romanesque architecture
  • Gothic architecture
  • Tudor and Jacobean architecture
• Renaissance architecture
• Baroque architecture
• Regency architecture
• Neo-Classical architecture
• Neo-Gothic architecture
• Neo-Byzantine architecture
• Neo-Romanesque architecture
• Jacobethan architecture
• Tudorbethan architecture
• Beaux-Arts architecture
• Modern architecture
  • Expressionist architecture
  • Futurist architecture
  • Functionalism (architecture)
  • De Stijl
  • Heliopolis style
  • Bauhaus
  • Art Nouveau
  • Art Deco
  • International Style
• Postmodern architecture
  • Deconstructivist Architecture
• Australian architectural styles
• Canadian architecture
• Indonesian architecture
• Origamic Architecture (OA)
• Spanish architecture
• Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)
• Pet architecture
• Follies, Grottoes and Garden architecture
• Mexican architects

Excavated dwellings at Skara Brae Neolithic architecture is the architecture of the Neolithic period. ... For at least ten thousand years, the Nile valley has been the site of one of the most influential civilizations in the world. ... The culture of Assyria, and still more of Greece. ... The culture of Assyria, and still more of Greece. ... As unique and spectacular as any Greek or Roman architecture, Maya architecture spans many thousands of years. ... The Baháí House of Worship by Fariborz Sahba, also known as the Lotus Temple. ... The Tigris-Euphrates plain lacked minerals and trees. ... The architecture of Africa, like other aspects of the culture of Africa, is hugely diverse. ... Chinese architecture refers to a style of architecture that has taken shape in Asia over the centuries. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Stupa at Swayambhunath Newari architecture is the architecture developed by Newars. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The need to rebuild Japan after World War II proved a great stimulus to Japanese architecture, and contemporary Japanese buildings rank with the finest in the world in terms of technology and formal conception. ... Mesoamerican architecture is the set of architectural traditions produced by pre-Columbian cultures and civilizations of Mesoamerica, traditions which are best known in the form of public, ceremonial and urban monumental buildings and structures. ... A wall in the fortress of Ollantaytambo Inca architecture is the most significant pre-Columbian architecture in South America. ... From the point of view of modern times, the ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean sometimes seem to blend smoothly into one melange we call the Classical. ... The restored Stoa of Attalus, Athens Architecture, defined as building executed to an aesthetically considered design, was extinct in Greece from the end of the Mycenaean period (about 1200 BC) to the 7th century BC, when urban life and prosperity recovered to a point where public building could be undertaken. ... The Colosseum in Rome, Italy. ... Church of the Intercession on the Nerl(1165) - an archetypal example of early Russian architecture. ... Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire. ... Sassanid architecture. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Gothic architecture is a style of architecture, particularly associated with cathedrals and other churches, which flourished in Europe during the high and late medieval period. ... The Tudor style, a term applied to the Perpendicular style, was originally that of the English architecture and decorative arts produced under the Tudor dynasty that ruled England from 1485 to 1603, characterized as an amalgam of Late Gothic style formalized by more concern for regularity and symmetry, with round... Jacobean - an early phase of English Renaissance architecture and decoration. ... Tempietto di San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, 1502, by Bramante. ... Baroque architecture, starting in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical, theatrical, sculptural fashion, expressing the triumph of absolutist church and state. ... The Regency style of architecture refers primarily to buildings built in Britain during the period in the early 19th century when George IV of the United Kingdom was still Prince Regent, and also to later buildings following the same style. ... Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Gothic Revival architecture. ... Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia. ... Lazienkowski Palace in Warsaw The neoclassical movement that produced Neoclassical architecture began in the mid-18th century, as a reaction against both the surviving Baroque and Rococo styles, and as a desire to return to the perceived purity of the arts of Rome, the more vague perception (ideal) of Ancient... Jacobethan is a Revival style derived from the English Renaissance (1550 - 1625), with elements Elizabethan and Jacobean. ... Ascott House, Buckinghamshire. ... Beaux-Arts architecture[1] denotes the academic classical architectural style that was taught at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. ... Le Corbusiers Villa Savoye, a well known example of modern architecture Modern architecture is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament, that first arose around 1900. ... Expressionist architecture occurs in architecture when an architect distorts a building or design for an emotional effect. ... Perspective drawing from La Citta Nuova, 1914, by Antonia SantElia. ... Functionalism, in architecture, is the principle that architects should design a building based on the purpose of that building. ... De Stijl redirects here. ... Heliopolis style is an architectural style specific to an Egyptian district in eastern Cairo. ... For the British goth band, see Bauhaus (band). ... Poster by Alfons Mucha Vitebsk Railway Station one of the finest examples of Art Nouveau architecture. ... Asheville City Hall. ... The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1927) The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1930) The International style was a major architectural trend of the 1920s and 1930s. ... 1000 de La Gauchetière, with ornamented and strongly defined top, middle and bottom. ... Libeskinds Imperial War Museum North in Manchester comprises three apparently intersecting curved volumes. ... An example of Gothic Revival, St. ... The Gothic Revival Parliament Buildings are some of Canadas best known structures The architecture of Canada is, with the exception of that of the First Nations, closely linked to the techniques and styles developed in Europe and the United States. ... Indonesian Architecture reflects the same diversity of cultural, historical, and geographic influences that have shaped Indonesia as a whole. ... For more than 20 years, the Tokyo architect Masahiro Chatani, employing origami, the ancient Japanese art of paper-folding - and adding cut-paper and pop-up paper engineering concepts - has been creating works of origamic architecture. ... The Great Mosque of Córdoba Sagrada Familia church, by Gaudí Spanish architecture is the name given to the constructions made in Spain throughout time, and those by Spanish architects world-wide. ... On December 27, 1832 — two years after the organization of the Church of Jesus Christ — the movements founder, Joseph Smith, Jr. ...

See also

Main lists: List of basic architecture topics and List of architecture topics

Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings. ... This page aims to list all topics related to architecture. ... This article includes a list of works cited but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... An architectural engineer applies the skills of many engineering disciplines to the design, construction, operation, maintenance, and renovation of buildings while paying attention to their impacts on the surrounding environment. ... An architectural structure is a free-standing or guy anchored manmade outdoor construction for permanent use. ... Architectural style is a way of classifying architecture largely by morphological characteristics - in terms of form, techniques, materials, etc. ... Mathematics and architecture have always enjoyed a close association with each other, not only in the sense that the latter is informed by the former, but also in that both share the search for order and beauty, the former in nature and the latter in buildings. ... A pattern language is a structured method of describing good design practices within a particular domain. ... The term space syntax encompasses a set of theories and techniques for the analysis of spatial configurations. ... This page indexes the individual year in architecture pages. ... Modern blueprint of the French galleon La Belle. ... Environmental design is the process of addressing environmental parameters when devising plans, programs, policies, buildings, or products. ... Interior design is the process of shaping the experience of interior space, through the manipulation of spatial volume as well as surface treatment. ... Fēng Shuǐ (風水 – literally, wind and water pronounced fung shuway), which may be more than 3000 years old, is the ancient practice of placement to achieve harmony with the environment. ... Central Park, like all parks, is an example of landscape architecture. ... // The following is a list of famous architects - well known individuals with a large body of published work. ... The following is a list of notable architecture firms, past and present. ... This is a list of architecture prizes // Major international prizes AIA Gold Medal Pritzker Prize RIBA Royal Gold Medal (first awarded 1848) International prizes Aga Khan Award for Architecture (for Islamic architecture) Emporis Skyscraper Award European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture Thomas Jefferson Medal in Architecture National prizes UK RIAS... This is a list of famous or notable buildings with articles about them. ... A megaproject is an extremely large scale investment project. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, along the Nervión River, Bilbao, Frank Gehry Starchitect or also stararchitect [star + architect] is a normally pejorative term used to describe architects whose celebrity and critical acclaim have transformed them into idols of the architecture world and may even have given them some degree of... Taipei 101, the worlds tallest building as of 2004. ... Urban planning is concerned with the ordering and design of settlements, from the smallest towns to the worlds largest cities. ... Elabana Falls is in Lamington National Park, part of the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves World Heritage site in Queensland, Australia. ...

References

1. ↑  Online Etymology of the term "architect"
2. ↑  Translation of firmitatis utilitatis venustatis [6] due to Henry Wotton, 1624 [7].
3. ↑  Rondanini, Nunzia “Architecture and Social Change” Heresies II, Vol. 3, No. 3, New York, Neresies Collective Inc., 1981, p. 4
4. ↑  Holm, Ivar (2006). Ideas and Beliefs in Architecture and Industrial design: How attitudes, orentaions, and underlying assumptions shape the build envioremnt. Oslo School of Architecture and Design.
5. ↑  Cyril M. Harris, Noise Control in Buildings: A Practical Guide for Architects and Engineers (199www.4)

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Architecture of the world Series

Architecture of Europe

Albania · Andorra · Austria · Azerbaijan1 · Belarus · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Czech Republic · Denmark · Estonia · Finland · France · Georgia1 · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Italy · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Republic of Macedonia · Malta · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Russia1 · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain · Sweden · Switzerland · Turkey1 · Ukraine · United Kingdom Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid Beels The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... Image File history File links Wikibooks-logo-en. ... Montenegro has a number of significant cultural and historical sites, including heritage sites from the pre-Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque periods. ... Dependencies, autonomies and other territories Abkhazia1 · Adjara1 · Åland · Akrotiri and Dhekelia · Crimea · Faroe Islands · Gibraltar · Guernsey · Isle of Man · Jersey · Nagorno-Karabakh1 · Nakhichevan1 · Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus1 A dependent territory, dependent area or dependency is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a State. ... An autonomous area is an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy. ... Types of political territories include: A legally administered territory, which is a non-sovereign geographic area that has come under the authority of another government. ... 1 Has significant territory in Asia. A transcontinental country is a country belonging to more than one continent. ...

Architecture of Asia

Afghanistan · Armenia · Azerbaijan · Bahrain · Bangladesh · Bhutan · Brunei · Cambodia · China (People's Republic of China (Hong Kong · Macau) · Republic of China (Taiwan)) · Cyprus · East Timor · Georgia · India · Indonesia · Iran · Iraq · Israel (See also Palestinian territories) · Japan · Jordan · Kazakhstan · Korea (North Korea · South Korea) · Kuwait · Kyrgyzstan · Laos · Lebanon · Malaysia · Maldives · Mongolia · Myanmar · Nepal · Oman · Pakistan · Philippines · Qatar · Russia · Saudi Arabia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Syria · Tajikistan · Thailand · Turkey · Turkmenistan · United Arab Emirates · Uzbekistan · Vietnam · Yemen Bank of China Tower at night. ... Korean architecture refers to the architecture of Korea. ... Subcategories There is one subcategory to this category shown below (more may be shown on subsequent pages). ...

Architecture of Africa

Algeria · Angola · Benin · Botswana · Burkina Faso · Burundi · Cameroon · Cape Verde · Central African Republic · Chad · Comoros · Democratic Republic of the Congo · Republic of the Congo · Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) · Djibouti · Egypt · Equatorial Guinea · Eritrea · Ethiopia · Gabon · The Gambia · Ghana · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Kenya · Lesotho · Liberia · Libya · Madagascar · Malawi · Mali · Mauritania · Mauritius · Morocco · Mozambique · Namibia · Niger · Nigeria · Rwanda · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal · Seychelles · Sierra Leone · Somalia · South Africa · Sudan · Swaziland · Tanzania · Togo · Tunisia · Uganda · Zambia · Zimbabwe The architecture of Africa, like other aspects of the culture of Africa, is hugely diverse. ... Subcategories There are 2 subcategories to this category shown below (more may be shown on subsequent pages). ... Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory · Mayotte · Réunion · St. Helena · Western Sahara (SADR) A dependent territory, dependent area or dependency is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a State. ... Types of political territories include: A legally administered territory, which is a non-sovereign geographic area that has come under the authority of another government. ...

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Antigua and Barbuda · Bahamas · Barbados · Belize · Canada · Costa Rica · Cuba · Dominica · Dominican Republic · El Salvador · Grenada · Guatemala · Haiti · Honduras · Jamaica · Mexico · Nicaragua · Panama · Saint Kitts and Nevis · Saint Lucia · Saint Vincent and the Grenadines · Trinidad and Tobago · United States The United States has a history of architecture that includes a wide variety of styles. ... Dependencies and other territories Anguilla · Aruba · Bermuda · British Virgin Islands · Cayman Islands · Greenland · Guadeloupe · Martinique · Montserrat · Navassa Island · Netherlands Antilles · Puerto Rico · Saint-Pierre and Miquelon · Turks and Caicos Islands · U.S. Virgin Islands A dependent territory, dependent area or dependency is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a State. ... Types of political territories include: A legally administered territory, which is a non-sovereign geographic area that has come under the authority of another government. ...

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Architecture of Oceania

	Australia Image File history File links Australia. ...	Australia · Norfolk Island · Christmas Island · Cocos (Keeling) Islands
	Melanesia Copyright 2004 Affordable Solutions Pty Ltd Aust. ... Map showing Melanesia. ...	East Timor · Fiji · New Caledonia · Papua New Guinea · Solomon Islands · Vanuatu
	Micronesia Image File history File links Micronesia. ...	Guam · Kiribati · Marshall Islands · Northern Mariana Islands · Federated States of Micronesia · Nauru · Palau
	Polynesia Image File history File links Polynesia. ... Carving from the ridgepole of a Māori house, ca 1840 Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a large grouping of over 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean. ...	American Samoa · Cook Islands · French Polynesia · New Zealand · Niue · Pitcairn · Samoa · Tokelau · Tonga · Tuvalu · Wallis and Futuna Subcategories There are 2 subcategories to this category shown below (more may be shown on subsequent pages). ...

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This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... // 250 years 1000 years - The last 250 years (fine grid) is detailed above 8000 years - The last 1000 years (fine grid) is detailed above Voorthuis - Timelines Categories: | ... Excavated dwellings at Skara Brae Neolithic architecture is the architecture of the Neolithic period. ... For at least ten thousand years, the Nile valley has been the site of one of the most influential civilizations in the world. ... As unique and spectacular as any Greek or Roman architecture, Maya architecture spans many thousands of years. ... The Tigris-Euphrates plain lacked minerals and trees. ... From the point of view of modern times, the ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean sometimes seem to blend smoothly into one melange we call the Classical. ... Mesoamerican architecture is the set of architectural traditions produced by pre-Columbian cultures and civilizations of Mesoamerica, traditions which are best known in the form of public, ceremonial and urban monumental buildings and structures. ... The restored Stoa of Attalus, Athens Architecture, defined as building executed to an aesthetically considered design, was extinct in Greece from the end of the Mycenaean period (about 1200 BC) to the 7th century BC, when urban life and prosperity recovered to a point where public building could be undertaken. ... The Colosseum in Rome, Italy. ... A wall in the fortress of Ollantaytambo Inca architecture is the most significant pre-Columbian architecture in South America. ... Sassanid architecture. ... Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Stupa at Swayambhunath Newari architecture is the architecture developed by Newars. ... Buddhist religious architecture developed in the Indian subcontinent in the third century BCE. Two types of structures are associated with early Buddhism: stupas and viharas. ... Church of the Intercession on the Nerl(1165) - an archetypal example of early Russian architecture. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Gothic architecture is a style of architecture, particularly associated with cathedrals and other churches, which flourished in Europe during the high and late medieval period. ... Categories: Buildings and structures stubs ... Vijayanagar Raya Gopura Belur, Karnataka The Vijayanagara Architecture of the period (1336 - 1565CE) was a unique building idiom evolved by the imperial Vijayanagar Empire that ruled the whole of South India from their regal capital at Vijayanagara on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in Karnataka, India. ... Tempietto di San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, 1502, by Bramante. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Baroque architecture, starting in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical, theatrical, sculptural fashion, expressing the triumph of absolutist church and state. ... The neoclassical movement that produced Neoclassical architecture began in the mid-18th century, both as a reaction against the Rococo style of anti-tectonic naturalistic ornament, and an outgrowth of some classicizing features of Late Baroque. ... Château de Ferrières 1855 Mentmore Towers English Neo-Renaissance of the 1850s. ... Victoria Tower at the Palace of Westminster, London: Gothic details provided by A.W.N. Pugin The Gothic Revival was an architectural movement which originated in mid-18th century England. ... Le Corbusiers Villa Savoye, a well known example of modern architecture Modern architecture is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament, that first arose around 1900. ... 1000 de La Gauchetière, with ornamented and strongly defined top, middle and bottom. ... Le Corbusiers Villa Savoye, a well known example of modern architecture Modern architecture is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament, that first arose around 1900. ... Asheville City Hall. ... Poster by Alfons Mucha Vitebsk Railway Station one of the finest examples of Art Nouveau architecture. ... Future Systems blobitecture design for the 2003 Selfridges department store, is intended to make a statement and rejuvenate Birmingham city centre. ... Unité dHabitation, Marseille (Le Corbusier 1952) Brutalism is an architectural style that spawned from the modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s. ... Constructivist architecture was a form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s. ... The Sydney Opera House - designed to evoke the sails of yatchs in Sydney harbour Critical regionalism is an approach to architecture that strives to counter the placelessness and lack of meaning in Modern Architecture by using contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning. ... De Stijl redirects here. ... Libeskinds Imperial War Museum North in Manchester comprises three apparently intersecting curved volumes. ... Expressionist architecture occurs in architecture when an architect distorts a building or design for an emotional effect. ... Functionalism, in architecture, is the principle that architects should design a building based on the purpose of that building. ... Perspective drawing from La Citta Nuova, 1914, by Antonia SantElia. ... The Space Needle, built for Seattles Worlds Fair, 1962 Googie, also known as populuxe or doo-wop, is a subdivision of expressionist, or futurist architecture influenced by car culture and the Space Age and Atomic Age, originating from southern California in the late 1940s and continuing approximately into... An architecture style developed in the 1970s, High Tech Architecture got its name from High Tech: The Industrial Style and Source Book for The Home, a book published in 1978 by Joan Kron and Suzanne Slesin. ... The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1927) The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1930) The International style was a major architectural trend of the 1920s and 1930s. ... Jugendstil is defined as a style of architecture or decorative art similar to Art Nouveau, popular in German-speaking areas of Europe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries [1]. Jugendstil was also popular in the Nordic countries, where it became integrated with the National Romantic Style. ... Modernisme in Catalan, (not to be confused with modernism) is the Catalan variant of Art Nouveau. ... The New Objectivity, or neue Sachlichkeit (new matter-of-factness), was an art movement which arose in Germany during the 1920s as an outgrowth of, and in opposition to, expressionism. ... Fallingwater by Frank Lloyd Wright Organic architecture is a philosophy of architecture which promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world through design approaches so sympathetic and well integrated with its site that buildings, furnishings, and surroundings become part of a unified, interrelated composition. ... It has been suggested that Prairie Houses be merged into this article or section. ... 1000 de La Gauchetière, with ornamented and strongly defined top, middle and bottom. ... Bathers building, now a Maritime Museum at San Franciscos Aquatic Park, 1937 Judges tower at San Franciscos Aquatic Park Streamline Moderne, sometimes referred to by either name alone, was a late branch of the Art Deco style. ... Sustainable architecture is building design that takes into account all aspects of the building that will affect and be affected by the environment. ...