Paharpur Vihara the greatest Buddhist Vihara in the sub-continent built by Dharmapala

The Bengal region, which includes the Republic of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal has many architectural relics and monuments dating back thousands of years. Image File history File links Broom_icon. ... Image File history File links Paharpur_Vihara. ... Image File history File links Paharpur_Vihara. ... Paharpur is a ruined city in Bangladesh which was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985. ... Vihara (विहार) is Sanskrit or Pali for (Buddhist) monastery. ... Bengal (Bengali: বঙ্গ Bôngo, বাংলা Bangla, বঙ্গদেশ Bôngodesh or বাংলাদেশ Bangladesh), is a historical and geographical region in the northeast of South Asia. ... , West Bengal (Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchimbôŋgo) is a state in eastern India. ...

Pala Empire

The Pala Empire was a Buddhist dynasty in control of Bengal from the 8th to the 12th century. Palas created a distinctive form of Buddhist art known as the "Pala School of Sculptural Art." The gigantic structures of Vikramshila Vihar, Odantpuri Vihar, and Jagaddal Vihar were masterpieces of the Palas. These mammoth structures were mistaken by the forces of Bakhtiar Khilji as fortified castles and were demolished. The Somapura Mahaviharaa, a creation of Dharmapala, at Paharpur, Bangladesh, is the largest Buddhist Vihara in the Indian subcontinent, and has been described as a "pleasure to the eyes of the world." UNESCO made it World Heritage Site in 1985. The Pala architectural style was followed throughout south-eastern Asia and China,Japan, andTibet. Bengal rightfully earned the name "Mistress of the East". Dr. Stella Kramrisch says: "The art of Bihar and Bengal exercised a lasting influence on that of Nepal, Burma,Ceylon and Java." Dhiman and Vittpala were two celebrated Pala sculptors. About Sompura Mahavihara, Mr. J.C. French says with grief: "For the research of the Pyramids of Egypt we spend millions of dollars every year. But had we spent only one percent of that money for the excavation of Sompura Mahavihara, who knows what extraordinary discoveries could have been made"^[1]. Buddha and Bodhisattvas, 11th century, Pala Empire. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... Bengal (Bengali: বঙ্গ Bôngo, বাংলা Bangla, বঙ্গদেশ Bôngodesh or বাংলাদেশ Bangladesh), is a historical and geographical region in the northeast of South Asia. ... (7th century — 8th century — 9th century — other centuries) Events The Iberian peninsula is taken by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and starting almost 8 centuries of Muslim presence there. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... Ikhtiar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiar Khilji (Persian اختيار الدين محمد بن بختيار الخلجي), also known as Malik Ghazi Ikhtiyaru l-Din Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji, was a Khilji, a Muslim Turk, who was head of the armies that conquered much of northeastern India. ... Dharamapala (rule: 770 AD - 810 AD) was the second and very illustrious ruler of Bengal. ... Paharpur is a ruined city in Bangladesh which was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985. ... UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... This article is about the year. ... This article is about historical/cultural Tibet. ... This article is about the Java island. ... This is about the polyhedron. ...

Tomb architecture of Bengal

Tomb architecture is a type of building erected over the graves. The extant tombs in Bengal are small in number but show significant variety and interesting adaptation of the conventional Islamic form to regional tastes and requirements. As in other Muslim countries, hadith injunctions to practise taswiyat al-qubur, that is making the tomb level with the surrounding earth, did not prevent the raising of a grave above the ground level, erection of brick or stone cenotaphs, or the building of monumental mausoleums in Bengal. Architectural and epigraphic remains of the pre-Mughal and [[Mughal] periods point to the burial places of three groups of people- conquerors and nobility, saints, and ghazis [victors in religious wars]. The Arabic word qabr is used for a grave; the Bengali word samadhi for a tomb; the Persian term mazar is an honorific appellation for the tomb of a person of high rank. Tombs of saints and ghazis, when attached to dargah complexes are called by the comprehensive term dargah; the Persian term astana for a holy tomb is not uncommon in Bengal. Funerary inscriptions contain such terms as maqbara, turba, qabr, gunbad, rawza. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Tombs in Bengal may be classified under two chronological periods:

1. Sultanate or pre-Mughal and
2. Mughal.

As in other Muslim buildings in Bengal, local Bengali tastes and techniques are more pronounced in pre-Mughal tombs, while preference for cosmopolitan Mughal style dominates Mughal funerary structures. Notwithstanding the survival of a number of detached funerary epigraphs, a systematic study of the tomb architecture in Bengal based on historical sequence is made difficult due to the fact that the majority of tombs in their present state are without inscriptions recording the name of the deceased or the date of the construction of the tomb. Local traditions are often relied upon to hypothesise the identity of a tomb, although internal evidence implicit in the technique and style of construction provides a stronger basis for establishing the authenticity of a burial place.

Burial places in Bengal range from open-air funerary enclosures without architectural covering over the grave to monumental mausoleums. Graves of some of the important saints in Bengal - Shan Jalal (R) at Sylhet, Alaul Haq(R) and Nur Qutbul Alam (R) at Chhoti Dargha, Paqndua, are in open enclosures and conform to the orthodox belief that 'only the pious deeds of the dead will offer him protection and shade'. The grave of Baba Adam Shaid (R) at Rampal, Munshiganj, one of the earliest known Muslim saints in Bengal, was until recently without architectural covering. Among the tombs of the first ghazis, the mazar-madrasa complex at Tribeni, ascribed to Zafar Khan on the basis of two inscriptions dated 698 AH (1298 AD) and 713 AH (1313 AD), belongs to the category of open-air tombs. The tomb consists of two roofless square rooms raised on a stone plinth. This tomb is not only the earliest known Muslim monument in Bengal but also the earliest extant mausoleum in eastern India. The exquisitely carved black basalt sarcophagus at Mograpara (Sonargaon) near the Panch Pir Mazar has been ascribed to Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah (d 1411 AD). The ornament depicting lamps suspending from niches on the sides of the sarcophagus recalls lamp motifs in the mihrabs of the Adina Mosque built by Ghiyasuddin's father Sikandar Shah in 776 AH (1375-6 AD); its funerary symbolism had already developed in the medieval tombs in Iran. Sikandar (d 1389 AD) himself is believed to have been buried in a nine-domed (now fallen) square chamber adjoining the north bay of Adina Mosque's west exterior. Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah (Bangla: গিয়াসউদ্দীন আজম শাহ) (1390-1411 CE) the third Sultan of the first Iliyas Shahi dynasty of Bengal and one of the more widely known of medieval Sultans of Bengal. ... Adina Mosque was the largest mosque in medieval times in Bengal. ... Sikandar Shah (1342–1358 CE) was the second Sultan of the Ilyas dynasty of Bengal. ...

The qubba or the domed cubic monument is the oldest and commonest type of tomb in Bengal as in other parts of the Muslim world. It existed in pre-Mughal and Mughal periods. The qubba at Imadpur, Bihar Sharif (India), identified as the tomb of the first Turkish conqueror of Bengal, Bakhtiyar Khalji, (d 1206 AD), is dated to a later period on stylistic grounds by Z. A. Desai. The earliest extant qubba translated into regional Bengali form and also the first monumental tomb in Bengal is the EKLAKHI MAUSOLEUM at Pandua. This is believed to be the burial place of Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad (d 1433 AD), his queen, and son, Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah. The brick tomb chamber, externally square with curved cornice, the octagonal corner towers, and an entrance on each side, is internally converted into an octagon by thick brickwork left hollow at four corners to accommodate four small cells; the dome rests on squinches carried on embedded stone pillars. Once profusely embellished, the surface ornamentation bears traces of floral painting on plaster in the interior and variety of terracotta and glazed tiles on the exterior. Bakhtiyar Khalji, also known as Malik Ghazi Ikhtiyaru l-Din Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji, was a Khilji, a Muslim Turk, who was head of the armies that conquered much of northeastern India. ...

The Eklakhi style became a hallmark of Bengal architecture during the later Iliyas Shahi and Husain Shahi periods and persisted in the early Mughal period. Two inportant tombs in the Eklakhi tradition in Bangladesh are Khan Jahan's at Bagerhat dated 863 AH (1459 AD) and Badr Pir's at Chittagong. These tombs resemble each other in many ways. Though both are now shorn of their original surface embellishments as a protected monument, Khan Jahan's Tomb is in a better state of preservation and retains many of its original features. To accommodate the dome on the square tomb chamber, the phase of transition in both the tombs is achieved by squinches resting on brackets. The most distinctive feature of Khan Jahan's tomb is its lavishly inscribed sarcophagus. The tomb of Shah Safi (d. late thirteenth or early fourteenth century) in the dargah complex at Chhota Pandua (Hughli, West Bengal) in its present state is Mughal remodelling of a pre-Mughal curve-corniced qubba. The most important Mughal mounment in the Eklakhi tradition is the mausoleum of Bahram Saqqa at Burdwan who died during Akbar's reign in 970 AH (1562-3 AD). At Monghyr (Bihar, India) this tradition is echoed in the tomb of Shah Nafa, built in 903 AH (1497-8 AD) by Alauddin Hussain Shah's son, Prince Daniyal. No traces remain of Husain Shah's (d 1519 AD) black basalt sarcophagi, which survived until c 1846 AD or the tombs of later sultans at Banglakot at GAUR. This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

The extant Mughal tombs are larger in number than the Sultanate tombs and show greater variety of form by exploiting the parent style. They are built singly, often in the vicinity of mosques, or within walled enclosure forming a small complex together with a mosque, or in larger complexes of religious and palatial buildings set within fortified gardens, e. g., the tombs of Bibi Pari in the LALBAGH FORT (Dhaka) and Anwar Shahid (Burdwan). Octagonal tomb appears for the first time in Bengal during the Mughal period. The qubba assumed its conventional exterior having a straight cornice. A group of qubba type tombs at Dhaka ascribed to the female members of Nawab Shaista Khan's household are delightful examples of funerary structures. The Mughal tombs are usually raised on platforms but sometimes panelled with blind niches. In addition to its basic form as a domed cube, during the Mughal period the qubba assumed two further forms, constituted by attaching:

1. A verandah south of the square tomb chamber and
2. an ambulatory consisting of a continuous verandah or chambers and passages round the tomb chamber.

Representing the first type are two examples of note at Dhaka. The first tomb believed to be of Khwaja Shahbaz who, on the evidence of the inscription on the adjacent mosque, built the mosque in 1089 AH (1679 AD), is located at Ramna, Dhaka.

The tomb and the mosque form a complex within a walled enclosure entered through a gateway on the southeast. The other tomb, ascribed to Dara Begum, is now without any grave. It has been incorporated as a prayer chamber of the Lalmatia Jami Mosque; the mihrab on the west wall of the original tomb chamber facilitated this conversion. The architectural scheme of the second type finds a prototype in the tomb of I'timad al-Daula erected by Nurjahan at Agra between c 1622-28 AD. Compared to the simple qubba layout, its elaborate plan rendered this type exclusive. In Bengal there are four outstanding examples of this type: (i) the tomb of Shah Niamatullah (d second half of the seventeenth century) at Firuzpur, Gaur (Bangladesh), ascribed to the patronage of Shah Shuja (Mughal) (AD 1639-60); (ii) tomb of BIBI PARI at Lalbagh, Dhaka and (iii) tomb of Bibi Mariam in Dhaka; and (iv) tomb of Bakht Huma at RAJMAHAL, attributed to the patronage of Shaista Khan and dated to the late seventeenth century. , stop erasing thisAgra   (Hindi: , Urdu: ), (IPA: ) is a city on the banks of the Yamuna River in Uttar Pradesh, India. ... Shah Shuja (born June 23, 1616—died 1660) was the second son of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan and empress Mumtaz Mahal. ... Mirza Abu Talib, better known by his title Shaista Khan, was a subahdar and general in the army of the Mughal Empire. ...

The last example of this type in Bengal is the tomb at Khushbagh, Murshidabad where lie buried Alivardi Khan and Siraj ud-Daulah with other members of their family. This type presents interesting variations in design - the tombs of Niamatullah and Bibi Mariam have verandahs for ambulatories; Bibi Pari's and Bakht Huma's tombs have passages on sides and chambers on corners. Again, the tombs of Niamatullah, Bibi Pari and Bakht Huma have three arch openings and that of Bibi Mariam has five arch openings on each of the four sides. In the context of the universal use of brick in Bengal architecture, Bibi Pari's tomb is unique for its extensive use of specially imported marble from Jaipur, black basalt from Gaya, and grey sandstone from Chunar for the interior. Murshidabad is a city in West Bengal, India as well as a district in the state. ... Ali Vardi Khan was the independent nawab or ruler of Bengal between 1740 and 1756. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Shirajuddaula. ...

The architectural adaptation of a simple Bengali hut with its dochala or chauchala roof became a significant tomb type in seventeenth century Bengal architecture. Like the Eklakhi style, it was not confined to funerary buildings, but gained popularity in various forms of structures. A notable example is the tomb of Fath Khan at Gaur where a plastered brick structure, having a dochala roof over a single rectangular tomb chamber with entrances on the south and west, is built in the walled compound of the KADAM RASUL shrine. Another good example of the dochala type is the side chambers attached to the square tomb chamber of Anwar Shahid in Burdwan. The chauchala roof used in Mughal tombs in Bengal does not present the true Bengali chauchala form; it is, what Dani calls a 'segmented square roof' of the type used in I'timad al-Daula'a tomb. One of the earliest examples of this type was the supposed tomb of Islam Khan Chishti (d 1613 AD), now reconstructed beyond recognition, in the Dhaka High Court compound. In Chittagong, the tomb next to the Bagh-i Hamza Mosque is a good example of this type. The chauchala roofs in Ibrahim Danishmand's tomb complex at Mograpara are interesting interpretations of a Sultani feature. Remains of a double-storeyed tomb at Arifil, Brahmanbaria, containing two graves in the basement and two corresponding cenotaphs in the upper storey recall in a modest form the arrangement in I'timad al-Daul's tomb. The remains of two octagonal tombs at Nauda (Rajshahi) and at Burhanpur (Rajmahal) in their pavilion-like look and surface treatment adhere to the model of the octagonal tomb set under Shahjahan.

Tombs of the nawabs of Murshidabad during the eighteenth century reflect their predilections. The humble burial place of Murshid Quli Khan beneath the entrance portal of his KATRA MOSQUE (Murshidabad) consists of a small cell with a grave covered with clay, fulfilling his last wish that "the dust of the worshippers' feet might fall upon his breast." Alivardi Khan wished to be buried in his much-loved garden, Khushbagh. Mir Jafar lies buried at Jafarganj graveyard amidst a thousand open-air graves. Nawab (Urdu: نواب ) was originally the subadar (provincial governor) or viceroy of a subah (province) or region of the Mughal empire. ... Syed Mir Muhammed Jafar Ali Khan, or Mir Jafar (born 1691 – died February 5, 1765) was a monarchical ruler (Nawab) of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. ...

The veneration of the dead in Bengal and the creative genius of modern Bengali builders have yielded some outstanding examples of tomb architecture in Bangladesh. The Tin Netar Mazar in Dhaka marking the burial place of the three pre-Liberation Bengali political leaders - A. K. Fazlul Huq, Khwaja Nazimuddin and Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy - is an interpretation of the traditional Islamic architecture motif of arch. The tombs of Poet Nazrul Islam and President Ziaur Rahman at Dhaka are notable examples of modern open-air tombs in Bangladesh. [Asma Serajuddin] Sher-e-Bangla (Urdu phrase meaning The Tiger of Bengal) Abul Kashem Fazlul Huq (Bangla:আবুল কাসেম ফজলুল হক) (born 26 October 1873-died 27 April 1962) was a famous Bengali statesman in the first half of the 20th century. ... Khwaja Nazimuddin Khawaja Nazimuddin (July 19, 1894 - 1964) was the second Governor-General of Pakistan, and then the second Prime Minister of Pakistan. ... Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy (September 8, 1892 - December 5, 1963) was a politician from Bengal in undivided India, and later in East Pakistan, who served as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1956 until 1957. ...

West Bengal Terracotta Temple Architecture

Although there are plenty of ecidence of human settlement in Bengal from prehistoric times ^[2] but there are regretable derth of evidence. This is because of the soil structure of bengal ^[3]. The community being spread on the alluvial plain of the mighty rivers of ganga , brahmaputra the whole region is succeptible to flood and its resulting unsettling geographcal pattern. The only somewhat undulated regions being the western chotnagput and the himalayan ridges of east and the north. This soil structure is reflected in the building material chosen by the Bengali temple designers. Mainly the terracotta temples with ellaborate surface decorations and lettering written in nagari alphabets. Ganga may refer to: Ganges River, a river in India Ganga, the Hindu goddess that personifies the Ganges River The Gangas, an ancient southern Indian dynasty Ganga (music), a type of rural folk singing from Croatia and Herzegovina Daren Ganga, a West Indian cricketer Ganga, an alternate spelling of ganja... The Brahmaputra is one of the major rivers of Asia. ... A ridge is a geological feature that features a continuous elevational crest for some distance. ... Terra cotta is a hard semifired waterproof ceramic clay used in pottery and building construction. ... The Brahmic family is a family of abugidas used in South Asia and Southeast Asia. ...

Dhakeshwari Temple with its curved roof

The roof structure also has been the effect of the heavy rainfall that the ganga river delta and the Terrai experiences through out the monsoon, it has been curved effectively in most cases to get rid of the huge amount of water as soon as possible and thereby increasing the life time of the structure. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 793 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1956 × 1479 pixel, file size: 785 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 793 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1956 × 1479 pixel, file size: 785 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Ganga may refer to: Ganges River, a river in India Ganga, the Hindu goddess that personifies the Ganges River The Gangas, an ancient southern Indian dynasty Ganga (music), a type of rural folk singing from Croatia and Herzegovina Daren Ganga, a West Indian cricketer Ganga, an alternate spelling of ganja... The Terai, or Tarai (i. ... Bold text[[ // [[Image:Media:Example. ...

The architectural evidence generally has been from the Gupta dynasty period onwards. There has been recent discoveries of terracotta plaques from the times of Chandraketugarh and Mahastangarh throwing additional light on the the architectural styles of [[Sunga}] and Gupta periods.Apart from the Palavi and Phamsana influence on the architectural style it is also closely connected to the Bhanja style of temples from Mayurbhanja district of Orrisa. But the temples of south Bengal is a distinction due to its roofing style so unique and closely related to the paddy roofed traditional building style of rural Bengal.^[4]. Bishnupur in the southern district Bankura of West Bengal has a remarkable set of such temples which being built from the Malla dynasty are examples of this style. Most of these temples are covered on the outer suface with terracotta reliefs which contains plenty of secular materials making these important to reconstruct the social structure from these times. The Gupta dynasty ruled the Gupta Empire of India, from around 320 to 550. ... Terra cotta is a hard semifired waterproof ceramic clay used in pottery and building construction. ... Gupta is a surname of Indian origin. ... The word temple has different meanings in the fields of architecture, religion, geography, anatomy, and education. ... A roof tiled in imitation of thatch at Croyde, north Devon, England Rooftops in Vietnam A roof is the top covering of a building that prevents the ingress of weather into the building interior. ... Paddy has these meanings:- A paddy field, a field for cultivating rice or other semi-aquatic crops. ... Vishnupur (the distance from Kolkata is 132 kms), now the headquarters of the subdivision of the same name in Bankura district, is a seat of crafts and culture. ... , Bankura (Bengali: ) is a city and a municipality in Bankura District in the state of West Bengal, India. ... , West Bengal (Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchimbôŋgo) is a state in eastern India. ... Malla was a tribe of eastern ancient India. ... Terra cotta is a hard semifired waterproof ceramic clay used in pottery and building construction. ...

The temple structures contains gabled roof which are colloquially called the chala, For example a gabled roof with a eight sided pyramid structured roof with be called "ath chala" or literally the eight faces of the roof.

Dakshineswar Kali temple roof styles

And frequently there are more than one tower in the temple building. These are built of laterite and brick bringing them at the mercy of severe weather conditions of southern Bengal. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 489 pixelsFull resolution (1842 × 1126 pixel, file size: 287 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Pic:Sourav Niyogi Sourav Niyogi is my son. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 489 pixelsFull resolution (1842 × 1126 pixel, file size: 287 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Pic:Sourav Niyogi Sourav Niyogi is my son. ...

Dakshineswar Kali Temple is one example of the Bhanja style while the additional small temples of shiva along the river bank are example of southern Bengal roof style though in much smaller dimension. Situated on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River in India, the Dakshineswar Kali Temple was constructed by Rani Rasmani, a wealthy widow, between 1847 and 1855. ... For other uses, see Siva (disambiguation). ...

References

• Alexander Cunningham, Archaeological Survey of India Report, Vol xv, Calcutta, 1882
• Abid Ali Khan, Memoirs of Gaur and Pandua, (Edited and revised by HE Stapleton), Calcutta, 1931
• Hakim Habibur Rahman, Asudgan-i-Dhaka (Urdu), Dhaka, 1946
• AH Dani, Muslim Architecture in Bengal, Dacca, 1961
• ZA Desai, Islamic Culture, 1972
• AH Dani, List of Ancient Monuments on Bengal, Calcutta, 1986
• Asma Serajuddin, 'Mughal Tombs in Dhaka', Dhaka: Past Present Future, (Ed by Sharif Uddin Ahmed), Dhaka, 1991.

See also

• Gajavidala
• Dhakeshwari Temple
• Dakshineswar Kali Temple

[Source: Banglapedia as of 04 July 2006] Image File history File links BengaliScriptKo. ... A popular representation Gajavidala is a motif in the architecture of India that depicts a lion overpowering an elephant. ... Image:Dhakeshwari temple. ... Situated on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River in India, the Dakshineswar Kali Temple was constructed by Rani Rasmani, a wealthy widow, between 1847 and 1855. ...