NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Architecture of Singapore

The architecture of Singapore displays a range of influences and styles from different places and periods. Broadly, Singapore architecture may be divided into the more traditional pre-World War II colonial period, and the largely modern post-war and post-colonial period. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 569 KB) Junction of Smith Street and Trengganu Street. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1200, 569 KB) Junction of Smith Street and Trengganu Street. ... The Chinatown Heritage Centre at Pagoda Street occupies three shophouses in Chinatown, newly restored to house memories and untold stories of Singaporeâ€™s early forefathers. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 476 pixelsFull resolution (900 Ã— 535 pixel, file size: 95 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 476 pixelsFull resolution (900 Ã— 535 pixel, file size: 95 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... This article is about building architecture. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki TÅjÅ Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

Traditional architecture in Singapore includes vernacular Malay houses, local hybrid shophouses and black and white bungalows, a range of places of worship reflecting the ethnic and religious diversity of the city-state as well as civic and commercial architecture in European neo- classical, gothic, palladian and renaissance styles, as well as eclectic mixtures of these and other traditions. Before the arrival of foreign or modern influences, the indigenous Malay and Orang Asli peoples of Peninsular Malaysia and their related Bumiputra tribes of Sabah and Sarawak had already highly evolved their traditional dwellings with forms that excellently suited their lifestyles. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A black and white bungalow is a white-painted bungalow of a style once commonly used to house European expatriate or colonial families in tropical colonies, typically the Southeast Asian colonies of the British Empire in the nineteenth century. ... Look up Classical in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Look up Gothic, goth, Goth in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A villa with a superimposed portico, from Book IV of Palladios I Quattro Libri dellArchitettura, in a modestly priced English translation published in London, 1736. ... This article is about the European Renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries. ...

Modern architecture in Singapore began with the transitional Art Deco style and the arrival of reinforced concrete as a popular building material. International Style modern architecture was popular from the 1950s to the 1970s, especially in the public housing apartment blocks. The Brutalist style of architecture was also popular in the 1970s. These styles coincided with the great urban renewal and building boom periods in Singapore history, and consequently these are the most common architectural styles seen on the island. Some of the more architecturally significant works of this period include Pearl Bank Apartments by Tan Cheng Siong, and the People's Park Complex and Golden Mile Complex by Design Partnership. Asheville City Hall. ... Reinforced concrete at Sainte Jeanne dArc Church (Nice, France): architect Jacques Dror, 1926â€“1933 Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete in some countries, is concrete in which reinforcement bars (rebars) or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen a material that would otherwise be brittle. ... International style can refer to International style in ballroom dancing - see ballroom dance; International style in architecture - see international style. ... Brutalism is an architectural style that spawned from the Modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s. ... Pearl Bank Apartments (Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) is a high-rise private residential building on Pearls Hill in Outram, near the Chinatown of Singapore. ... Peoples Park Complex (simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a high-rise commercial and residential building on Eu Tong Sen Street in Outram, within the Chinatown of Singapore. ... Golden Mile Complex (Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) is a high-rise commercial and residential building on Beach Road in Kallang, Singapore. ...

Post-modern architecture experiments, in both the 'historicist' and deconstructivist modes made an appearance in the 1980s, though the style was relatively muted in its expression. Another architectural trend has been the rediscovery of Singapore's architectural heritage, leading to an active conservation programme as well as a booming industry in the restoration of historic buildings, often adapting them to new uses. A recent example is the National Museum of Singapore. 1000 de La GauchetiÃ¨re, with ornamented and strongly defined top, middle and bottom. ... Libeskinds Imperial War Museum North in Manchester comprises three apparently intersecting curved volumes. ... National Museum of Singapore. ...

An important area of local innovation has involved seeking to develop a form of modern architecture appropriate to Singapore's tropical climate. This climatically sensitive approach to architecture traces its roots back to the vernacular Malay houses and through to experiments by British colonial architects and early local nationalist architects to devise an authentically local architecture using modern construction methods. In the 1980s and especially from the late 1990s, this has led to a proliferation of what might be called 'modern tropical' architecture, or neo-tropical architecture. It involves a return to clean and simple rectilinear modernist forms, coupled with an emphasis of lush landscaping and sleek sun-shading in the form of metal or wood louvres, instead of the modernist glass curtain wall, which admits and trap solar heat. These architectural efforts have taken on a new relevance and urgency due to concerns about global warming, climate change and environmental sustainability, especially given that air conditioning in buildings is one of the largest consumers of electricity in Singapore, which is mostly generated by fossil fuels. This article focuses on the cultural movement labeled modernism or the modern movement. See also: Modernism (Roman Catholicism) or Modernist Christianity; Modernismo for specific art movement(s) in Spain and Catalonia. ... This article is about the material. ... Glass curtain wall of the Bauhaus Dessau. ... Global warming refers to the increase in the average temperature of the Earths near-surface air and oceans in recent decades and its projected continuation. ... Variations in CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 450,000 years For current global climate change, see Global warming. ... The Earth Day flag includes a NASA photo. ... Note: in the broadest sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning. ... Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon-containing natural resources such as coal, petroleum and natural gas. ...

From the late 1990s, like many other global cities and aspiring global cities, the Singapore government conciously launched a drive to develop 'iconic' landmarks in the city, as a means to strengthening the Singapore brand identity as well as to attract foreign tourists, skilled immigrants, investements and buzz. Several such landmark projects have since been developed, sometimes through open or closed architectural design competitions. These include the Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay arts centre, the Supreme Court of Singapore, the new National Library, Singapore, the upcoming Marina Bay Sands Integrated Resort and the Singapore Flyer. An architectural design competition is a special type of competition in which an organization or government body that plans to build a new (often public) building asks for architects to enter differing designs for the building. ... The durian-shaped Esplanade stands out in front of the Marina Square area The Esplanade at night. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... The National Library in Singapore is located on a 11,304 square metre-site between Bugis Junction and the Bras Basah Complex at 100 Victoria Street. ... The parcel of land for the new Marina Bay Sands, the area in the background is the financial district of Singapore. ... The Singapore Flyer (Chinese: æ–°åŠ å¡æ‘©å¤©è§‚æ™¯è½®) is an observation wheel to be built in Singapore by 2008. ...

Pre-Colonial Architecture

Prior to the British establishment of a settlement in 1819, architecture followed the pattern of the surrounding region. Vernacular architecture comprised village (or 'kampong') houses built in the Malay tradition. Malay kampong houses were built on stilts and raised above the ground (or water, depending on their location). The house was erected around a skeletal structure of tropical hardwood posts and beams, usually cengai. Medium hardwoods, like meranti, were used as floor boards, roof rafters and door and window frames. The roof itself was made of layers of palm frond thatch, while the walls were either made of woven bamboo strips or meranti planks. The basic form of the house was simple, but additional rooms could be added according to the requirements and wealth of the family. Likewise, the architectural ornament, in the form of carved wood fascia boards, screens and panels, could be quite elaborate. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1632 Ã— 1224 pixel, file size: 886 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) house near the northern coast of Pulau Ubin created by BertholdD (03. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1632 Ã— 1224 pixel, file size: 886 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) house near the northern coast of Pulau Ubin created by BertholdD (03. ... Pulau Ubin is a small island (10. ... Before the arrival of foreign or modern influences, the indigenous Malay and Orang Asli peoples of Peninsular Malaysia and their related Bumiputra tribes of Sabah and Sarawak had already highly evolved their traditional dwellings with forms that excellently suited their lifestyles. ... Look up Malay in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Apart from this domestic rural architecture, there is evidence that more classical type buildings may have been built on the island. A nearby example of similar classical Hindu-Buddhist Malay architecture is Candi Muara Takus in the Riau province of Sumatra. Like the Singapore example, it alse featured the use of sandstone as well as terraces. Stone foundations on Fort Canning Hill were discovered by the British soon after they arrived. Although they have since been destryoed and removed, the officials who discovered them speculated they were part of Hindu or Buddhist temples and/or a royal palace. The superstructure of these buildings would have been timber (as suggested by holes found in the foundations). However, these had long since disappeared by the time the foundations were discovered in 1819. Apart from some archaeological fragments, like jewellery, porcelain, coins and an inscribed stone, there few material artefacts from the pre-colonial period, and no buildings or even ruins remaining today. Candi Muara Takus is a Buddhist temple complex, thought to belong to the Sriwijaya empire. ... Map of Indonesia showing Riau province Riau is a province of Indonesia, located in the center of Sumatra island along the Strait of Malacca. ... Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470,000 kmÂ²) and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two larger islands, Borneo and New Guinea, are partially in Indonesia). ... Look up Foundation on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Foundation may refer to: A type of makeup. ... Fort Canning Park, River Valley Road entrance Fort Canning Park, Hill Street entrance Fort Canning (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a small hill in the southeast portion of the island city-state of Singapore, within the Central Area that forms Singapores central business district. ... // Sociological concept In social sciences, superstructure is the set of socio-psychological feedback loops that maintain a coherent and meaningful structure in a given society, or part thereof. ...

Colonial Period

Soon after the British established a settlement near the mouth of the Singapore River in 1819, changes came to way the buildings were constructed in Singapore. Despite its small initial size, the new settlement had decidedly urban characteristics and ambitions. Merchants built their warehouses right next to each other along Boat Quay, which was the main port area. However, the close proximity of these buildings as well as the value of the goods stored within them, raised concerns about the threat of fire, especially given the flammable nature of the traditional building materials (timber floors and walls with thatch roofs). Consequently, a switch was made within the first decade to build all urban buildings in brick masonry with clay tiled roofs, to reduce the fire hazard. Bricks and tiles were manufactured at kilns on the island, while the mortar and plaster used was made by grinding up corals from sea around Singapore. Singapore River The Singapore River is a small river in terms of physical attributes, but of extreme historical importance to the country of Singapore, the political entity which shares its name. ... Look up urban in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Boat Quay Boat Quay is a historical quay in Singapore which is situated upstream from the mouth of the Singapore River on its southern bank. ... Thatching is the art or craft of covering a roof with vegetative materials such as straw, reed or sedge. ... This article refers to the building structure component; for the fraternal organization, see Freemasonry. ...

In the 19th century, two hybrid building typologies evolved in Singapore. While their origins can be traced elsewhere, these building types underwent significant local adaptation and modification before spreading regionally. As a result, they are Singapore's earliest known architectural innovations and exports. These hybrid building typologies were the shophouse and the black and white bungalow. // This article is about a biological term. ...

Shophouse

Refer to the main article on the shophouse. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 507 KB) Summary Teo Hong Road. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 507 KB) Summary Teo Hong Road. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...

Black and White Bungalow

Refer to the main article on the black and white bungalow. A black and white bungalow is a white-painted bungalow of a style once commonly used to house European expatriate or colonial families in tropical colonies, typically the Southeast Asian colonies of the British Empire in the nineteenth century. ...

Traditional Places of Worship

Another proment category of buildings in the colonial period were places of worship. As a multi-religious port-city, with migrants from all over the world, a variety of different immigrant communities lived and worked in Singapore. These groups often banded together to raise funds to erect their own places of worship, including a variety of syncretic Chinese temples, Hindu temples, Sikh temples, Jewish synagogues, Catholic, Protestant and Othodox Christian Churches as well as Sunni and Shia mosques. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 559 KB) Summary Thian Hock Keng Temple. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 559 KB) Summary Thian Hock Keng Temple. ...

Apar from being devoted to the various schisms and sects within each religious tradition, these buildings were often built to serve ethnic groups and sub-groups. For examples, while most muslims in Singapore were and are Malay, some mosques were built in the South Indian style to serve Tamil muslims. Likewise, several churches were built in a distinctly Chinese style, serving ethnic Chinese congregations.

Several of the oldest and most important places of worship in Singapore have been designated National Monuments of Singapore, and they include the Armenian Church, Thian Hock Keng Temple, Sultan Mosque, Sri Mariamman Temple, Jamae Mosque and Telok Ayer Chinese Methodist Church, amongst others. The Preservation of Monuments Board (PMB), a statutory board under the Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts (MICA), has so far gazetted 54 buildings and structures in Singapore as the National Monuments of Singapore. ... Armenian Church can refer to: Armenian Catholic Church Armenian Apostolic Church External reference and links Jerusalem Photos Archive - Armenian Church in Jerusalem Pictures of Armenian Churches This is a disambiguation page â€” a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Thian Hock Keng Temple Thian Hock Keng Temple (Chinese: å¤©ç¦å®«; Pinyin: TiÄnfÃº GÅng; Temple of Heavenly Happiness) is the oldest and most important Fukien, or Hoklo temple in Singapore. ... -1... Gopuram of Sri Mariamman, by abzolut memento (http://www. ... Masjid Jamae at South Bridge Road in Chinatown of Singapore, showing the octagonal minarets. ... Telok Ayer Chinese Methodist Church Telok Ayer Chinese Methodist Church (Chinese: å«ç†å…¬ä¼šç›´è½äºšé€¸ç¤¼æ‹œå ‚) is a Methodist church in Singapore, located along Telok Ayer Street near Chinatown in the Downtown Core, within the Central Area in Singapores central business district. ...

Colonial Civic Buildings

Another important group of historic buildings were those built by the colonial government. These were often built in one or another European architectural style, which was in fashion at the time, such as the Palladian, Renaissance, or Neo-classical styles. Some of the more important buildings included the Victoria Theatre, the Fullerton Building, old Supreme Court Building, City Hall, Singapore, National Museum of Singapore, old Hill Street Police Station, Central Fire Station, old Raffles Institution buildings, Changi Prison, old NCO club and numerous other schools, post offices, military camps and police stations around the island. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 606 KB) Summary Old Supreme Court Building. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 606 KB) Summary Old Supreme Court Building. ... A villa with a superimposed portico, from Book IV of Palladios I Quattro Libri dellArchitettura, in a modestly priced English translation published in London, 1736. ... This article is about the European Renaissance of the 14th-17th centuries. ... Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture. ... For the Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall click here. ... The Fullerton Hotel Singapore (simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a five-star boutique hotel located near the mouth of the Singapore River, in the Downtown Core of Central Area, Singapore. ... Old Supreme Court Building The Old Supreme Court Building (Chinese: æœ€é«˜æ³•é™¢å¤§åŽ¦) is the former courthouse of the Supreme Court of Singapore, before it moved out of the building and commenced operations in the new building on 20 June 2005. ... City Hall & Old Supreme Court, Singapore The City Hall (Chinese: æ”¿åºœå¤§åŽ¦) in Singapore is a national monument gazetted on 14 February 1992. ... National Museum of Singapore. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Changi chapel, built by Australian POWs in 1944, later relocated to Duntroon, Canberra Changi Prison (Simplified Chinese: ) is a prison located in Changi in the eastern part of Singapore. ...

Major commercial buildings, often erected by European businesses as well as mission schools and other civic groups, also adopted these styles, such as the Raffles Hotel, Convent of the Holy Infact Jesus (now CHIJMES), old St Joseph's Institution and old Tao Nan School. Often the approach to matters of style was highly ecclectic, and builders combined a variety of stylistic elements from various European, and some non-European, sources in the same building. Many colonial-era buildings are still found in the city, as a result of agreessive conservation efforts of Singapore's built heritage since the 1980s. The grand entrance of the Raffles Hotel. ... Main entrance to CHIJMES. The CHIJMES Hall, designed by Father Charles Benedict Nain as a chapel, was completed in 1904. ... Architectural conservation describes the process through which the material, historical, and design integrity of immovable objects are prolonged through carefully planned interventions. ...

Art Deco Architecture

Singapore has a wealth of Art Deco architecture, dating mainly from the 1920s and 1930s. The style was especially popular in commercial architecture, like factories and offices. Often, Art Deco style ornaments and elements were applied onto otherwise typical shophouses or bungalows. In other cases, Art Deco was applied to newly emergent types of buildings, like Kallang Airport (by the Public Works Department), the Ford Factory (by Emile Brizay) or Singapore's first skyscrapers, the Cathay Building (by Frank Brewer) and the Asia Insurance Building (by Ng Keng Siang). Features of this style in the local context included a penchant for inscribing the date of the erection of the building prominently on its facade, the use of projecting horizontal fins as sun shading devices over windows and the use of flagpoles. Quite apart from the aesthetics of this style, the Art Deco period also marked the introduction of modern construction technologies like reinforced concrete in Singapore. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1200 Ã— 1600 pixel, file size: 697 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1200 Ã— 1600 pixel, file size: 697 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Asheville City Hall. ... The Kallang Airport (Chinese: åŠ å†·æœºåœº), also known as the Kallang Aerodrome, opened on 1937 as Singapores first purpose-built civil airport, together with a anchorage for seaplanes. ... The Old Ford Motor Factory has been gazetted as a national monument, and converted into a World War II exhibition gallery and repository named Memories at Old Ford Factory. ... For other uses, see Skyscraper (disambiguation). ... While the main structure of the Cathay Building has been demolished to make way for the development of The Cathay, the front faÃ§ade has been preserved and gazetted as a national monument. ... â€¹ The template below is being considered for deletion. ...

Modern Architecture

Following the Neo-Classical and Art Deco phases, Singapore architecture moved in a decidedly modern direction after the war. Post-war austerity encourged the use of clean, stark and simple modernist forms and surfaces devoid of ornament. Modern architecture was also preferred for the many 'cookie-cutter' or standardised design public buildings being built at the time, such as schools, clinics, factories and especially public housing.

Public Housing

Public housing architecture in Singapore dates back to the 1930s with the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT), a colonial government agency, embarked on a building programme to address a shortage of affordable housing in Singapore. Initially, the SIT focussed on housing middle and lower-middle class Asians. The most prominent example of their pre-war efforts was the Tiong Bahru estate, where many low-rise, four-storey Art Deco style apartment blocks, shops, markets and other amenities were built on the city fringe. This programme continued after the war, with the Art Deco style exchanged for a simple modern aesthetic. Although the estate was popular and praised for spacious and green communal areas as well as attractively designed blocks, the rate of construction was slow in relation to the scale of the housing shortage in Singapore. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 Ã— 1944 pixels, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (2592 Ã— 1944 pixels, file size: 2. ... The Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) was a government organisation set up in 1927 by the British colonial government in Singapore in response to the housing needs of the population of Singapore. ... Tanjong Pagar is a township located within the Central Business District in Singapore. ...

After the Peoples Action Party came to power in 1959, it embarked on a massive public housing programme, which was one of its signature campaign promises. It replaced the SIT with the Housing and Development Board (HDB). The HDB was given the legal tools and financial resources needed to make great progress in speeding up the building of public housing. Architecturally, this resulted in a relatively homogenous suburban landscape, where satellite New Towns (modelled after the British), were built with seemingly endless stacks of slab blocks housing tens of thousands of peoples in small two and three bedroom flats. It has been suggested that Public housing in Singapore be merged into this article or section. ... A New town or planned community or planned city is a city, town, or community that was designed from scratch, and grew up more or less following the plan. ...

1970s to present

From the 1970s to late 1980s the city was dominated by modern architecture, particularly the brutalist style. This is seen in some of the older commercial buildings, such as the OCBC Centre by I. M. Pei, as well as many buildings built to house governmental offices and government-linked companies, including the Singapore Land Tower, Temasek Tower, DBS Building, and the CPF Building. Changing international architectural trends introduced some architectural styles (particularly the postmodernist style) here. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1200 Ã— 1600 pixels, file size: 480 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) OCBC Centre. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 Ã— 600 pixelsFull resolution (1200 Ã— 1600 pixels, file size: 480 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) OCBC Centre. ... Modern architecture, not to be confused with contemporary architecture, is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. ... Brutalism is an architectural style that spawned from the modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s. ... OCBC Centre is the current headquarters of OCBC Bank in Singapore. ... Ieoh Ming Pei (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; b. ... Temasek Tower is an office building located in Shenton Way, Singapore. ... 1000 de La GauchetiÃ¨re, with ornamented and strongly defined top, middle and bottom. ...

See also

This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A black and white bungalow is a white-painted bungalow of a style once commonly used to house European expatriate or colonial families in tropical colonies, typically the Southeast Asian colonies of the British Empire in the nineteenth century. ... The Preservation of Monuments Board (PMB), a statutory board under the Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts (MICA), has so far gazetted 54 buildings and structures in Singapore as the National Monuments of Singapore. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Housing and Development Board. ... The Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) was a government organisation set up in 1927 by the British colonial government in Singapore in response to the housing needs of the population of Singapore. ... It has been suggested that Public housing in Singapore be merged into this article or section. ... This is a list of buildings and structures in Singapore. ... This is the list of tallest buildings in Singapore. ...

References

Categories: Singaporean architecture | Urban planning in Singapore | Architecture by country Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... This is a list of topics related to Singapore. ... The history of Singapore began as early as the 3rd Century when a Chinese account described the island at the tip of the Malay peninsula. ... This is a brief timeline of the history of Singapore. ... The founding of modern Singapore in 1819 by Sir Stamford Raffles paved the way for Singapore to become a modern port and established its status as a gateway between the Western and Eastern markets. ... The Straits Settlements were a collection of territories of the British East India Company in Southeast Asia, which were given collective administration in 1826. ... Combatants Malaya Command: Indian III Corps Australian 8th Div. ... The Japanese Occupation of Singapore was to become a major turning point in the history of several nations, including that of the Japanese, who rampaged down the Malay Peninsula with the singular intent of occupying Singapore to gain greater control over her war-time resource gathering efforts, the British, with... The Sook Ching massacre (è‚…æ¸…å¤§å± æ®º) was a systematic extermination of perceived hostile elements among the Chinese in Singapore by the Japanese military during the Japanese Occupation of Singapore, after the British colony surrendered in the Battle of Singapore on 15 February 1942 during World War II. Sook Ching was later extended... The Singapore national referendum of 1962, or also commonly referred to as the Merger Referendum of Singapore was the first and only referendum to date held in Singapore on September 1, 1962. ... The sometimes tumultous relationship between the Peoples Action Party (PAP) and United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), which were, and still are, the ruling parties respectively of Singapore and Malaysia, has impacted the recent history of both states. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Singapore. ... The politics of Singapore takes place in a framework of a parliamentary republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Singapore is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. ... The President of the Republic of Singapore is the nations head of state. ... The unicameral Parliament of Singapore is the legislature of Singapore with the President as its head [1]. It currently consists of 94 Members of Parliament. ... Political parties in Singapore lists political parties in Singapore. ... The Priminster of Singa pyohbsdg vjhd|Lee Kuan Yew||3 June 1959 || 28 November 1990 || 1968 GE 94. ... The cabinet of Singapore forms the executive and it is headed by the prime minister, who is the head of government. ... There are currently two types of Elections in Singapore in Singapore: parliamentary; and (since 1993) presidential. ... Laws in Singapore are generally strict and aimed at instilling a self-disciplined society with restrictions and harsh punishments, for example caning and execution. ... Singapore maintains diplomatic relations with 175 countries [1] although it does not maintain a high commission or embassy in many of those countries. ... Counter-terrorism in Singapore is a series of measures implemented in Singapore to detect and prevent terrorism, and to minimise damage from such terrorist acts should they occur. ... The Ministry of Home Affairsâ€™s Internal Security Department of Singapore enforces the countrys Internal Security Act (ISA) as a counter to potential espionage, international terrorism, threats to racial and religious harmony, and subversion. ... The constituencies of Singapore are electoral divisions in the politics of Singapore which may be represented single or multiple seats in the Parliament of Singapore. ... The Singapore electoral divisions are constituencies that elect Members of Parliament to the Parliament of Singapore in every election. ... Although an nation composed of islands, the physical state and extent of Singapores beaches today pales in comparison to their proliferation and quality two centuries ago. ... Tanjong Chek Jawa (or Tanjung Chek Jawa) is located on the eastern tip of Pulau Ubin, an island off the northeastern coast of the main island of Singapore. ... Conservation areas of Singapore are built-up areas in Singapore accorded protection from unauthorised destruction or alterations by law. ... See also: List of Towns, Estates and Neighbourhoods in Singapore Urban Planning Areas Singapore is divided into into 5 Regions by the Urban Redevelopment Authority of Singapore, and further organised into 55 areas. ... Clementi section of the Ayer Rajah Expressway. ... Singapore has more than 50 species of mammals, 365 species of birds, >85 species of reptiles, >24 species of amphibians. ... This is a list of all Lakes in Singapore: Eco-Lake (within the Singapore Botanic Gardens) Jurong Lake Swan Lake, Singapore (within the Singapore Botanic Gardens) Symphony Lake, Singapore (within the Singapore Botanic Gardens) Categories: Lakes of Singapore | Places in Singapore | Singapore-related lists | Singapore geography stubs ... List of parks in Singapore is a list of any park in Singapore. ... Reservoirs in Singapore is a link page for any reservoir in Singapore. ... The geographically small island nation of Singapore has few rivers of significant lenth or width, the longest of which, the Kallang River is only ??km in length. ... Introduction This is a list of neighbourhoods, areas, estates, and towns in Singapore: By Towns By Estates By Towns Ang Mo Kio New Town Bedok New Town Bishan New Town Bukit Batok New Town Bukit Merah Bukit Panjang New Town Choa Chu Kang New Town Clementi New Town Geylang Hougang... Urban planning in Singapore has formulated and guided its physical development from the day the modern city was founded in 1819 as a British colony to the thriving, independent country it is today. ... The Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) is the national urban planning authority of Singapore, and one of the departments under the Government of Singapore. ... ISO 4217 Code SGD User(s) Singapore, Brunei Inflation 1% Source The World Factbook, 2006 est. ... This is a list of major companies based in Singapore. ... This is a list of banks with operations in Singapore. ... Singapore Exchange (SGX) is the stock exchange in Singapore. ... The Monetary Authority of Singapore is Singapores central bank. ... The Central Provident Fund (CPF) (Chinese: å…¬ç§¯é‡‘) is a comprehensive social security savings plan which aims to provide working Singaporeans with a sense of security and confidence in their old age. ... Singapore Changi International Airport (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) or Changi Airport (IATA: SIN, ICAO: WSSS) is a major aviation hub in Asia, particularly in the Southeast Asian region, and is the main airport in Singapore. ... Singapore Airlines Limited (Abbreviation: SIA; Chinese: ; pinyin: , abbreviated ; Malay: ; Tamil: ) (SGX: S55) is the national airline of Singapore. ... Biopolis is a regional and international research and development centre located in Singapore for biomedical sciences. ... Fusionopolis Phase 1 (Courtesy of JTC) Fusionopolis is a research and development complex located at the One-North business park in Singapore. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Malays in Singapore (Malay : Orang Melayu Singapura) constitute 13. ... Peranakan, Baba-Nyonya () and Straits Chinese (; named after the Straits Settlements) are terms used for the descendants of the very early Chinese immigrants to the Nusantara region, including both the British Straits Settlements of Malaya and the Dutch-controlled island of Java among other places, who have partially adopted Malay... Eurasian Singaporean is an umbrella term to describe a community in Singapore descended from Europeans who married local Asians. ... Most Arab Singaporeans have come in the past from Hadhramaut region in Yemen and are Muslim. ... As Singapore is a small and relatively modern amalgam of Chinese, Malay, Indian and European immigrants, the culture of Singapore expresses the diversity of the population as the various ethnic groups continue to celebrate their own cultures while they intermingle with one another. ... Singapore has long had a burgeoning urban musical scene, and is a center for rock, punk and other popular genres in the region. ... Despite having a flourishing Chinese and Malay film industry in the 1950s and 1960s, Singapores film industry declined after independence in 1965[1], with the government being more concerned with the bread-and-butter issues of economic nation-building. ... The literature of Singapore comprises a collection of literary works by Singaporeans in the countrys four main languagues: English, Chinese, Malay and Tamil. ... The cuisine of Singapore is often viewed by her population as a prime example of the ethnic diversity of the culture of Singapore. ... The major public holidays in Singapore reflect the cultural and religious diversity of the country, including the Chinese New Year, Buddhist Vesak Day, Muslim Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha (known locally by its Malay names Hari Raya Puasa and Hari Raya Haji respectively), Hindu Diwali (known locally by... // There are no statistics on how many homosexuals there are in Singapore or what percentage of the population they constitute. ... A C751B train at Eunos MRT Station. ... The Light Rapid Transit (LRT) refers to Singapores light rail system, consisting of localised rail systems acting as feeder servies to the Mass Rapid Transit network. ... The logo of the Public Transport System A typical bus stop in Singapore. ... Clementi section of the Ayer Rajah Expressway. ... The Pan Island Expressway, one of the main arteries in Singapore road network. ... Keppel Container Terminal in Singapore The Port of Singapore refers to the collective facilities and terminals that conduct maritime trade handling functions in Singapores harbours and which handle Singapores shipping. ... Singapore Changi International Airport (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) or Changi Airport (IATA: SIN, ICAO: WSSS) is a major aviation hub in Asia, particularly in the Southeast Asian region, and is the main airport in Singapore. ... Flag ratio: 2:3. ... The Coat of Arms of the Republic of Singapore Singapores national coat of arms (or state arms) was introduced on December 3, 1959 together with the national flag and national anthem at the swearing-in of the Yang di-Pertuan Negara at the City Hall steps. ... Majulah Singapura (Malay for Onward Singapore) is Singapores national anthem. ... Singapore National Pledge is an oath of allegiance to Singapore. ... Vanda Miss Joaquim flower Vanda Miss Joaquim Vanda Miss Joaquim (Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), a hybrid orchid cultivar, is Singapores national flower. ... Symbol The Singapore lion head is intended as an easily recognisable national symbol that is less formal than the other national symbols. ... The Merlion is one of the most well-known tourist icons of Singapore. ... The following lists various places in Singapore. ... The Singapore Armed Forces (abbreviation: SAF, Malay: Angkatan Bersenjata Singapura, Simplified Chinese: ) comprises three branches: the Singapore Army, the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) and the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN). ... The Jurong Police Division Headquarters at Jurong West Avenue 5. ... Satellite dishes of Singtel, along Bukit Timah Expressway. ... Orchids at the Singapore Botanic Gardens. ... Parade at Padang in the foreground of Singapores financial district (NDP 2000). ... This article shows the main future developments in the city area of Singapore. ... This is an alphabetical list of the sovereign states of the world, including both de jure and de facto independent states. ... Bank of China Tower at night. ... Korean architecture refers to the architecture of Korea. ... Subcategories There is one subcategory to this category shown below (more may be shown on subsequent pages). ... This is a list of countries spanning more than one continent. ...

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