NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Architecture of Spain

Spanish architecture is the name given to the constructions made in Spain throughout time, and those by Spanish architects world-wide. The name is also applied to buildings made within its geographical limits before the constitution of Spain as a country or before this name was given to those territories (whether they were called Hispania, Al-Andalus, or formed by several Christian kingdoms), and largely depends on the historical moment. Due to historic, geographic and generational diversity, Spanish architecture has known a host of influences. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 483 KB) Original authors Source: German Wikipedia Image contributor(s): ALE!, 12:57, 15. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1600x1200, 483 KB) Original authors Source: German Wikipedia Image contributor(s): ALE!, 12:57, 15. ... Interior of the Mezquita Mezquita, (from Arabic Ù…Ø³Ø¬Ø¯ Masjid), is Spanish for mosque. This article deals with the one in Cordoba, Spain. ... Location Coordinates : 37Â° 53â€™N , 4Â°46â€²0â€³W Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name CÃ³rdoba (Spanish) Spanish name CÃ³rdoba Founded 8th century BC Postal code 140xx Website http://www. ... The Sagrada Familia by night in March 2006 La Sagrada Familia (The Holy Family) is a large Roman Catholic basilica under construction in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. ... Antoni Gaudi Antoni GaudÃ i Cornet, in Spanish Antonio GaudÃ (25 June 1852â€“10 June 1926) was a Catalan architect famous for his unique designs expressing sculptural and individualistic qualities. ... Roman theater at MÃ©rida; the statues are replicas Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar) and to two provinces created there in the period of the Roman Republic: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ...

Since the first known inhabitants in the Iberian peninsula, the Iberians around 4000 BC and later on the Celtiberians ^[1], Iberian architecture started to take shape in parallel with other architectures around the Mediterranean and others from Northern Europe. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe. ... The Lady of Baza, made by Iberians The Iberians were an ancient, non-Indo-European people who inhabited the Iberian Peninsula in prehistoric and historic times. ... (5th millennium BC – 4th millennium BC – 3rd millennium BC - other millennia) Events City of Ur in Mesopotamia (40th century BC). ... The Celtiberians (or Celt-Iberians) were a Celtic people living in the Iberian Peninsula, chiefly in what is now north central Spain and northern Portugal, before and during the Roman Empire. ... The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned between Europe to the north, Africa to the south and Asia to the east, covering an approximate area of 2. ... Northern Europe is marked in dark blue Northern Europe is a name of the northern part of the European continent. ...

The real development came with the arrival of the Romans, which left behind some of their most outstanding monuments in Hispania. The arrival of the Visigoths supposed a deep decadency in the techniques parallel to the rest of the former Empire. The Moorish invasion in 711 A.D. supposed a radical change for the following eight centuries and led to great advances in culture, including architecture. For example, Cordoba was established as the cultural Capital of its time under the Umayyad dynasty. Simultaneously, the Christian kingdoms gradually emerged and develloped their own styles, at first mostly isolated from the European architectural influences, and later integrated in Romanesque and Gothic streams. Mudéjar style, from the 12th to 17th centuries, was characterised by the blend of cultural influences. The Roman Forum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed. ... Roman theater at MÃ©rida; the statues are replicas Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar) and to two provinces created there in the period of the Roman Republic: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. ... Migrations The Visigoths were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe (the Ostrogoths being the other). ... What exactly constitutes an Empire (from the Latin imperium, denoting military command within the ancient Roman government) is a topic of intense debate within the scholarly community. ... Moor may refer to: A high altitude form of heathland habitat widespread in northern Britain; see heath (habitat). ... Location Coordinates : 37Â° 53â€™N , 4Â°46â€²0â€³W Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name CÃ³rdoba (Spanish) Spanish name CÃ³rdoba Founded 8th century BC Postal code 140xx Website http://www. ... The Umayyad Dynasty (Arabic الأمويون / بنو أمية umawiyy; in Turkish, Emevi) was the first dynasty of caliphs of the Prophet Muhammad who were not closely related to Muhammad himself, though they were of the same Meccan tribe, the... Interior of the Saint-Saturnin church St-Sernin basilica, Toulouse, 1080 â€“ 1120: elevation of the east end Romanesque sculpture, cloister of St. ... See also Gothic art. ... MudÃ©jar is the name given to the Moors who remained in Spain after the Christian reconquista but were not converted to Christianity, and to a vernacular style of Spanish architecture and decoration, particularly of Aragon and Castile, of 12th and 16th centuries, strongly influenced by Moorish taste and workmanship...

Towards the end of the 15th century and before influencing Latin America with its Colonial architecture, Spain had to experience itself with the Renaissance, developed mostly by local architects. Baroque style was distinguished by its exuberant Churrigueresque decoration and was separate from later international influence. The Colonial style which has lasted for centuries still marks a deep influence in Latin America. Neoclassicism had its highlight in the work of Juan de Villanueva and his disciples. Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... Renaissance Architecture: The cultural movement called the Renaissance (which literally means re-birth) was just that in architecture, a rebirth of the Roman traditions of design recognized by contemporaries in the term allAntica, in the Antique manner. It was expressed in a new emphasis on rational clarity and regularity... The most impressive display of Churrigueresque spatial decoration may be found in the west facade of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela (1738-49). ...

The 19th century had two faces: the engineering efforts to achieve a new language and estructural improvements with iron and glass as the main materials, and the academical stream that first focused in the revivals and the eclecticism, and later in the interest for the regionalisms. The income of Art Nouveau supposed a irruption into the academical streams, and the figure of Gaudí introduced the 20th century architecture. International style was leaded by groups like GATEPAC. Spain is currently experiencing a contemporary architecture revolution and the Spanish architects like Rafael Moneo, Santiago Calatrava, Ricardo Bofill and many others have become a worldwide reference. This article should be split into multiple articles accessible from a disambiguation page. ... Eclecticism is an approach to thought that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions or conclusions, but instead draws upon multiple theories to gain complementary insights into phenomena, or applies only certain theories in particular cases. ... Regionalism is a term in international relations that refers to the expression of a common sense of identity and purpose combined with the creation and implementation of institutions that express that particular identity and shape collection action within a geographical region. ... Antoni Gaudi Antoni GaudÃ i Cornet, in Spanish Antonio GaudÃ (25 June 1852â€“10 June 1926) was a Catalan architect famous for his unique designs expressing sculptural and individualistic qualities. ... The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1927) The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1930) The International style was a major architectural trend of the 1920s and 1930s. ... Contemporary architecture is the architecture being made at the present time. ... The extension to Atocha Railway Station JosÃ© Rafael Moneo VallÃ©s (born May 9, 1937) is a Spanish architect. ... Calatrava is known for his organically inspired designs, such as LUmbracle at his Ciutat de les Arts i les CiÃ¨ncies in Valencia. ... Ricardo Bofill (born December 5, 1939) is a Catalan architect. ...

Because of its artistic relevance many architectural structures in Spain, and even portions of cities, have been designated World Heritage sites. It has the second-most sites deemed World Heritage Sites by UNESCO; only Italy has more. These are listed at List of World Heritage Sites in Europe: Spain. Elabana Falls is in Lamington National Park, part of the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves World Heritage site in Queensland, Australia. ... Elabana Falls is in Lamington National Park, part of the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves World Heritage site in Queensland, Australia. ... UNESCO logo UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... This is a list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. ...

Prehistory

Megalithic architecture

In the Stone Age, the most expanded megalith in the Iberian Peninsula was the dolmen. The plans of these funerary chambers used to be pseudocircles or trapezoids, formed by huge stones stuck on the ground, and others over them, forming the roof. As the typology evolved, an entrance corridor appeared, and gradually took prominence and became almost as wide as the chamber. Roofed corridors and false domes were common in the most advanced stage. The complex of Antequera contains the largest dolmens in Europe. The best preserved, the Cueva de Menga, is twenty-five metres deep and four metres high, and was built with thirty-two megaliths. Megalithic tomb, Mane Braz, Brittany A megalith is a large stone which has been used to construct a structure or monument either alone or with other stones. ... Minorca (Menorca both in Catalan and Spanish and increasingly in English usage; from Latin insula minor, later Minorica minor island) is one of the Balearic Islands (Illes Balears Catalan official name, Islas Baleares in Spanish), located in the Mediterranean Sea, and belonging to Spain. ... Stone Age fishing hook. ... It has been suggested that Portal dolmen be merged into this article or section. ... In acrobatics, the trapeze is a certain acrobatic device that is shaped like a trapezoid. ... The word typology literally means the study of types. ... This article is about the building structural element. ... Antequera view Antequera is a city in the province of MÃ¡laga, in Andalusia (Sp: AndalucÃa). ... Interior of the chamber Entrance The Cueva de Menga, or Dolmen of Menga is a megalithic burial mound, barrows or dolmen, dating from the 3rd millennium BCE. It is placed at the surroundings of Antequera, Spain. ... Megalithic tomb, Mane Braz, Brittany Bronze age wedge tomb in the Burren area of Ireland A megalith is a large stone which has been used to construct a structure or monument either alone or with other stones. ...

In the Bronze Age, the best preserved examples are located in the Balearic Islands, where three kinds of construction appeared: the T-shaped taula, the talayot and the naveta. The talayots were troncoconical or troncopiramidal defensive towers. They used to have a central pillar. The navetas, were constructions made of great stones and their shape was similar to a ship hull. The Bronze Age is a period in a civilizations development when the most advanced metalworking has developed the techniques of smelting copper from natural outcroppings and alloys it to cast bronze. ... Capital Palma de Mallorca Official languages Catalan and Spanish Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 17th 4 992 kmÂ² 1,0% Population â€“ Total (2003) â€“ % of Spain â€“ Density Ranked 14th 916 968 2,2% 183,69/kmÂ² Demonym â€“ English â€“ Catalan â€“ Spanish Balearic balear balear Statute of Autonomy March 1, 1983 ISO 3166... This is a taula from the site of TalatÃ¬ de Dalt about 40km west of MaÃ³. A taula is a T-shaped stone monument found on the Balearic island of Minorca. ... The talayots are Bronze Age stone towers on the islands of Minorca and Majorca. ... A naveta is a megalithic chamber tomb unique to the Balearic island of Minorca. ...

Iberian and Celtic architecture

The most characteristic constructions of the Celts were the Castros, walled villages usually on the top of hills or mountains. They were developed at the areas occupied by the Celts in the Duero valley and in Galicia. Examples include Las Cogotas, in Ávila and the Castro of Santa Tecla, in Pontevedra. Iberia can mean: The Iberian peninsula of southwest Europe; That part of it inhabited by the Iberians, speaking the Iberian language. ... A Celtic cross. ... Image File history File links Galice_castro. ... Image File history File links Galice_castro. ... Galicia (Spain) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... In Galicia and Northern Portugal a castro is fortified pre-Roman Iron Age Celtic village, usually located in a hill or some natural easy defendable place. ... The Douro at Oporto The Douro (Spanish Duero, Latin Durius, Portuguese Douro) is one of the major rivers of Spain and Portugal, flowing from its source near Soria across central Spain and Portugal to its outlet at Oporto. ... Galicia (Spain) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... Complete name of this city: Ãvila de los Caballeros Ãvila is a town in the south of Old Castile, the capital of the province of the same name, now part of the autonomous community of Castile and LeÃ³n, Spain. ... Pontevedra is a city in northwestern Spain, the capital of the province of Pontevedra in Galicia. ...

The houses inside the Castros are about 3.5 to 5 metres long, mostly circular with some rectangular, stone-made and with thatch roofs which rested on a wood column in the centre of the building. Their streets are somewhat regular, suggesting some form of central organization.

The towns built by the Arévacos were related to Iberian culture, and some of them reached notable urban development like Numancia. Others were more primitive and usually excavated into the rock, like Termancia. Numancia is a 4th class municipality in the province of Aklan, Philippines. ...

Roman period

Urban development

The Roman conquest of Hispania, started in 218 b. C. supposed the almost complete romanization of the Iberian Peninsula. Roman culture was deeply assumed by local population: Former military camps and Iberian, Phoenician and Greek settlements were transformed in large cities where urbanization higly developed in the provinces: Emerita Augusta in the Lusitania, Corduba, Italica, Hispalis, Gades in the Baetica, Tarraco, Caesar Augusta, Asturica Augusta, Legio Septima Gemina and Lucus Augusti in the Tarraconensis were some of the most important cities, linked by a complex net of roads. The construction development includes some monuments of comparable quality to those of Rome.^[2] Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3718x1712, 3591 KB) Summary The Roman Theatre in MÃ©rida. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3718x1712, 3591 KB) Summary The Roman Theatre in MÃ©rida. ... Categories: Ancient Roman architecture | Theatre | Historical stubs ... Roman Theater MÃ©rida is the capital of the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain. ... The Roman Forum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed. ... In linguistics, romanization (or Latinization, also spelled romanisation or Latinisation) is the representation of a word or language with the Roman (Latin) alphabet, or a system for doing so, where the original word or language uses a different writing system. ... Roman Theater MÃ©rida is the capital of the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain. ... Roman province of Lusitania, 120 AD Lusitania, an ancient Roman province approximately including current Portugal (except for the area between the rivers Douro and Minho) and part of modern day western Spain (specifically the present autonomous community Extremadura), named after the Lusitani or Lusitanian people. ... Location within Europe, Spain and Andalusia CÃ³rdoba, the Roman bridge and the Mosque-Cathedral View across the old Roman bridge towards the Mezquita Interior court of the Mezquita CÃ³rdoba, also called Cordova, is a city in AndalucÃa, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of C... The Roman amphitheatre at Italica seated 25,000 The city of Italica (north of modern day Santiponce, 9 km NW of Seville, Spain) was founded in 206 BC by the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus in order to settle Roman soldiers wounded in the Battle of Ilipa, where the... This article is about the city in Spain. ... This article is about the Spanish city. ... Roman province of Hispania Baetica, 120 AD In Hispania, which in Greek is called Iberia, there were three Imperial Roman provinces, Hispania Baetica in the south, Lusitania, corresponding to modern Portugal, in the west, and Hispania Tarraconensis in the north and northeast. ... Tarraco was the ancient name of the city of Tarragone, in Spain, on the Mediterranean. ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Zaragoza (Spanish) Spanish name Zaragoza Founded 24 Postal code 50001 - 50018 Website http://www. ... Episcopal Palace of Astorga Astorga (Latin Asturica Augusta) is a Spanish town situated in the province of LeÃ³n, on the Southwest of the capital city, at 868 m above sea-level. ... The city of LeÃ³n (LliÃ³n in the Leonese language), located at 42. ... Roman Imperial province of Hispania Tarraconensis, 120 AD Hispania Tarraconensis was a Roman province in what is known today as modern Spain. ...

Constructions

Civil engineering represented in imposing constructions like the Aqueduct of Segovia or Mérida (acueducto de los Milagros), in bridges like Alcántara Bridge and Mérida bridge, over Tagus River, or Cordoba bridge, over Guadalquivir River. Civil works were widely developed in Hispania under Emperor Trajan (98 a.D.-117 a.D.). Lighthouses like the still in use Hercules Tower, in La Coruña, were also built. Roman bridge of AlcÃ¡ntara AlcÃ¡ntara is a municipality (pop. ... The Falkirk Wheel in Scotland. ... Aqueduct of Segovia The Aqueduct of Segovia (or more precisely, the aqueduct bridge) is one of the most significant and best-preserved monuments left by the Romans on the Iberian Peninsula. ... Roman bridge of AlcÃ¡ntara AlcÃ¡ntara is a municipality (pop. ... View over Tejo River from Almourol Castle in Portugal (May 2005). ... The Guadalquivir is the second longest river in Spain (after the Tagus). ... Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus (September 18, 53 â€“ August 9, 117), Roman Emperor (98-117), commonly called Trajan, was the second of the Five Good Emperors of the Roman Empire. ... Torre de HÃ©rcules View from the Torre de HÃ©rcules A CoruÃ±a (Galician name, also known in English as Corunna; in Spanish as La CoruÃ±a) is a Galician city, in north-western Spain at 43Â° 22â€² 0â€³ N 8Â° 22â€² 60â€³ W. It is the capital of...

Ludic architecture is represented by such buildings as the theaters of Mérida, Sagunto or Tiermes, the amphi-theaters like the ones in Mérida, Italica Tarraco or Segobriga and circuses were built in Mérida, Cordoba, Toledo, Sagunto and many others. Saguntum, now Sagunt, (Castilian Sagunto) is an ancient city in the fertile district of Camp de Morvedre in the province of Valencia in eastern Spain. ...

Religious architecture also spread thougout the Peninsula, and we can quotate the temples of Cordoba, Vic, Mérida (Diana and Mars), and Talavera la Vieja, among others. The main funerary monuments are the Escipiones tower of Tarragona, the distyle of Zalamea de la Serena in Badajoz, and the Mausoleums of the Atilii family, in Sádaba and of Fabara, in Ampurias, both in Zaragoza. Arches of the Triumph can be found in Caparra (four faced), Bará and Medinaceli. Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid Beels The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... The abbreviation/acronym VIC (all caps) may have one of several meanings, depending on context: A code for Victoria, Australia The Video Interface Chip from MOS Technology, used in the Commodore VIC-20 home computer (VIC sometimes colloquially refers to the VIC-20 computer itself, or to the VIC chip... St. ... San Juan is the capital of Puerto Rico. ...

Pre-Romanesque period

The term Pre-Romanesque refers to the Christian art after the Classical Age and before Romanesque art and architecture. It cover very heterogeneous artistic displays for they were developed in different centuries and by different cultures. Spanish territory boasts a rich variety of Pre-Romanesque architecture: some of its branches, like the Asturian art reached high levels of refinement for their epoque. Church of Santa MarÃa del Naranco. ... This article describes the ancient classical period: for the classical period in music (second half of the 18th century): see Classical music era. ... Romanesque St. ... Pre-romanesque art in Asturias is framed between the years 718 and 910, the period of the rise, extension and disappearance of the kingdom of Asturias. ...

Visigothic architecture

The Visigoths, originally Tervingi, or Vesi (the noble ones), one of the two main branches of the Goths (of which the Ostrogothi were the other), were one of the loosely-termed Germanic peoples that disturbed the late Roman Empire. ... Image:San Juan de BaÃ±os . ...

Asturian art

The kingdom of Asturias arose in 718, when the Astur tribes, rallied in assembly, decided to appoint Pelayo as their leader. Pelayo joined the local tribes and the refuged Visigoths under his command, with the intention of progressively restoring Gothic Order. Pre-romanesque art in Asturias is framed between the years 718 and 910, the period of the rise, extension and disappearance of the kingdom of Asturias. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (616x1025, 160 KB) Santa MarÃa del Naranco. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (616x1025, 160 KB) Santa MarÃa del Naranco. ... Pelayo (690–737) was the first King of Asturias, ruling from 718 until his death. ...

Asturian Pre-Romanesque is a singular feature in all Spain, which, while combining elements from other styles as Visigothic and local traditions, created and developed its own personality and characteristics, reaching a considerable level of refinement, not only as regards construction, but also in terms of aesthetics. The Visigoths, originally Tervingi, or Vesi (the noble ones), one of the two main branches of the Goths (of which the Ostrogothi were the other), were one of the loosely-termed Germanic peoples that disturbed the late Roman Empire. ...

As regards its evolution, from its appearance, Asturian Pre-Romanesque followed a "stylistic sequence closely associated with the kingdom's political evolution, its stages clearly outlined". It was mainly a court architecture, and five stages are distinguished; a first period (737-791) from the reign of the king Fáfila to Vermudo I. A second stage comprises the reign of Alfonso II (791-842), entering a stage of stylistic definition. These two first stages receive the name of Pre-Ramirense. Its most important church is San Julián de los Prados, in Oviedo, with an interesting volumetry and a complex iconographical frescoes progam, related narrowly to the Roman mural paintings. The characteristic lattices and the triple window at the chevet appeared first at this stage. The Holy Chamber of the Oviedo Cathedral, San Pedro de Nora and Santa María de Bendones also belong to it. A court is an official, public forum which a sovereign establishes by lawful authority to adjudicate disputes, and to dispense civil, labour, administrative and criminal justice under the law. ... Favila (Favilac or FÃ¡fila) was the second king of Asturias from 737 to 739. ... Bermudo I (Vermudo or Veremund) was king of Asturias from 788 to 791. ... Alfonso II (759-842, king 791), Alfonso Is reputed grandson, bears the name of the Chaste. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

The third period comprises the reigns of Ramiro I (842-850) and Ordoño I (850-866). It is called Ramirense and is considered the zenith of the style, due to the work of an unknown architect who brought new structural and ornamental achievements like the barrel vault, and the consistent use of transverse arches and buttresses, which made the style rather close to the structural achievements of the Romanesque two centuries later. Some writers have pointed to a unexplained Syrian influence of the rich ornamentation. In that period most of the masterpieces of the style flourished: The palace pavilions of Naranco Mountain and the church of Santa Cristina de Lena were built in that period. Ramiro I (790?-850), became king of Asturias in 842. ... OrdoÃ±o I (830?-May 27, 866), became king of Asturias in 850. ... The Lena River ( Russian: Ле́на) in Siberia is the 10th longest river in the world and has the 9th largest watershed. ...

The fourth period belongs to the reign of Alfonso III (866-910), where a strong Mozarab influence arrived to Asturian architecture, and the use of the horse-shoe arch expanded. A fifth and last which coincides with the transfer of the court to León, the disappearance of the kingdom of Asturias, and simultaneously, of Asturian Pre-Romanesque. Alfonso III (c. ... The city of LeÃ³n (LliÃ³n in the Leonese language), located at 42. ...

Mozarabe architecture

The Mozarabs (in Spanish, mozÃ¡rabes; in Portuguese, moÃ§Ã¡rabes) were Iberian Christians living under Muslim dominion, and their descendants. ...

The architectue of Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ...

The Caliphate of Cordoba

The Moorish conquest of the former Hispania by the troops of Musa ibn Nusair and Tariq ibn Ziyad, and the overthrowning of the Umayyad dynasty in Damascus, leaded to the creation of an independent Emirate by Abd ar-Rahman I, the only surviving prince who escaped from Abbasids, and established his Capital city in Cordoba. It was to become the cultural capital of Occident from 750 to 1009. The architecture built in Al-Ándalus under the Umayyads evolutioned of the architecture of Damascus with the addition of aesthetical achievements of local influence: horse-shoe arch, a distinctive of Spanish Arab architecture was taken from Visigoths. Architects, artists and craftsmen came from Orient to construct cities like Medina Azahara whose splendour couldn´t be even imagined by the European kingdoms of the epoque. ^[3] The interior of the Great Mosque in Cordoba, now a Christian cathedral. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x661, 102 KB) interior of Mezquita, CÃ³rdoba ; from w:de:Bild:Cordoba moschee innen3. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x661, 102 KB) interior of Mezquita, CÃ³rdoba ; from w:de:Bild:Cordoba moschee innen3. ... Interior of the Mezquita Mezquita, (from Arabic Ù…Ø³Ø¬Ø¯ Masjid), is Spanish for mosque. This article deals with the one in Cordoba, Spain. ... Musa bin Nusair (640 - 716) was a Yemeni Muslim governor and general under the Umayyads. ... Tariq ibn Ziyad (d. ... The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Abd ar-Rahman I (Arabic: Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø±ØÙ…Ø§Ù†) (ruled 756-788) was the founder of a Muslim dynasty that ruled Spain for nearly three centuries. ... Abbasid provinces during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid Abbasid was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Muslim empire. ... Location Coordinates : 37Â° 53â€™N , 4Â°46â€²0â€³W Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name CÃ³rdoba (Spanish) Spanish name CÃ³rdoba Founded 8th century BC Postal code 140xx Website http://www. ... The Ruins of Medina Azahara are located about 30 kilometers from CÃ³rdoba, Spain. ...

The most outstanding construction of the Umayyad Cordoba is the Great Mosque, built in consecutive stages by Abd ar-Rahman I, Abd ar-Rahman II, Al-Hakam II and Al-Mansur. Interior of the Mezquita Mezquita, (from Arabic Ù…Ø³Ø¬Ø¯ Masjid), is Spanish for mosque. This article deals with the one in Cordoba, Spain. ... Abd-ar-rahman II (822 - 852) was one of the weaker of the Spanish Umayyads. ... Al-Hakam II was Caliph of Cordoba, in Al-Andalus, and son of Abd_ar_rahman III (al_Nasir). ... Abu Aamir Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Ibn Abi Aamir, Al-Hajib Al-Mansur Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ø¹Ø§Ù…Ø± Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø¨Ù† Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ Ø¨Ù† Ø£Ø¨ÙŠ Ø¹Ø§Ù…Ø± Ø§Ù„ØØ§Ø¬Ø¨ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù†ØµÙˆØ± (c. ...

The Taifas

The Caliphate disappeared and was split into several small kingdoms called Taifas. Their political weakness was accompanied by a cultural retreat, and together with a quick advance of the Christian kingdoms, the taifas clung to the prestige of structures and forms of the style of Córdoba. The recession was felt in the construction techniques and in the materials, though not in the profusion of the ornamentation. The lobes of multifoil arches were multiplied and thinned, transformed in lambrequins, and all the Caliphal elements were exaggerated. Some magnificent examples of the Taifa architecture have reached our times, like the Palace of the Aljafería, in Zaragoza, or the small mosque of Bab-Mardum, in Toledo, later transformed in one of the first examples of Mudéjar architecture (Cristo de la Luz hermitage). The term taifa in the history of Iberia refers to an independent Muslim-ruled principality, an emirate or petty kingdom, of which a number formed in Spain (Arabic: Al-Andalus) after the final collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate of CÃ³rdoba in 1031. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (768x1024, 234 KB) La AljaferÃa - Palacio taifa 02 File links The following pages link to this file: Banu Hud MudÃ©jar Architecture of Aragon Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (768x1024, 234 KB) La AljaferÃa - Palacio taifa 02 File links The following pages link to this file: Banu Hud MudÃ©jar Architecture of Aragon Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Zaragoza (Spanish) Spanish name Zaragoza Founded 24 Postal code 50001 - 50018 Website http://www. ... The term taifa in the history of Iberia refers to an independent Muslim-ruled principality, an emirate or petty kingdom, of which a number formed in Spain (Arabic: Al-Andalus) after the final collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate of CÃ³rdoba in 1031. ... Isometric view of a typical arch An arch is a curved structure capable of spanning a space while supporting significant weight (e. ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Zaragoza (Spanish) Spanish name Zaragoza Founded 24 Postal code 50001 - 50018 Website http://www. ... The faÃ§ade of Toledo cathedral Toledo is a city located in central Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. ... A hermitage is the retreat of a hermit. ...

Almoravids and Almohads

The Almoravids irrupted from north África in Al-Andalus in 1086, and unified the taifas uder their power. They developed their own architecture, but very few of it remains because of the next invassion, the Almohads, who imposed Islamic ultra-orthodoxy and destroyed almost every significative Almoravid building, together with Medina Azahara and other Caliphal constructions. Their art was extremely sober and nude, and they used brick as their main material. Their almost only superficial decoration, the sebka, is based in a grid of rhombuses. Almohads also used palm decoration, that was a plain simplification of the much more decorated Almoravid palm. As time passed, the art became slightly more decorative. The best know piece of Almohad architecture is the Giralda, the former minaret of the Mosque of Seville. Classified as Mudéjar, but immersed in the Almohad aesthetic postulates, the sinagogue of Santa María la Blanca, in Toledo, is a rare example of architectural collaboration of the three cultures of Medieval Spain. Almoravides (From Arabic المرابطون sing. ... The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic Ø§Ù„Ù…ÙˆØØ¯ÙˆÙ† al-Muwahhidun, i. ... Alimentos La Giralda is a Venezuelan trading company that imports, produces and distributes foodstuffs such as capers, pickles, olives, canned fruits and canned vegetables. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, irrigated by the river Guadalquivir (, ). It is the capital of Andalusia and of the province of Sevilla. ... This shape is a rhombus In geometry, a rhombus (also known as a rhomb) is a quadrilateral in which all of the sides are of equal length. ... The Giralda The Giralda is a former Almohad minaret converted to a bell tower in Seville, Spain. ... Minarets (Arabic manara Ù…Ù†Ø§Ø±Ø©, but more usually Ù…Ø¦Ø°Ù†Ø©) are distinctive architectural features of Islamic mosques. ... Seville (Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain, irrigated by the river Guadalquivir (, ). It is the capital of Andalusia and of the province of Sevilla. ... Interior of santa MarÃa la Blanca The synagogue of Santa MarÃa la Blanca is a religious building erected in the city of Toledo, Spain in 1180 a. ... The faÃ§ade of Toledo cathedral Toledo is a city located in central Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. ...

Nasrid architecture of the Kingdom of Granada

After de dissolution of the Almohad empire, the scattered Moorish kingdoms of the south of the Peninsula were reorganized, and in 1237, the Nasrid kings established their capital city in Granada. The architecture they produced was going to be one of the richests of the Islam of all times, and it was due to the cultural heritage of the former Moorish styles of Al-Ándalus, that the Nasrids eclecticly combined, and to the close contact to the northern Christian Kingdoms. The palaces of Alhambra and the Generalife are the most outstanding constructions of the this period. The structural and ornamental elements were taken from Cordobese architecture (horse-shoe arches), from Almohads (sebka and palm decoration), but also created by them, like the prism and cylindrical capitels and mocárabe arches, in a gay combination of interior and exterior spaces, of gardening and architecture, intending to please all the senses. Unlike the Ummayad architecture, which used all the most expensive and imported material for the construction, the Nasrids used only humble materials: clay, plaster and wood, but the aesthetical outcome is full of complexity and disconcerting for the spectator: The multiplication of the decorations, the wise use of light and shadow and the incorporation of water to architecture are some of the keys of the style.^[4] Epigraphy was also integrated on the walls of the different rooms, with allusive poems to the beauty of the spaces. ^[5] Nasrid is the name referring to the royal dynasty that ruled the kingdom of Granada in southern Spain from the mid 13th century to the 15th century, which is considered to be one of the longest Islamic dynasties in the history of Islamic Spain. ... The City of Granada Alhambra, Courtyard of the Lions Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in Spain. ... View of the Alhambra from the Mirador St Nicolas in the Albaycin of Granada. ... Granada (Arabic: ØºØ±Ù†Ø§Ø·Ø©) is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. ... View of the Alhambra from the Mirador St Nicolas in the Albaycin of Granada. ... The Generalife viewed from the Alhambra The Generalife was a villa with gardens used by the Muslim kings of Granada as a place of retreat. ... See: Prism (geometry) Prism (optics) Prism (band) PRISM is an abbreviation for Probabilistic Symbolic Model Checker PRISM was an aborted RISC processor effort at DEC, see DEC PRISM This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The word cylinder has several meanings. ... Polycromed mocÃ¡rabe on an arch in the AlcÃ¡zar of Seville MocÃ¡rabe is an ornamental design used in certain types of Islamic architecture. ... The Gay Head cliffs in Marthas Vineyard are made almost entirely of natural clays. ... // Gypsum plaster Plaster of Paris, or simply plaster, is a type of building material based on calcium sulfate hemihydrate, nominally (CaSOâ‚„)â‚‚*Hâ‚‚O. It is created by heating gypsum to about 150 â„ƒ, 2(CaSOâ‚„ Â· 2Hâ‚‚O) â†’ (CaSOâ‚„)â‚‚ Â· Hâ‚‚O + 3 Hâ‚‚O (released as steam). ... A tree trunk as found at the Veluwe, The Netherlands Wood is derived from woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs. ... Epigraphy (Greek, ÎµÏ€Î¹Î³ÏÎ±Ï†Î® - written upon) is the study of inscriptions engraved into stone or other permanent materials, or cast in metal, the science of classifying them as to cultural context and date, elucidating them and assessing what conclusions can be deduced from them. ...

Mudéjar Style

The architecture made by the Moors, and native Andalusians who remained in Christian territory but were not converted to Christianity is called Mudéjar Style. It developed mainly from 12th to 16th centuries and was strongly influenced by Moorish taste and workmanship but constructed for the use of Christian owners. Thus, it is barely shown as a pure style: Mudejar architects frequently combined their techniques and artistic language with other styles, depending of the historical moment. So we can refer to Mudéjar, but also to Mudejar-Romanesque, Mudejar-Gothic or Mudejar-Renaissance. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (900x1200, 1000 KB) AlcÃ¡zar de Sevilla camera: Kodak DX7440 Source: *Daniel Csorfoly File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Architecture of Cambodia Architecture of the United States... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (900x1200, 1000 KB) AlcÃ¡zar de Sevilla camera: Kodak DX7440 Source: *Daniel Csorfoly File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Architecture of Cambodia Architecture of the United States... King Pedros Palace in the AlcÃ¡zar from the Patio de la Monteria The AlcÃ¡zar of Seville (Spanish Reales AlcÃ¡zares de Sevilla or Royal AlcÃ¡zars of Seville) is a royal palace in Seville, Spain. ... MudÃ©jar is the name given to the Moors who remained in Spain after the Christian reconquista but were not converted to Christianity, and to a vernacular style of Spanish architecture and decoration, particularly of Aragon and Castile, of 12th and 16th centuries, strongly influenced by Moorish taste and workmanship... Pencil and charcoal Drawing of Moor The Moors were the medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula including present day Spain and Portugal) and the Maghreb and western Africa, whose culture is often called Moorish. ... Al-Andalus is the Arabic name given the Iberian Peninsula by its Muslim conquerors; it refers to both the Caliphate proper and the general period of Muslim rule (711–1492). ... Christianity is a monotheistic[1] religion centered on Jesus of Nazareth, and on his life and teachings as presented in the New Testament. ...

The Mudéjar style, a symbiosis of techniques and ways of understanding architecture resulting from Jewish, Muslim and Christian cultures living side by side, emerged as an architectural style in the 12th century. It is characterised by the use of brick as the main material. Mudéjar did not involve the creation of new structures (unlike Gothic or Romanesque), but reinterpreting Western cultural styles through Islamic influences. The dominant geometrical character, distinctly Islamic, emerged conspicuously in the accessory crafts using cheap materials elaborately worked—tilework, brickwork, wood carving, plaster carving, and ornamental metals. Even after the Muslims were no longer employed, many of their contributions remained as an integral part of Spanish architecture. Common Clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) in their Magnificent sea anemone (Heteractis magnifica) home. ... The Parthenon on top of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece Architecture (from Latin, architectura and ultimately from Greek, Î±ÏÏ‡Î¹Ï„ÎµÎºÏ„Ï‰Î½, a master builder, from Î±ÏÏ‡Î¹- chief, leader and Ï„ÎµÎºÏ„Ï‰Î½, builder, carpenter) is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. ... The word Jew ( Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination... A Muslim (Arabic: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…, Turkish: MÃ¼slÃ¼man, Persian and Urdu: Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…Ø§Ù†, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of Islam. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Christianity. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... An old brick wall in English bond laid with alternating courses of headers and Brick is an artificial stone made by forming clay into rectangular blocks which are hardened, either by burning in a kiln or sometimes, in warm and sunny countries, by sun-drying. ... Romanesque St. ... The examples and perspective in this article or section may not represent a worldwide view. ... For other uses, including people named Islam, see Islam (disambiguation). ... Mission, or barrel, roof tiles For the towns named Tile, see Tile, Somalia and Tile, Lebanon. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Masonry. ... Carved wooden cranes Wood carving is a form of working wood by means of a cutting tool held in the hand (this may be a power tool), resulting in a wooden figure or figurine (this may be abstract in nature) or in the ornamentation of a wooden object. ... // Gypsum plaster Plaster of Paris, or simply plaster, is a type of building material based on calcium sulfate hemihydrate, nominally (CaSOâ‚„)â‚‚*Hâ‚‚O. It is created by heating gypsum to about 150 â„ƒ, 2(CaSOâ‚„ Â· 2Hâ‚‚O) â†’ (CaSOâ‚„)â‚‚ Â· Hâ‚‚O + 3 Hâ‚‚O (released as steam). ...

It is accepted that the Mudéjar style was born in Sahagún [2]. Mudéjar extended to the rest of the Kingdom of León, Toledo, Ávila, Segovia, and later to Andalusia, especially Seville and Granada. The Mudéjar Rooms of the Alcázar of Seville, although classified as Mudéjar, more related to the Nasrid Alhambra than to the rest of the style, as they were created by Pedro of Castile who brought architects from Granada with very little Christian influence. Centers of Mudéjar art are found in other cities, like Toro, Cuéllar, Arévalo and Madrigal de las Altas Torres. It became highly developed in Aragon, especially in Teruel during the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries, where a group of imposing Mudéjar-style towers were built. Other fine examples of Mudéjar can be found in Casa Pilatos (Seville), Santa Clara Monastery, in Tordesillas, or the churches of Toledo, one of the oldest and most outstanding Mudejar centers. Special mention deserve in that city the synagogues of Santa María la Blanca and El Tránsito, both Mudejar though not Christian.^[6] Comarca Capital and Metropolitan Area Province Segovia Autonomous community Castilla y LeÃ³n Postal code 40001-40006 Coordinate systems - Latitude: - Longitude 40Â°57 N 4Â°10 0 Surface 1636 kmÂ² Altitude 1002 m Distance 87 km from Madrid 111 km from Valladolid Population - Total (2004) - Density 55. ... SahagÃºn can refer to: A town and monastery in LeÃ³n, Spain. ... The city of LeÃ³n was founded by the Roman Seventh Legion (for unknown reasons always written as Legio Septima Gemina (twin seventh legion). It was the headquarters of that legion in the late empire and was a center for trade in gold which was mined at Las MÃ©dulas... [[ Image:Toledo, Spain Toledo is a city and municipality located in central Spain, about 70 kilometers south of Madrid. ... Complete name of this city: Ãvila de los Caballeros Ãvila is a town in the south of Old Castile, the capital of the province of the same name, now part of the autonomous community of Castile and LeÃ³n, Spain. ... Comarca Capital and Metropolitan Area Province Segovia Autonomous community Castilla y LeÃ³n Postal code 40001-40006 Coordinate systems - Latitude: - Longitude 40Â°57 N 4Â°10 0 Surface 1636 kmÂ² Altitude 1002 m Distance 87 km from Madrid 111 km from Valladolid Population - Total (2004) - Density 55. ... King Pedros Palace in the AlcÃ¡zar from the Patio de la Monteria The AlcÃ¡zar of Seville (Spanish Reales AlcÃ¡zares de Sevilla or Royal AlcÃ¡zars of Seville) is a royal palace in Seville, Spain. ... Pedro of Castile (1290, Valladolid â€“ 1319), Infante of Castile and Lord of Los Cameros, was the son of Sancho IV of Castile and his wife Maria de Molina. ... Toro is a town in the province of Zamora, Spain. ... CuÃ©llar is a town in the north of the Segovia region of Spain. ... Teruels location within Spain MudÃ©jar tower in Teruel Teruel (Aragonese: TergÃ¼el) is a city in Aragon, Spain, the capital of Teruel Province. ... (Redirected from 15th centuries) (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... The Crest of Tordesillas Tordesillas is a village and municipality in the province of Valladolid, part of the autonomous community of Castile-Leon in central Spain. ... The faÃ§ade of Toledo cathedral Toledo is a city located in central Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. ... Lesko synagogue, Poland A synagogue (Hebrew: ×‘×™×ª ×›× ×¡×ª ; beit knesset, house of assembly; Yiddish: ×©×•×œ, shul) is a Jewish place of religious worship. ...

Romanesque period

Romanesque first developed in Spain in the 10th and 11th centuries and before Cluny`s influence, in Lérida, Barcelona, Tarragona and Huesca and in the Pyrinees, simultaneously with the north of Italy, into what is been called "First Romanesque" or "Lombard Romanesque". It is a very primitive style, whose characteristics are thick walls, lack of sculpture and the presence of rhythmic ornamental arches, typified by the churches in the Valle de Bohí. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (899x1200, 91 KB) Summary File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Romanesque architecture Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (899x1200, 91 KB) Summary File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Romanesque architecture Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used... Location map of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia Santiago de Compostela (also Saint James of Compostela) is the capital of the autonomous community of Galicia. ... Interior of the Saint-Saturnin church St-Sernin basilica, Toulouse, 1080 â€“ 1120: elevation of the east end Romanesque sculpture, cloister of St. ... Cluny nowadays The town of Cluny or Clugny lies in the modern-day département of Saône-et-Loire in the région of France, near Mâcon. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Pre-Romanesque art. ... A decorative blind arcade that is usually exterior during the Romanesque and Gothic Medieval Periods of Architecture. ...

The full Romanesque architecture arrived with the influence of Cluny through the Way of Saint James, that ends in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. The model of the Spanish Romanesque in the 12th century was the Cathedral of Jaca, with its characteristic apse structure and plan, and its "chess" decoration in stripes, called taqueado jaqués. As the Christian Kingdoms advanced to the South, that model spread throughout the reconquered areas with some variations. Spanish Romanesque also shows the influence of Spanish pre-romanesque styles, mainly Asturian and Mozarabic. But there is also a strong influence of Moorish architecture, so close in space, especially the vaults of Córdoba's Mosque, and the polylobulated arches. In the 13th century, some Romanesque churches alternated with the Gothic. Aragón, Navarra and Castile-Leon are some of the most dense areas of Spanish Romanesque. External links Official city site Live Cam of Obradoiro Façade Confraternity of St. ... The Obradoiro faÃ§ade of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela: an all-but-Gothic composition generated entirely of classical details Santiago de Compostela Cathedral is the historic burial-place of Saint James, one of the apostles of Jesus Christ. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ... Jaca as is viewed from the Rapitan fort. ... Pre-romanesque art in Asturias is framed between the years 718 and 910, the period of the rise, extension and disappearance of the kingdom of Asturias. ... Mozarabic was a continuum of closely related Iberian Romance dialects spoken in Muslim dominated areas of the Iberian Peninsula during the early stages of Romance languages development in Iberia. ... Interior of the Mezquita Mezquita, (from Arabic Ù…Ø³Ø¬Ø¯ Masjid), is Spanish for mosque. This article deals with the one in Cordoba, Spain. ... Capital Zaragoza Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 4th 47 719 kmÂ² 9,4% Population â€“ Total (2003) â€“ % of Spain â€“ Density Ranked 11th 1 217 514 2,9% 25,51/kmÂ² Demonym â€“ English â€“ Spanish Aragonese aragonÃ©s Statute of Autonomy August 16, 1982 ISO 3166-2 AR Parliamentary representation â€“ Congress seats â€“ Senate... Navarra is the Spanish name for Navarre (Basque: Nafarroa), an ancient kingdom in the Pyrenees, and now a province and an autonomous community in Spain. ... Capital Valladolid Area â€“ Total â€“ % of Spain Ranked 1st 94,223 kmÂ² 18,6% Population â€“ Total (2005) â€“ % of Spain â€“ Density Ranked 6th 2,510,849 5. ...

The Gothic period

Gothic style started in Spain as a result of European influence in 12th century when late Romanesque alternated with few expressions of pure Gothic architecture like the Cathedral of Ávila. The High Gothic arrives with all its strength through the Way of Saint James in the 13th century, with some of the most pure classical Gothic cathedrals, with German and French influence: the cathedrals of Burgos, León and Toledo. See also Gothic art. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (516x688, 97 KB)Cathedral of LeÃ³n. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (516x688, 97 KB)Cathedral of LeÃ³n. ... Leon Cathedral LeÃ³n Cathedral, also called The House of Light is situated in the city of LeÃ³n in north-west Spain. ... Complete name of this city: Ãvila de los Caballeros Ãvila is a town in the south of Old Castile, the capital of the province of the same name, now part of the autonomous community of Castile and LeÃ³n, Spain. ... External links Official city site Live Cam of Obradoiro Façade Confraternity of St. ... Gothic cathedral started on july 20 of 1221, consagrated in 1260, it was ordered to be built by King Fernando III and Don Mauricio bishop. ... Leon Cathedral LeÃ³n Cathedral, also called The House of Light is situated in the city of LeÃ³n in north-west Spain. ... The Cathedral of Toledo was modeled after the Bourges Cathedral though it also combines some characteristics of the MudÃ©jar style, is remarkable for its incorporation of light and no part is more remarkable than the Baroque altar called El Transparente, several stories high, with fantastic figures of stucco, painting...

The most important post-13th century Gothic styles in Spain are the Levantino and Isabelline Gothic. Levantino Gothic is characterised by its structural achievements and their unification of space, with masterpieces as the La Seu (cathedral) of Palma de Mallorca, Valencia's silk market (Lonja de Valencia) or the Church of Santa María del Mar, in Barcelona. Church of San Pablo, in Valladolid Entrance to the Royal Chapel of Granada, close to the Cathedral Isabelline Gothic (in Spanish, GÃ³tico Isabelino), is the name of an architectural style that was developed in Spain, during Isabella of Castile reign (1474 to 1505). ... La Seu cathedral located in Palma de Mallorca, Spain. ... Palma de Mallorca Palma de Mallorca is the major city and port in the island of Majorca and capital city of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands in Spain. ...

Isabelline Gothic, made under the Catholic Kings, supposed a transition to Renaissance and is highlighted by buildings like Saint John of The Kings in Toledo or the Royal Chapel of Granada. The Catholic monarchs (Spanish: Reyes Católicos) is the collective title used in history for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon. ... The faÃ§ade of Toledo cathedral Toledo is a city located in central Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. ... Granada (Arabic: ØºØ±Ù†Ø§Ø·Ø©) is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. ...

Church of San Pablo, in Valladolid Entrance to the Royal Chapel of Granada, close to the Cathedral Isabelline Gothic (in Spanish, GÃ³tico Isabelino), is the name of an architectural style that was developed in Spain, during Isabella of Castile reign (1474 to 1505). ...

Renaissance

In Spain, Renaissance began to be grafted to Gothic forms in the last decades of the 15th century. The style started to spread made mainly by local architects: that is the cause of the creation of a specifically Spanish Renaissance, that brought the influence of South Italian architecture, sometimes from illuminated books and paintings, mixed with gothical tradition and local idiosincrasy. The new style is called Plateresque, because of the extremely decorated facades, that brought to the mind the decorative motifs of the intricately detailed work of silversmiths, the “Plateros”. Classical orders and candelabra motifs (a candelieri) combined freely into symmetrical wholes. Raphael was famous for depicting illustrious figures of the Classical past with the features of his Renaissance contemporaries. ... The Palace of Charles V: exterior view The Palace of Charles V, in Granada, Spain, is a Renacentist construction, located on the top of the hill of the Assabica, inside the Nasrid fortification of the Alhambra. ... Granada (Arabic: ØºØ±Ù†Ø§Ø·Ø©) is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. ... (14th century - 15th century - 16th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500. ... Plateresque refers to the 15th and 16th century art form in Spain, characterized by an ornate style of architecture. ... Band made of Silver. ...

In that scenery, the Palace of Charles V by Pedro Machuca, in Granada, supposed an unexpected achievement in the most advanced Renaissance of the moment. The palace can be defined as an anticipation of the Manierism, due to its command of the classical language and its rupturist aesthetical achievements. It was constructed before the main works of Michelangelo and Palladio . Its influence was very limited, and, misunderstood, Plateresque forms imposed in the general panorama. The Palace of Charles V: exterior view The Palace of Charles V, in Granada, Spain, is a Renacentist construction, located on the top of the hill of the Assabica, inside the Nasrid fortification of the Alhambra. ... Mannerism is the term used to describe the artistic style that arose in mid-16th century. ... Chalk portrait of Michelangelo by Daniele da Volterra Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (March 6, 1475 â€“ February 18, 1564), commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, Renaissance architect and poet. ... Illustration from a 1736 English edition of I Quattro Libri dellArchitettura. ...

As decades passed, the gothical influence disappeared and the research of an orthodox classicism reached high levels. Although Plateresco is a commonly used term to define most of the architectural production of the late XV and first half of XVI, some architects acquired a more sober personal style, like Diego Siloe and Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón.

Examples include the facades of the University of Salamanca and of the Convent of San Marcos in León. Download high resolution version (1024x768, 152 KB)El Escorial. ... Download high resolution version (1024x768, 152 KB)El Escorial. ... The huge monastery in distant view San Lorenzo de El Escorial redirects here. ... The University of Salamanca (Spanish Universidad de Salamanca), located in the town of Salamanca, west-northwest of Madrid, is the second oldest university in Spain (the first one is the university of Palencia, now disappeared), and one of the oldest in Europe. ... The city of LeÃ³n (LliÃ³n in the Leonese language), located at 42. ...

The highlight of Spanish Renaissance is represented by the Royal Monastery of El Escorial, made by Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera a much closer adherence to the art of ancient Rome was overpassed by the extremely sober style. The influence from Flanders roofs, the symbolism of the scarce decoration and the precise granite cut that established as the basis of a new style: Herreriano. The huge monastery in distant view San Lorenzo de El Escorial redirects here. ... Juan Bautista de Toledo (d. ... El Escorial Juan de Herrera (b. ... Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen) has several main meanings: the social, cultural and linguistical, scientific and educational, economical and political community of the Flemings; some prefer to call this the Flemish community (others refer to this as the Flemish nation) which is, with over 6 million inhabitants, the majority of all Belgians...

Baroque period

As Italian Baroque influences penetrated across the Pyrenees, they gradually superseded in popularity the restrained classicizing approach of Juan de Herrera, which had been in vogue since the late sixteenth century. As early as 1667, the facades of Granada Cathedral (by Alonso Cano) and Jaen Cathedral (by Eufrasio López de Rojas) suggest the artists' fluency in interpreting traditional motifs of Spanish cathedral architecture in the Baroque aesthetic idiom. The most impressive display of Churrigueresque spatial decoration may be found in the west facade of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela (1738-49). ... Central Pyrenees. ... Born 1601, died 1667. ... JaÃ©n is a city in south-central Spain, the capital of the province of JaÃ©n in the autonomous community of Andalusia. ...

Vernacular Baroque with its roots still in Herrera and in traditional brick construction was developed in Madrid throughout the 17th century. Examples include Plaza Mayor and the Major House. Location Location of Madrid in Europe Coordinates : 40Â° 23â€™N , 3Â°43â€²0â€³W Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Villa de Madrid (Spanish) Spanish name Villa de Madrid Founded 9th century Postal code 28001-28080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 91 (Villa de...

In contrast to the art of Northern Europe, the Spanish art of the period appealed to the emotions rather than seeking to please the intellect. The Churriguera family, which specialized in designing altars and retables, revolted against the sobriety of the Herreresque classicism and promoted an intricate, exaggerated, almost capricious style of surface decoration known as the Churrigueresque. Within half a century, they transformed Salamanca into an exemplary Churrigueresque city. The Obradoiro faÃ§ade of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela: an all-but-Gothic composition generated entirely of classical details Santiago de Compostela Cathedral is the historic burial-place of Saint James, one of the apostles of Jesus Christ. ... Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Spain. ... Salamanca: Plaza Mayor Towers of the Old and New Cathedrals Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Salamanca Salamanca (population 160,000) is a city in western Spain, the capital of the province of Salamanca, which belongs to the autonomous community(region) of Castile-Leon(Castilla y LeÃ³n). ...

The evollution of the style passed through three phases. Between 1680 and 1720, the Churriguera popularized Guarini's blend of Solomonic columns and composite order, known as the "supreme order". Between 1720 and 1760, the Churrigueresque column, or estipite, in the shape of an inverted cone or obelisk, was established as a central element of ornamental decoration. The years from 1760 to 1780 saw a gradual shift of interest away from twisted movement and excessive ornamentation toward a neoclassical balance and sobriety. Camillo-Guarino Guarini (1624 - 1683), Italian monk, writer and architect, was born at Modena. ... Solomonic columns applied with gilded vines in Poland The Solomonic column is characterized by a spiraling twisting shaft. ... A capital of the Composite order The composite order is a mixed order, combining the volutes of the Ionic order with the leaves of the Corinthian order. ...

Two of the most eye-catching creations of Spanish Baroque are the energetic facades of the University of Valladolid (Diego Tome, 1719) and Hospicio de San Fernando in Madrid (Pedro de Ribera, 1722), whose curvilinear extravagance seems to herald Antonio Gaudi and Art Nouveau. In this case as in many others, the design involves a play of tectonic and decorative elements with little relation to structure and function. However, Churrigueresque baroque offered some of the most impressive combinations of space and light with buildings like Granada Charterhouse, considered to be the apotheosis of Churrigueresque styles applied to interior spaces, or the Transparente of the Cathedral of Toledo, by Narciso Tomé, where sculpture and architecture are integrated to achieve notable light dramatic effects. The University of Valladolid is believed to be the oldest university in the Spanish-speaking world, having been founded at the beginning of the 13th century[1]. It currently has 31,780 undergraduate students and over 2,000 faculty[2]. External links Official Website(Spanish language) Official Website in English... Location Location of Madrid in Europe Coordinates : 40Â° 23â€™N , 3Â°43â€²0â€³W Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Villa de Madrid (Spanish) Spanish name Villa de Madrid Founded 9th century Postal code 28001-28080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 91 (Villa de... Antoni Gaudí i Cornet (more widely known in the English speaking world under the Spanish version of his first name, as Antonio Gaudí, or, just simply, Gaudi), (25 June 1852–10 June 1926) was a Catalan architect famous for his unique designs expressing sculptural and individualistic qualities. ... Poster by Alfons Mucha Art Nouveau /art nuvo/, Anglicised /ËˆÉ‘Ët nuËvÉ™u/ (French for new art) is a style in art, architecture and design that peaked in popularity at the beginning of the 20th century. ... The Cathedral of Toledo was modeled after the Bourges Cathedral though it also combines some characteristics of the MudÃ©jar style, is remarkable for its incorporation of light and no part is more remarkable than the Baroque altar called El Transparente, several stories high, with fantastic figures of stucco, painting...

The Royal Palace of Madrid and the interventions of Paseo del Prado (Salón del Prado and Alcalá Doorgate) in the same city, deserve special mention. They were constructed in a sober Baroque international style, often mistaken for neoclassical, by the Bourbon kings Philip V and Charles III. The Royal Palaces of La Granja de San Ildefonso, in Segovia, and Aranjuez, in Madrid, are good examples of baroque integration of architecture and gardening, with noticeable French influence (La Granja is known as the Spanish Versailles), but with local spatial conceptions which in some ways display the heritage of the Moorish occupation. Palacio Real de Madrid The Palacio Real de Madrid (Royal Palace of Madrid) is the official residence of the King of Spain, located in the Spanish capital of Madrid. ... Palacio Real de Madrid The Palacio Real de Madrid (Royal Palace of Madrid) is the official residence of the King of Spain, located in the Spanish capital of Madrid. ... Paseo del Prado in Madrid is an important cultural and tourist spot. ... King Philip V of Spain (December 19, 1683 â€“ July 9, 1746) or Philippe of Anjou was king of Spain from 1700 to 1746, the first of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. ... Charles III of Spain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... La Granja is a Royal site in Spain that includes a Royal palace, gardens and sculptural fountains. ... Comarca Capital and Metropolitan Area Province Segovia Autonomous community Castilla y LeÃ³n Postal code 40001-40006 Coordinate systems - Latitude: - Longitude 40Â°57 N 4Â°10 0 Surface 1636 kmÂ² Altitude 1002 m Distance 87 km from Madrid 111 km from Valladolid Population - Total (2004) - Density 55. ... The Palacio Real de Aranjuez at night The Palacio Real de Aranjuez is a residence of the King of Spain, one of the Spanish royal sites. ...

Rococo was first introduced to Spain in the (Cathedral of Murcia, west facade, 1733). The greatest practitioner of the Spanish Rococo style was a native master, Ventura Rodríguez, responsible for the dazzling interior of the Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar in Saragossa (1750). To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Cathedral of Murcia is a Roman Catholic cathedral located in Murcia, south-eastern Spain, and dating from the 14th century. ... Nuestra SeÃ±ora del Pilar Basilica The basilica at night The Basilica-Cathedral of Our Lady of the Pillar or Nuestra SeÃ±ora del Pilar is a Roman Catholic church in the city of Zaragoza, Aragon, of great importance in Spain. ... For alternative meanings, see Zaragoza (disambiguation). ...

Spanish Colonial architecture

The combination of the Native American and Moorish decorative influences with an extremely expressive interpretation of the Churrigueresque idiom may account for the full-bodied and varied character of the Baroque in the American colonies of Spain. Even more than its Spanish counterpart, American Baroque developed as a style of stucco decoration. Twin-towered facades of many American cathedrals of the seventeenth century had medieval roots and the full-fledged Baroque did not appear until 1664, when the Jesuit shrine on Plaza des Armas in Cusco was built. Image File history File links Taxco_Santa_Prisca. ... Image File history File links Taxco_Santa_Prisca. ... Santa Prisca church in Taxco Aerial view of Taxco Taxco (full name: Taxco de AlarcÃ³n) is an antique colonial silver-mining center located in the northern reaches of the Mexican state of Guerrero. ... Cusco (also Cuzco, Qosqo, or Qusqu) is a city in southeastern Peru, near the Urubamba Valley (Sacred Valley) of the Andes mountain range. ...

The Peruvian Baroque was particularly lush, as evidenced by the monastery of San Francisco in Lima (1673), which has a dark intricate facade sandwiched between the twin towers of local yellow stone. While the rural Baroque of the Jesuite missions (estancias) in Cordoba, Argentina followed the model of Il Gesù, provincial "mestizo" (crossbred) styles emerged in Arequipa, Potosi and La Paz. In the eighteenth century, the architects of the region turned for inspiration to the Mudejar art of medieval Spain. The late Baroque type of Peruvian facade first appears in the Church of Our Lady of La Merced, Lima (1697-1704). Similarly, the Church of La Compañia, Quito (1722-65) suggests a carved altarpiece with its richly sculpted facade and a surfeit of spiral salomónica. Lima is the capital and largest city in Peru, as well as the capital of Lima Province. ... Córdoba is a city located in the foothills of the Sierra Chica mountains on the Suquía river, the center of Argentinas most productive agricultural area. ... The Church of the GesÃ¹. The Church of the GesÃ¹ is home to the famous painting of Madonna Della Strada, venerated by millions of Roman Catholics. ... Plaza de Armas. ... Potosi may refer to: Potosí, a city and department in Bolivia A few places in the United States: Potosi, Missouri Potosi, Texas Potosi, Wisconsin Potosi (town), Wisconsin This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... La Paz, Bolivia Central La Paz Panoramic sight of the city of La Paz La Paz or Chuquiyapu (chuqui, gold, yapu, farm) is the administrative capital of Bolivia, as well as the departmental capital of La Paz Department. ... Mudejar Medieval Spanish corruption of the Arabic word Mudajjan مدجن, meaning domesticated. The term means those who accepted submission to non Muslim authorities in lands taken over by Christians in the Mediterranean. ... Lima is the capital and largest city in Peru, as well as the capital of Lima Province. ... Quito (official name: San Francisco de Quito) is the capital city of Ecuador in northwestern South America. ...

To the north, the richest province of 18th-century New Spain — Mexico — produced some fantastically extravagant and visually frenetic architecture known as Mexican Churrigueresque. This ultra-Baroque approach culminates in the works of Lorenzo Rodriguez, whose masterpiece is the Sagrario Metropolitano in Mexico City (1749-69). Other fine examples of the style may be found in the remote silver-mining towns. For instance, the Sanctuary at Ocotlan (begun in 1745) is a top-notch Baroque cathedral surfaced in bright red tiles, which contrast delightfully with a plethora of compressed ornament lavishly applied to the main entrance and the slender flanking towers. This article or section is missing references or citation of sources. ... Mexico City (Spanish: Ciudad de MÃ©xico, MÃ©xico D.F. or simply MÃ©xico, pronounced IPA: ) is the capital city of the nation of Mexico. ...

The true capital of Mexican Baroque is Puebla, where a ready supply of hand-painted glazed tiles (talavera) and vernacular gray stone led to its evolving further into a personalised and highly localised art form with a pronounced Indian flavour. The city of Puebla â€“ known more formally as HerÃ³ica Puebla de Zaragoza or less formally as La AngelÃ³polis or Puebla de los Ãngeles â€“ is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of the same name, and the fourth largest city in Mexico, after Mexico City, Guadalajara... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ...

Neoclassical Style

The extremely intellectual postulates of Neoclassicicism succeeded in Spain less than the much more expressive of Baroque. Spanish Neoclassicism was spread by the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando, founded in 1752. The main figure was Juan de Villanueva, who adapted Burke's achievements about the sublime and the beauty to the requirements of Spanish clime and history. He built the Prado Museum, that combined three programs- an academy, an auditorium and a museum- in one building with three separated entrances. This was part of the ambitious program of Charles III, who intended to make Madrid the Capital of Art and Science. Very close to the museum, Villanueva built the Astronomical Observatory. He also designed several summer houses for the kings in El Escorial and Aranjuez and reconstructed the Major Square of Madrid, among other important works. Villanuevas´ pupils Antonio López Aguado and Isidro González Velázquez spread the Neoclassical style through the center of the country.. Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture. ... Image:Madrid-prado. ... Image:Madrid-prado. ... The Museo del Prado is a world class museum and art gallery located in Madrid, Spain. ... 1752 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Edmund Burke (January 12, 1729 â€“ July 9, 1797) was an Anglo-Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist, and philosopher, who served for many years in the British House of Commons as a member of the Whig party. ... The Museo del Prado is a world class museum and art gallery located in Madrid, Spain. ... Charles III of Spain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The huge monastery in distant view San Lorenzo de El Escorial redirects here. ... Aranjuez is a town in the southern part of Autonomous Community of Madrid in central Spain and is the southernmost, and 48 km south of the city of Madrid. ... Location Location of Madrid in Europe Coordinates : 40Â° 23â€™N , 3Â°43â€²0â€³W Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Villa de Madrid (Spanish) Spanish name Villa de Madrid Founded 9th century Postal code 28001-28080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 91 (Villa de...

19th century

Eclecticism and Regionalism

Neo-Mudéjar Style

Glass architecture

20th century

Catalan Modernism

When the city of Barcelona was allowed to expand beyond its historic limits in the late 19th century the resulting Eixample ("extension"), by Ildefons Cerdá, larger than the old city, became the site of a burst of architectural energy. Most famous among the architects represented there is Antoni Gaudí, whose works in Barcelona and elsewhere in Catalonia, mixing traditional architectural styles with the new, were a precursor to modern architecture. Perhaps the most famous example of his work is the still-unfinished La Sagrada Familia, the largest building in the Eixample. Antoni GaudÃ i Cornet, in Spanish also known as Antonio GaudÃ (25 June 1852 â€“ 10 June 1926), was a Spanish Catalan architect of the Modernisme (Art Nouveau) movement famous for his unique style and highly individualistic designs. ... Modern architecture is a broad term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament, that first arose around 1900. ... Overview of the temple La Sagrada Família in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, more formally Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família or Expiatory Temple of the Holy Family, is Antoni Gaudís masterwork. ...

Other notable Catalan architects of that period include Lluís Domènech i Montaner and Josep Puig i Cadafalch. LluÃs DomÃ¨nech i Montaner Editorial Montaner i SimÃ³n Casa Fuster Born in Barcelona, LluÃs DomÃ¨nech i Montaner (21 December 1850 - 27 December 1923) showed from a young age his passion for architecture. ... Casa de les Punxes Palau del Baro de Quadres Josep Puig i Cadafalch (October 15, 1867 - December 21, 1956) was a modernistic Catalan architect who designed many significant buildings in Barcelona. ...

International Style

Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x608, 157 KB)Guggenheim Museum Bilbao. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1200x608, 157 KB)Guggenheim Museum Bilbao. ... The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, along the NerviÃ³n River in downtown Bilbao The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is a modern and contemporary art museum designed by architect Frank Gehry and located in Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain. ... Gehrys most famous work, the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain Frank Owen Gehry, CC (born Ephraim Owen Goldberg, February 28, 1929 in Toronto, Canada) is an architect known for his sculptural approach to building design. ...

Contemporary architecture

The Torre Agbar or Agbar Tower, is a skyscraper in Barcelona. The Agbar Tower measures 144.4 meters (466 feet in height) and consists of a 38 stories, including 4 underground levels. Its design combines a number of different architectural concepts, resulting in a striking structure built with reinforced concrete, covered with a facade of glass, and over 4,400 window openings cut out of the structural concrete. Image File history File links Torre_agbar. ... Image File history File links Torre_agbar. ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Barcelona (Catalan) Spanish name Barcelona Nickname Ciutat Comtal Postal code 08001-08080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 93 (Barcelona) Website http://www. ...

Architectural projects

Famous Spanish contemporary architects

Santa Catalina Market in Barcelona, taken by me in December 2004. ... Santa Catalina Market in Barcelona, taken by me in December 2004. ... Miralles Santa Caterina Market Enric Miralles (1955 - July 3, 2000) was a Catalan architect. ... Antoni Gaudi GaudÃs unfinished masterpiece, La Sagrada FamÃlia The Casa MilÃ , in the Eixample, Barcelona View of the Park GÃ¼ell, El Carmel, Barcelona Antoni GaudÃ i Cornet (25 June 1852â€“10 June 1926) was a Catalan architect famous for his unique designs expressing sculptural and individualistic qualities. ... ... Josep Lluís Sert (1902 - 1983) was a Catalan Spanish architect. ... The exterior of the Marravillas College Gymnasium The interior of the Marravillas College Gymnasium Alejandro de la Sota Martínez (October 20, 1913 - 14 February 1996) was a Spanish architect. ... The extension to Atocha Railway Station JosÃ© Rafael Moneo VallÃ©s (born May 9, 1937) is a Spanish architect. ... Ricardo Bofill (born December 5, 1939) is a Catalan architect. ... Calatrava is known for his organically inspired designs, such as LUmbracle at his Ciutat de les Arts i les CiÃ¨ncies in Valencia. ... Miralles Santa Caterina Market Enric Miralles (1955 - July 3, 2000) was a Catalan architect. ...

Vernacular architecture

Due to the strong climatic and topographic differences throughout the country, the vernacular architecture shows a plentyful variety. Limestone, slate, granite, clay (cooked or not), wood, grass are used in the different regions, and also structure and distribution differ largely depending of the regional customs. Look up Vernacular in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Vernacular architecture a term from academic architecture to categorize structures built outside of academic tradition. ... Limey shale overlaid by limestone. ... Slate Slate is a fine-grained, homogeneous, metamorphic rock derived from an original sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash through low grade regional metamorphism. ... Quarrying granite for the Mormon Temple, Utah Territory. ... The Gay Head cliffs in Marthas Vineyard are made almost entirely of natural clays. ... A tree trunk as found at the Veluwe, The Netherlands Wood is derived from woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs. ... An area of grass-like plants Grass generally describes a monocotyledonous green plant in the family Poaceae, botanically regarded as true grasses. ...

Bibliography

References and notes

v·d·e

Architecture of Europe

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