The Liuhe Pagoda, or Six Harmonies Pagoda, in Hangzhou, erected in 1156 and fully constructed in 1165 AD.

The architecture of the Song Dynasty was based upon the accomplishments of its predecessors, much like every subsequent dynastic period of China. The hallmarks of Chinese architecture during the Song period were its towering Buddhist pagodas, enormous stone and wooden bridges, its lavish tombs, and palatial architecture. Although literary works on architecture existed beforehand, during the Song Dynasty literature on architecture blossomed into maturity and held a greater professional outlook, described dimensions and working materials in a concise manner, and overall had a greater style of organization than previous works. Architecture in Song artwork and illustrations in published books showing building diagrams also aid modern historians in understanding all the nuances of architecture originating from the Song period. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 405 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (540 × 800 pixel, file size: 68 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The author is Bob Brooks, from his familys blog on family trips and vacations. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 405 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (540 × 800 pixel, file size: 68 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The author is Bob Brooks, from his familys blog on family trips and vacations. ... Liuhe Pagoda (Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: Liùhé TÇŽ), literally Six Harmonies Pagoda or Six Harmonies Tower, is multi-storied pagoda in southern Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China. ...   (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Postal map spelling: Hangchow) is a sub-provincial city located in the Yangtze River Delta in the Peoples Republic of China, and the capital of Zhejiang province. ... This article is about building architecture. ... Northern Song in 1111 AD Capital Kaifeng (960–1127) Linan (1127–1276) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 960-976 Emperor Taizu  - 1126–1127 Emperor Qinzong  - 1127–1162 Emperor Gaozong  - 1278–1279 Emperor Bing History  - Zhao Kuangyin taking over the throne of the Later Zhou... The following is a timeline of the history of China: For a summary table of the dynasties in Chinese history and their dates, check here. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... A pagoda at Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia This article is about the building style. ... The list of bridges is a link page for any bridge. ... This is a list of tombs and mausoleums that are either notable in themselves, or contain the remains of a notable person/people. ... The quintessential medieval European palace: Palais de la Cité, in Paris, the royal palace of France. ...

The profession of the architect, craftsman, carpenter, and building engineer weren't seen as high professions equal to the likes a Confucian scholar-official in pre-modern China. Architectural knowledge was passed down orally for thousands of years in China, from a father craftsman to his son (if the son wished to continue the legacy of his father). However, there were government agencies of construction and building along with engineering schools. The Song literature of building manuals aided not only the various private workshops, but also the government employees enlisted as craftsmen for the central government. An architect at his drawing board, 1893 An architect is a person who is involved in the planning, designing and oversight of a buildings construction. ... Craftsman is an artisan who practices a handicraft or trade; a style of architecture and furniture arising from the Arts and Crafts movement; a military rank within the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, equivalent to a private; and ... Carpenter at work in Tennessee, June 1942. ... Look up engineer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Confucianism (儒家 Pinyin: rújiā The School of the Scholars), sometimes translated as the School of Literati, is an East Asian ethical, religious and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of Confucius. ...

Buddhist pagoda

The Huqiu Tower, also known as the Yunyan Pagoda, built in 961 AD.

During the Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD) of China, the idea of the Buddhist stupa entered Chinese culture, as a means to house and protect scriptural sutras. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties period, the distinct Chinese pagoda was developed, its predecessor being the tall watchtowers and towering residential apartments of the Han Dynasty (as seen through Han-era tomb models).^[1][2] During the Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) periods, Chinese pagodas were reverted from purely wooden architecture into stone and brick, which could more easily survive lightning fires, arson, and avoid the natural rotting of wooden material over the ages. A good example of a Tang era stone pagoda would be the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda constructed by 652. Although Buddhism in China had waned in influence after the late Tang period, during the Song Dynasty there were numerous Buddhist pagoda towers built. Tall Chinese pagodas were often built in the surrounding countryside instead of within the city walls, due to its foreign origin in India, and the Chinese not wanting it to compete with the cosmic-imperial authority embodied in the cities' drum-towers and gate-towers.^[3] However, there were pagodas that were built within the city's walls; an example would be the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda, built in a city ward of what was southeastern Chang'an. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x2101, 387 KB) Pagoda Yunyan Ta (Cloud Rock Pagoda), also known as leaning pagoda at the top of the Hu Qiu Shan (Tiger Hill)(Suzhou, China) Author: Miguel A. Monjas Date: 07/27, 2005 File links The following pages link to... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1357x2101, 387 KB) Pagoda Yunyan Ta (Cloud Rock Pagoda), also known as leaning pagoda at the top of the Hu Qiu Shan (Tiger Hill)(Suzhou, China) Author: Miguel A. Monjas Date: 07/27, 2005 File links The following pages link to... One or more images would improve this articles quality. ... Han Dynasty in 87 BC Capital Changan (202 BC–9 AD) Luoyang (25 AD–190 AD) Language(s) Chinese Religion Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy History  - Establishment 206 BC  - Battle of Gaixia; Han rule of China begins 202 BC  - Interruption of Han rule 9 - 24  - Abdication to Cao Wei 220... Centuries: 2nd century BC - 3rd century BC - 4th century BC Decades: 230s BC 220s BC 210s BC - 200s BC - 190s BC 180s BC 170s BC Years: 207 BC 206 BC 205 BC 204 BC 203 BC - 202 BC - 201 BC 200 BC 199 BC 198 BC 197 BC Events October... Events Han Xiandi abdicates his throne to Cao Pi, symbolizing the end of the Han Dynasty and the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period in China. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... The Great Stupa at Sanchi. ... Chinese culture has roots going back over five thousand years. ... SÅ«tra (sex) (Sanskrit) or Sutta (Pāli) literally means a rope or thread that holds things together, and more metaphorically refers to an aphorism (or line, rule, formula), or a collection of such aphorisms in the form of a manual. ... This article is about China. ... A pagoda at Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia This article is about the building style. ... The Sui Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; 581-619[1]) followed the Southern and Northern Dynasties and preceded the Tang Dynasty in China. ... Events The Sui Dynasty replaces the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the last of the Northern Dynasties in China. ... Events End of the Sui Dynasty and beginning of the Tang Dynasty in China. ... China under the Tang Dynasty (yellow) and its sphere of influence Capital Changan (618–904) Luoyang (904-907) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 618-626 Emperor Gaozu  - 684, 705-710 Emperor Zhongzong  - 684, 710-712 Emperor Ruizong  - 904-907 Emperor Ai History  - Li Yuan... Events End of the Sui Dynasty and beginning of the Tang Dynasty in China. ... Events Oleg leads Kievan Rus in a campaign against Constantinople Yelü Abaoji establishes Liao (Khitan) dynasty Births Deaths Categories: 907 ... The Chinese Pagoda is a landmark in Birmingham. ... Look up stone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For other uses, see Brick (disambiguation). ... Big Wild Goose Pagoda, Xian, China The Giant Wild Goose Pagoda or Big Wild Goose Pagoda (Chinese: 大雁塔; pinyin: ), is located in southern Xian, China. ... 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The 'Iron Pagoda' of Youguo Temple in Kaifeng is an excellent example of Song-era architecture, earning its name because of the iron-grey color of the glazed-bricks forming the tower. Originally built as a wooden pagoda by the architect Yu Hao, it was struck by lightning and burned down in 1044 during the Northern Song period. In 1049 the pagoda was rebuilt as it appears today, under the order of Emperor Renzong of Song. This octagonal-base pagoda structure stands at a current height of 56.88 meters (186.56 feet tall), and with a total of 13 story levels.^[4] It's glazed tile bricks feature carved artwork of dancing figures, solemn ministers, and Buddhist themes (see Gallery below). The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, China, built in 1049 AD during the Song Dynasty. ... The Iron Pagoda, built in 1049 Youguo Temple (Chinese: ) is a Buddhist monastery complex located northeast of Kaifeng, in Henan province, China. ... Kaifeng (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Kāifēng; Wade-Giles: Kai-feng), formerly known as Bianliang (汴梁; Wade-Giles: Pien-liang), is a prefecture-level city in eastern Henan province, Peoples Republic of China. ... Yu Hao was a late 10th century Chinese architect of the Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD). ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Octagon (disambiguation). ...

The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, built in 1049 AD.

However, China also featured real iron-cast pagodas, such as the Iron Pagoda of Yuquan Temple (Jade Springs Temple), Dangyang, Hubei Province. Built in 1061 AD during the Northern Song, it holds a weight of 53848 kg (53 t) of cast iron, at a standing height of 21.28 m (70 ft tall).^[5] In mock and model after the roofing tiles of actual wooden, stone, or brick pagodas of the Song period, this iron pagoda also features delicate sloping eaves, and has an octoganal-shaped base.^[6] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, China, built in 1049 AD during the Song Dynasty. ... Kaifeng (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: KāifÄ“ng; Wade-Giles: Kai-feng), formerly known as Bianliang (汴梁; Wade-Giles: Pien-liang), is a prefecture-level city in eastern Henan province, Peoples Republic of China. ... Dangyang City, in Hubei Province, China, lies 70 km east of the Gezhouba Dam on the Yangtze River. ... Hubei (Chinese: 湖北; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hu-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hupeh) is a central province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but can mean any of a group of iron-based alloys containing more than 2% carbon (alloys with less carbon are carbon steel by definition). ...

The Liuhe Pagoda, or Six Harmonies Pagoda, is another famous Song-era work of pagoda architecture. It is located in the Southern Song capital of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, at the foot of the Yuelun Hill facing the Qiantang River. Although the original was destroyed in 1121, the current tower was erected in 1156, fully restored by 1165. It stands at a height of 59.89 m (196 ft tall), constructed from a red-brick frame with 13 layers of wooden eaves. The Liuhe Pagoda, being of considerable size and stature, served as a permanent lighthouse from nearly its beginning, to aid sailors in seeking anchorage for their ships at night (as described in the Hangzhou Fu Zhi).^[7] During the Southern Song period, it was one of the crowning pieces of architecture for the capital city. Liuhe Pagoda (Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: Liùhé TÇŽ), literally Six Harmonies Pagoda or Six Harmonies Tower, is multi-storied pagoda in southern Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China. ...   (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Postal map spelling: Hangchow) is a sub-provincial city located in the Yangtze River Delta in the Peoples Republic of China, and the capital of Zhejiang province. ... Zhejiang (also spelled Chehkiang or Chekiang) is an eastern coastal province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... -1... A HDR image of a traditional lighthouse For other uses, see Lighthouse (disambiguation). ... Three types of mariners are seen here in the wheelhouse: a master, an able seaman, and a harbour pilot. ... A stocked ships anchor. ...

The Twin Pagodas of Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou are also renowned within China. The first pagoda, the Zhenguo Pagoda, was originally built of wood during the Xiantong period (860-873). Its twin structure, the Renshou Pagoda (also originally constructed with wood) was built in 916 AD. After being destroyed several times by fire and other calamity, the present Renshou Pagoda was built of stone in 1228 AD, while its twin structure of the Zhenguo Pagoda was also built of stone in 1238 AD (sponsored by a Buddhist monk known as Bengong). The Renshou Pagoda is 44.6 m tall, while the Zhenguo Pagoda is slightly taller, at a height of 48.24 m tall. Kaiyuan is also the name of Kaiyuan District, a former district of Xiamen City, Fujian Province. ... The characters 泉州 are also used for Senshū, an alternate name for the former Japanese province of Izumi. ... Emperor Tang Yizong (唐懿宗李漼 November 14, 833–873), born Li Cui, was the 17th emperor of the Tang dynasty of China. ... Events First attack on Constantinople by Swedish Vikings (the Rus, see Varangians). ... Events Viking raid of Dorestad. ... A replica of an ancient statue found among the ruins of a temple at Sarnath Buddhism is a philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama, a prince of the Shakyas, whose lifetime is traditionally given as 566 to 486 BCE. It had subsequently been accepted by... St. ...

The Khitan wooden Yingxian Pagoda of Shanxi province, built in 1056 AD.

The Zhengjue Temple Pagoda in Pengxian County of Sichuan Province (near Chengdu) is a brick pagoda that was built between 1023 and 1026 AD, according to its inscriptions along the first story of the pagoda. The pagoda has a square base on a sumeru pedestal, stands at thirteen stories in a total of 28 m in height, and its multiple layers of eaves are similar in style to the earlier Tang Dynasty pagodas found in Chang'an, the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda and Small Wild Goose Pagoda. Inside the pagoda the staircase reaches up to the fourth story under a vault ceiling. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1536 × 2048 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1536 × 2048 pixel, file size: 1. ... Khitan may refer to: Khitan people Khitan language Khitan script Category: ... A pagoda at Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia This article is about the building style. ... Shanxi (Chinese: 山西; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Shansi) is a province in the northern part of the Peoples Republic of China. ...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: SzÅ­4-chuan1; Postal map spelling: Szechwan and Szechuan) is a province in the central-western China with its capital at Chengdu. ...   (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Cheng-tu), located in southwest China, is the capital of Sichuan province and a sub-provincial city. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Mount Meru (Mythology). ... China under the Tang Dynasty (yellow) and its sphere of influence Capital Changan (618–904) Luoyang (904-907) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 618-626 Emperor Gaozu  - 684, 705-710 Emperor Zhongzong  - 684, 710-712 Emperor Ruizong  - 904-907 Emperor Ai History  - Li Yuan... For an automobile manufacturer in the Peoples Republic of China, see Changan Motors. ... Big Wild Goose Pagoda, Xian, China The Giant Wild Goose Pagoda or Big Wild Goose Pagoda (Chinese: 大雁塔; pinyin: ), is located in southern Xian, China. ... Small Wild Goose Pagoda in Xian, China The Small Wild Goose Pagoda, sometimes Little Goose Pagoda (Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ), is one of two significant pagodas in the city of Xian, China. ...

The Liao Dynasty to the north was also famous for its Buddhist pagoda architecture. Although many brick and stone pagodas, and brick-stone/wood hybrid pagodas built beforehand have survived the ages, the tallest and oldest fully-wooden pagoda still standing in China was of Liao-Khitan making, the Yingxian Pagoda (also called Sakyamuni Pagoda).^[8][9] Located in Yingxian County of Shanxi Province, the octogonal-base pagoda was built in 1056 AD, as a crowning architectural masterpiece of the Fogong Temple. The pagoda stands at a height of 67.13 m (220.18 ft) tall, making it taller than both the Iron Pagoda and the Liuhe Pagoda of the Song Dynasty.^[10] The pagoda also features just under sixty different kinds of bracket arms in its construction.^[11] The pagoda was built in a similar style to the Liuhe Pagoda, with its delicate wooden eaves and curving tiles, and along with the other pagodas it is a site of tourist attraction in modern times. Apparently, the pagoda was built by Emperor Daozong of Liao (Hongji) at the site of his grandmother's family home.^[12] The pagoda reached such fame that it was simply nicknamed the "Mu-ta" (Timber Pagoda) in China.^[9] While the Yingxian Pagoda is the oldest existent fully-wooden pagoda in China, the oldest-existent fully-wooden building in southern China is a main hall that belongs to Baoguo Temple. The hall was constructed in the year 1013, although it contains original wooden pillars that were erected in the earlier Tang Dynasty. Wood-and-brick hybrid pagodas were also built, such as the 42 m (137 ft) tall Lingxiao Pagoda of 1045. The first four floors of this octagonal pagoda are brick (with wooden eaves), while the 5th floor up is entirely made of wood. The Liao Dynasty (Traditional Chinese: , Simplified Chinese: , pinyin: Liáo Cháo), 907-1125, also known as the Khitan Empire, was an empire in northern China that ruled over the regions of Manchuria, Mongolia, and parts of northern China proper. ... Standing Buddha, ancient region of Gandhara, northern Pakistan, 1st century CE. Gautama Buddha was a South Asian spiritual leader who lived between approximately 563 BCE and 483 BCE. Born Siddhartha Gautama in Sanskrit, a name meaning descendant of Gotama whose aims are achieved/who is efficacious in achieving aims, he... Shanxi (Chinese: 山西; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Shansi) is a province in the northern part of the Peoples Republic of China. ... For technical reasons, :) and some similar combinations starting with : redirect here. ... Alternative meaning: In geology, North China (continent) and South China (continent) were two ancient landmasses that correspond to modern northern and southern China. ... Baoguo Temple (Chinese: ; pinyin: BÇŽoguósì) is a Mahayana Buddhist temple located in Jiangbei district, 15km north of Ningbo, in Zhejiang, China. ... China under the Tang Dynasty (yellow) and its sphere of influence Capital Changan (618–904) Luoyang (904-907) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 618-626 Emperor Gaozu  - 684, 705-710 Emperor Zhongzong  - 684, 710-712 Emperor Ruizong  - 904-907 Emperor Ai History  - Li Yuan... The Lingxiao Pagoda of Zhengding, Hebei Province, a half-brick half-wooden pagoda built in 1045 AD, with little change in renovations since. ...

Although the Yingxian Pagoda is the tallest existent wooden pagoda, the tallest existent Chinese pagoda of the pre-modern age is the Liaodi Pagoda. Completed in the year 1055, it stands at a height of 84 m (275 ft) tall, with an octagonal base on a large platform. Although it served its religious purpose as a Buddhist landmark in the Kaiyuan Monastery of Ding County, Hebei province, with its great height it served another valuable purpose as a military watchtower used to spot enemy movements of the Khitan Liao Dynasty. Besides watchtowers, towers could also serve as large astronomical observatories. This includes the Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory built in 1276 AD, still standing today. The Liaodi Pagoda, completed in 1055 during the Song Dynasty. ... Events January 11 - Theodora becomes Reigning Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire. ... For other uses, see Octagon (disambiguation). ... A watchtower is a type of fortification. ... MolÄ—tai Astronomical Observatory An observatory is a location used for observing terrestrial and/or celestial events. ... Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory. ...

Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng

The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, China, built in 1049 AD during the Song Dynasty. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (480 × 640 pixel, file size: 106 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, China, built in 1049 AD during the Song Dynasty. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (480 × 640 pixel, file size: 130 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, China, built in 1049 AD during the Song Dynasty. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 450 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (480 × 640 pixel, file size: 158 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, China, built in 1049 AD during the Song Dynasty. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

Grandiose bridges

The Zhaozhou Bridge of 605 AD, a segmental arch bridge that would inspire later bridge-works in China, such as the similar Yongtong Bridge built during the Song period.

Bridges over waterways had been known in China since the ancient Zhou Dynasty, and even floating pontoon bridges were mentioned from the Zhou period (Song era pontoon bridges include the Dongjin Bridge, 400 meters long, which is still seen today). Bridges of the Zhou Dynasty were often built entirely of wood, while some featured stone piers. The first bridge in China to be built entirely of stone was an arch bridge of 135 AD, spanning a transport canal in the Eastern Han capital of Luoyang.^[13] With brilliant engineers such as Li Chun of the Sui period, grand bridge-works like the Zhaozhou Bridge of 605 AD were built. In terms of global history, this bridge is famous for being the world's first open-spandrel stone segemental arch bridge. Although the bridge of Roman Emperor Trajan over the Danube featured wooden-built open-spandrel segmental arches on stone piers (Trajan's Bridge), the first purely-stone segmental arch bridge built in Europe was the Ponte Vecchio Bridge of Florence, built in 1335. The Zhaozhou Bridge would continue to influence later Chinese bridges, such as the similar Yongtong Bridge near Zhaoxian in Hebei, an 85 ft. long stone segmental-arch bridge built in 1130 AD by the Song engineer Pou Qianer.^[14] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (2272 × 1704 pixel, file size: 593 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Made by Zhao1974 in Hopei Province, China. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixel Image in higher resolution (2272 × 1704 pixel, file size: 593 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Made by Zhao1974 in Hopei Province, China. ... The Zhaozhou Bridge (Chinese: 赵州桥; Pinyin: ) is the worlds oldest open-spandrel segmental arch bridge located in Hebei Province, China. ... Events Aj Ne Ohl Mat becomes ruler of Palenque As a result of quarrel between Numan III, the Lakhmid ruler, and the Persian Chosroes the Persian border with Arabia is no long guarded. ... volcanic rock. ... Boundaries of the Western Zhou Dynasty (1050 - 771 BC) in China The Zhou Dynasty (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chou Ch`ao; 1122 BC to 256 BC [1] preceded by the Shang Dynasty and followed by the Qin Dynasty in China. ... For the car body style, see Ponton (automobile). ... The Dongjin Bridge in Ganzhou, China is a Pontoon bridge constructed over the Zhang river and Gong river since the Song Dynasty (960-1279). ... Luoyang (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a prefecture-level city in western Henan province, Peoples Republic of China. ... The Zhaozhou Bridge (Chinese: 赵州桥; Pinyin: ) is the worlds oldest open-spandrel segmental arch bridge located in Hebei Province, China. ... A spandrel is originally a term from Architecture, but has more recently been given an analogous meaning in Evolutionary biology. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Motto Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) The Roman Empire at its greatest extent. ... This article is about the Roman Emperor. ... This article is about the Danube River. ... Drawings of the still-standing pillars Trajans Bridge was the first bridge built on the lower Danube river, east from the Iron Gates, near what is now the city of Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Romania and Kladovo, Serbia. ... Ponte Vecchio Ponte Vecchio at night View of the Ponte Vecchio from above The Ponte Vecchio (IPA pronunciation: ) (Italian for Old Bridge)[1] is a Medieval bridge over the Arno River, in Florence, Italy, noted for having shops (mainly jewellers) built along it. ... Florence (Italian: ) is the capital city of the region of Tuscany, Italy. ... Hebei (Chinese: 河北; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ho-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hopeh) is a northern province of the Peoples Republic of China. ...

During the Song Dynasty, bridge construction reached an even greater height of sophistication and grand extent. There were large trestle-structure bridges built during the Song, like the one built by Zhang Zhongyan in 1158 AD.^[15] There were also large bridges built entirely of stone, such as the Ba Zi Bridge of Shaoxing, built in 1256 AD, which still stands today.^[16] Bridges with stylish Chinese pavilions crowning their central spans were often featured in painted artwork, like the landscape paintings of Xia Gui (1195–1224). There were also long roof-covered corridor bridges built, such as the 12th century Rainbow Bridge in Wuyuan, Jiangxi province, which has wide stone-base piers and a top-level wooden frame. While he was an administrator for Hangzhou, the famous Chinese poet, travel writer, and government official Su Shi (1037-1101) had a large pedestrian causeway built across the West Lake, which still bears his name: sudi (蘇堤). In 1221, the Daoist traveler Qiu Changchun once visited Genghis Khan in Samarkand, describing various Chinese bridges in his travels there through the Tian Shan Mountains, east of Kuldja. The historian Joseph Needham quotes him as saying: Steel trestle with plate girder spans A trestle is a bridge that consists of a large number of short spans, supported by splayed vertical elements and is usually for railroad use. ... Shaoxing (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Shao-hsing) is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Zhejiang province, Peoples Republic of China. ... A free-standing garden pavilion, Hofgarten in Munich, Bavaria In architecture a pavilion (from French, pavillon) has two main significations. ... Xia Gui (1195–1224) Chinese scroll painter of the Song dynasty, who was one of the great masters of the Southern Song landscape style. ... Events Priory of St Marys, Bushmead, founded. ... // Foundation of the University of Naples Livonian Brothers of the Sword conquers Latgallians and the stronghold of Tartu from Ugaunian and Russian troops. ... Look up Corridor in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Jiangxi (Chinese: 江西; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chiang-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Kiangsi) is a southern province of the Peoples Republic of China, spanning from the banks of the Yangtze River in the north into hillier areas in the south. ...   (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Postal map spelling: Hangchow) is a sub-provincial city located in the Yangtze River Delta in the Peoples Republic of China, and the capital of Zhejiang province. ... Su Shi (蘇軾) (1037-1101) was a writer, poet, artist, calligrapher and statesman of the Song Dynasty, one of the major poets of the Song era. ... // Events Construction of the church of Saint Sophia Cathedral is started in Kyiv. ... Events A second wave of crusaders arrives in the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem, after being heavily defeated by Kilij Arslan I at Heraclia. ... The Hindenburgdamm rail causeway across the Wadden Sea to the island of Sylt in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany In modern usage, a causeway is a road or railway elevated by a bank, usually across a broad body of water or wetland. ... The West Lake West Lake (Chinese: ; pinyin: XÄ« Hú) is a famous fresh water lake located in central Hangzhou, in Zhejiang province of eastern China. ... For other uses, see Genghis Khan (disambiguation). ... Samarkand (Tajik: Самарқанд, Persian: ‎ , Uzbek: , Russian: ), population 412,300 in 2005, is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province. ... The Tian Shan (Chinese: 天山; Pinyin: Tiān Shān; celestial mountains) mountain range is located in Central Asia, in the border region of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of western China. ... Town square in Yining/Ghulja, July 2005 Yining (Simplified Chinese: 伊宁; Traditional Chinese: 伊寧; Hanyu Pinyin: Yíníng; Uighur كۇلژا Kulja; also Kuldja, Gulja, Ghulja, Ining) is a city in western Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of northwestern China, and the capital of the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. ...

The Lugou Bridge (Marco Polo Bridge), constructed from 1189 to 1192, although the current bridge was reconstructed in 1698.

In medieval-era Fujian Province, there were enormous beam bridges built during the Song Dynasty. Some of these bridges were built at a length of 1219.2 m (4,000 ft), with the length of their individual spans of up to 22.33 m (70 ft) in length, and the construction of which necessitated the moving of massive stones that weighed 203200 kg (200 t).^[16] Unfortunately, no names of the engineers of the Fujian bridges were recorded or featured on inscriptions of the bridges. The only names featured were merely the names of the Song-era local officials that sponsored them and gave oversight of their construction and repair.^[16] However, the historian Joseph Needham points out that there might have been an engineering school of Fujian headed by a prominent engineer of the time known as Cai Xiang (1012–1067). Cai was a noted scholar, an author of books on lichi fruit and tea, and who had risen to the seat of a governmental prefect in Fujian. Near Quanzhou, Cai Xiang planned and supervised the construction of the large Wanan Bridge (once called the Luoyang Bridge, constructed from 1053-1059 AD), a stone bridge similar to other bridges found in Fujian.^[16] The bridge still stands today, and features ship-like piers that reduce the amount of rapid river water friction. Its dimensions are 731 m (2,398 ft) in length, 5 m (16 ft) in width, and 7 m (22 ft) in height. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 467 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (711 × 912 pixel, file size: 782 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) scan from 《社会历史博物馆》 ISBN 7-5347-1397-8 元·卢沟筏运图 File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 467 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (711 × 912 pixel, file size: 782 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) scan from 《社会历史博物馆》 ISBN 7-5347-1397-8 元·卢沟筏运图 File historyClick on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. ... The Lugou Bridge (卢沟桥/盧溝橋), also known as the Marco Polo Bridge, is a famous stone bridge located 15 km outside of Beijing. ... Marco Polo (September 15, 1254 – January 8, 1324) was a Venetian trader and explorer who gained fame for his worldwide travels, recorded in the book Il Milione (The Million or The Travels of Marco Polo). ... Chagatai can refer to different things: Chagatai Khanate Chagatai Khan Chagatai language This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Look up Caesar in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... It has been suggested that River Rhine Pollution: November 1986 be merged into this article or section. ... “Da Vinci” redirects here. ...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chien; Postal map spelling: Fukien, Foukien; local transliteration Hokkien from Min Nan Hok-kiàn) is one of the provinces on the southeast coast of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Cai Xiang (simplified Chinese: 蔡襄) (born in Xianyou, Fujian in 1012, died in Xianyou 1067) is a Chinese calligrapher, scholar, official and poet. ... Mael Morda starts a rebellion against Brian Boru in Ireland, which would eventually end in 1014 at the Battle of Clontarf. ... Events Constantine X emperor of the Byzantine Empire dies. ... A prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: make in front, i. ... The characters 泉州 are also used for SenshÅ«, an alternate name for the former Japanese province of Izumi. ... Events June 18 - Battle of Civitate - 3000 horsemen of Norman Count Humphrey rout the troops of Pope Leo IX Good harvests in Europe Malcolm Canmore invades Scotland. ... Events Anselm of Canterbury settles at the Benedictine monastery of Le Bec in Normandy. ... Friction is the force that opposes the relative motion or tendency toward such motion of two surfaces in contact. ...

Tombs of the Northern Song emperors

Statues along an avenue of the tomb complex.

Located southwest of Gongyi city in Gongxian County in Henan province, the large tombs of the Northern Song Dynasty include a total of some 1,000 tombs, including individual tombs for Song emperors, empresses, princes, princesses, consorts, and extended family. The size of the complex has an area of approximately 7 km (4.3 miles) running east to west by 8 km (5 miles) running north to south.^[18] Construction on the complex began in 963 AD, during the reign of the first Song ruler Emperor Taizu of Song, whose father is also buried at the site.^[18] The only Northern Song emperors not buried there are Emperor Huizong of Song and Emperor Qinzong of Song, who died in captivity after the Jurchen invasion of northern China in 1127. Lining the avenues of the tomb complex are hundreds of Song Dynasty sculptures and statues of tigers, rams, lions, horse and groom, horned beasts and mythical creatures, government officials, military generals, foreign ambassadors, and others featured in an enormous display of Song era artwork. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 502 pixelsFull resolution (2576 × 1615 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 502 pixelsFull resolution (2576 × 1615 pixel, file size: 2. ... Henan (Chinese: 河南; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ho-nan), is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located in the central part of the country. ... Emperor Taizu (March 21, 927 - November 14, 976, Chinese 太祖), born Zhao Kuangyin (Chinese 趙匡胤), was the founder of the Song Dynasty of China, reigning from 960 to 976. ... Emperor Huizong (November 2, 1082 – June 4, 1135) was the eighth and one of the most famous emperors of the Song Dynasty of China, with a personal life spent amidst luxury, sophistication and art but ending in tragedy. ... Emperor Qinzong (May 23, 1100 – June 14, 1161) was the ninth emperor of the Song Dynasty of China, and the last emperor of the Northern Song. ... The Jurchens (Chinese: 女真, pinyin: nǚzhēn) were a Tungusic people who inhabited parts of Manchuria and northern Korea until the seventeenth century, when they became the Manchus. ... Conrad III establishes the Hohenstaufen dynasty when he is crowned antiking to the Holy Roman Emperor, Lothair II. First coalition of the Norman princes against Roger II of Sicily. ... A sculpture is a three-dimensional object, which for the purposes of this article is man-made and selected for special recognition as art. ... Northern Song era Jun Ware planter, stoneware with Jun glaze, early 12th century. ...

Gate towers leading into the complex.

The layout and style of the Song tombs resemble those found in the contemporary Tangut kingdom of the Western Xia, which also had an auxiliary burial site associated with each tomb.^[18] At the center of each burial site in the complex is a truncated pyramidal tomb, each tomb once guarded by a four-walled enclosure with four centered gates and four corner towers.^[19] About 100 km from Gongxian is the well-excavated Baisha Tomb, a grand example of Song era subterranean tomb architecture, with "elaborate facsimiles in brick of Chinese timber frame construction, from door lintels to pillars and pedestals to bracket sets, that adorn interior walls."^[19] The Baisha Tomb had two large separated chambers with cone-shaped cielings, and leading down to the entrance doors of the subterranean tomb is a large stair case.^[20] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 417 pixelsFull resolution (2576 × 1344 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 417 pixelsFull resolution (2576 × 1344 pixel, file size: 1. ... The Tangut, also known as the Western Xia were a Qiangic-Tibetan people who moved to the highlands of western Sichuan sometime before the 10th century AD. They spoke Tangut language a now-extinct Tibeto-Burman language. ... Location of Western Xia in 1142 Capital Xingqing Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1038-1048 Emperor Jingzong  - 1226-1227 Emperor Modi History  - Established 1038  - Surrendered to the Mongol Empire 1227 Population  - peak est. ...

Literature

The Beisi Pagoda, its original frame built between 1131 and 1162 during the Song Dynasty, 76 m (243 ft) tall.

During the Song Dynasty (960–1279 AD), previous works on architecture were brought to more sophisticated levels of description, such as the Yili Shigong, written by Li Ruogui in 1193 AD.^[21] One of the most difinitive works, however, was the earlier Mu Jing ('Timberwork Manual'), ascribed to the Master-Carpenter (Du Liao Jiang) known as Yu Hao, written sometime between 965 to 995. Yu Hao was responsible for the construction of an elegant wooden pagoda tower in Kaifeng, one that unfortunately was burnt down by lightning and replaced by the brick Iron Pagoda soon after. In his time, books on architecture were still considered a lowly scholarly achievement since it was associated with a middle-class craft, therefore it was not even recorded in the official court bibliography.^[22] Although the Timberwork Manual was lost to history, the scientist and statesman Shen Kuo wrote of his work extensively in his Dream Pool Essays of 1088, praising the Timberwork Manual as a work of architectural genius, and that no one in his own time could reproduce such a work.^[23] However, several years later, there was such a man, known as Li Jie (1065-1110), who wrote the Yingzao Fashi ('Treatise on Architectural Methods' or 'State Building Standards').^[23][24] Although others existed before, such as the Yingshan Ling (National Building Law) of the early Tang Dynasty (618-907),^[25] Li's book is the oldest existent technical manual on Chinese architecture to have survived in full.^[24] Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 391 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1938 × 2967 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 391 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1938 × 2967 pixel, file size: 1. ... The Beisi Pagoda. ... Northern Song in 1111 AD Capital Kaifeng (960–1127) Linan (1127–1276) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 960-976 Emperor Taizu  - 1126–1127 Emperor Qinzong  - 1127–1162 Emperor Gaozong  - 1278–1279 Emperor Bing History  - Zhao Kuangyin taking over the throne of the Later Zhou... Events Edgar the Peaceable crowned King of England. ... For broader historical context, see 1270s and 13th century. ... Yu Hao was a late 10th century Chinese architect of the Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD). ... The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, China, built in 1049 AD during the Song Dynasty. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Shen Shen Kuo or Shen Kua (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) (1031–1095 AD) was a polymath Chinese scientist of the Song Dynasty (960–1279 AD). ... Shen Kuo (沈括) (1031-1095 AD) The Dream Pool Essays (Pinyin: Meng Xi Bi Tan; Wade-Giles: Meng Chi Pi Tan Chinese: 梦溪笔谈) was an extensive book written by the polymath Chinese scientist and statesman Shen Kuo (1031-1095) by 1088 AD, during the Song Dynasty (960-1279) of China. ... Bracket arm clusters containing cantilevers, Yingzao Fashi The Yingzao Fashi (Chinese:營造法式; Treatise on Architectural Methods or State Building Standards) is a technical treatise on architecture and craftsmanship written by the Chinese author Li Jie (1065–1110),[1] the Directorate of Buildings and Construction during the mid Song Dynasty of China. ... China under the Tang Dynasty (yellow) and its sphere of influence Capital Changan (618–904) Luoyang (904-907) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 618-626 Emperor Gaozu  - 684, 705-710 Emperor Zhongzong  - 684, 710-712 Emperor Ruizong  - 904-907 Emperor Ai History  - Li Yuan... Events End of the Sui Dynasty and beginning of the Tang Dynasty in China. ... Events Oleg leads Kievan Rus in a campaign against Constantinople Yelü Abaoji establishes Liao (Khitan) dynasty Births Deaths Categories: 907 ...

Treatise of Li Jie

In his youth, Li Jie was well educated, since his father had been the Minister of Revenue at the Song court.^[26] Besides his later work on architecture, Li Jie also published books on geography, history, and philology, and was also a painter.^[26] When Shen Kuo was in office, Li Jie was an up-and-coming official in the Bureau of Imperial Sacrifices, and by 1092 he had been moved to the Directorate of Buildings and Construction, where he showed much promise as an architect.^[23] He revised many older treatises on architecture from 1097 until 1100. His written work was complete in 1100, and he presented his work to Emperor Zhezong of Song in his last year of reign.^[26][23] His successor Emperor Huizong of Song had Li's book officially published three years later in 1103, so that it could benefit tons of foremen, architects, and literate craftsmen.^[23][26] His book was aimed not only at providing standard regulations for the engineering agencies of the central government, but also the many workshops and artisan families throughout China who could benefit from using a well-written government manual on building practices.^[27] With his printed book becoming a noted success throughout the country, Li Jie was promoted by Huizong as the Director of Palace Buildings.^[28] Thereafter Li became well-known for the oversight in construction of administrative offices, palace apartments, gates and gate-towers, the ancestral temple of the Song Dynasty, along with numerous Buddhist temples.^[23] In 1145 a second edition of Li's book was published by Wang Huan.^[27] The history of China is told in traditional historical records that refer as far back as the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors about 5,000 years ago, supplemented by archaeological records dating to the 16th century BC. China is one of the worlds oldest continuous civilizations. ... Philology, etymologically, is the love of words. ... Chinese art is art that, whether ancient or modern, originated in or is practiced in China or by Chinese artists or performers. ... Emperor Zhezong (January 4, 1076 – February 23, 1100) was the seventh emperor of the Song Dynasty of China. ... Emperor Huizong (November 2, 1082 – June 4, 1135) was the eighth and one of the most famous emperors of the Song Dynasty of China, with a personal life spent amidst luxury, sophistication and art but ending in tragedy. ... A workshop is a room or building which provides both the area and tools (or machinery) that may be required for the manufacture or repair of manufactured goods. ... An artisan, also called a craftsman,[1] is a skilled manual worker who uses tools and machinery in a particular craft. ... Ancestor worship, also ancestor veneration, is a religious practice based on the belief that ones ancestors possess supernatural powers. ... The Buddhist temple Wat Chiang Man, in Chiang Mai, Thailand, which dates from the late 13th century Buddhist temples and monasteries, sorted by location. ...

The Lingxiao Pagoda of Zhengding, Hebei Province, built in 1045 AD, with little change in renovations since, 42 m (137 ft) tall.

Li's written work included building codes and regulations, accounting information, materials used in construction, and classification of different crafts.^[29] Written in 34 chapters, the book outlined units of measurement,^[24] the construction of moats and fortifications,^[30] stonework,^[30] greater woodwork,^[30] lesser woodwork,^[30] including specifications (and illustration) for makiing bracketing units with inclined arms and joints for columns and beams,^[31] wood carving,^[30] turning and drilling,^[30] sawing,^[30] bamboo work,^[30] tiling,^[30] wall building,^[30] painting and decoration,^[30] recipes for decorative paints, glazes, and coatings,^[24] mixture proportions for mortars in masonry,^[28] brickwork,^[30] glazed tile making,^[30] and provided drawn illustrations of all these practices and standards.^[24] His book outlined structural carpentry in great detail, providing standard dimensional measurements for all components used.^[27] In this he developed a standard 8-grade system of different size timber elements known as the cai-fen system of units, which could be universally applied in buildings.^[32] About 8% of Li Jie's book took material from preexisting written material on architecture, while the majority of the book documented the inherited traditions of craftsmen and architects.^[26] Li's book provided a full glossary of technical terms that included mathematical formulae, building proportions and construction, and incorporated topography in estimations on how to build on different sites.^[28] He also estimated the monetary costs of hiring laborers of different skill levels and crafts, on the basis of a day's work, the materials needed, and the seasons employed in.^[28] Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 345 KB)Photograph of the Lingxiao Pagoda, Zhengding, Hebei Province, China. ... Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 345 KB)Photograph of the Lingxiao Pagoda, Zhengding, Hebei Province, China. ... The Lingxiao Pagoda of Zhengding, Hebei Province, a half-brick half-wooden pagoda built in 1045 AD, with little change in renovations since. ... Zhengding (Chinese: 正定; pinyin: ) is a county in Hebei Province approximately 260 kilometers south of Beijing, China. ... Hebei (Chinese: 河北; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ho-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hopeh) is a northern province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The former Weights and Measures office in Middlesex, England. ... The moated manor house of Baddesley Clinton in Warwickshire, England Moats (also known as a Fosse) were deep and wide water-filled trenches, excavated to provide a barrier against attack upon castle ramparts or other fortifications. ... Table of Fortification, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. ... Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland Petroglyph on Petroglyph Point Petroglyphs on Petroglyph Point Petroglyphs on Petroglyph Point Petroglyphs on Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument Petroglyphs from Scandinavia (Häljesta, Västmanland in Sweden). ... For technical reasons, :) and some similar combinations starting with : redirect here. ... A joint is the location at which two or more bones make contact. ... For other uses, see Column (disambiguation). ... Beam may refer to: Look up beam in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Carved wooden cranes Wood carving is a form of working wood by means of a cutting tool held in the hand (this may be a power tool), resulting in a wooden figure or figurine (this may be abstract in nature) or in the ornamentation of a wooden object. ... A child using an electric drill with a screwdriver bit mounted in the chuck. ... Delinquent sawed in two (Drawing by Lucas Cranach the Elder) Delinquent sawed in two while other condemned watch (Mediaeval drawing) Example of a two-man saw used for execution This article describes the method of execution. ... Diversity Around 91 genera and 1,000 species Subtribes Arthrostylidiinae Arundinariinae Bambusinae Chusqueinae Guaduinae Melocanninae Nastinae Racemobambodinae Shibataeinae See the full Taxonomy of the Bambuseae. ... In geometry, a tiling (also called tessellation, mosaic or dissection) of a given shape S consists of a collection of other shapes which precisely cover S. Often the shape S to be tiled is the Euclidean plane, but other shapes and three-dimensional objects are considered as well. ... Qing dynasty wall of Xian, showing elaborate wall towers Chinese city walls (Chinese: ; pinyin: chéngqiáng; literally city wall) refer to civic defensive systems used to protect towns and cities in China in pre-modern times. ... Wall scroll painted by Ma Lin in 1246. ... This article is about culinary recipes. ... A coating is a covering that is applied to an object to protect it or change its appearance. ... Mortar holding weathered bricks. ... Masonry in action; a Mason at work. ... For other uses, see Brick (disambiguation). ... Glaze is a thin shiny coating, or the act of applying the coating. ... A carpenter is a skilled craftsman who performs carpentry -- a wide range of woodworking that includes constructing buildings, furniture, and other large objects out of wood. ... Look up glossary in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... For discussion of land surfaces themselves, see Terrain. ...

In 1919, a Zhu Qiqian was so intrigued by reading an 1145 AD printed edition of the Yingzao Fashi at the Nanjing Provincial Library, he printed a photolithographic edition in the same year and established the Institute for Research into Chinese Architecture (Zhongguo Yingzao Xueshe).^[33] Soon after the book was reprinted in 1925, the institute Zhu had established began studying the book in greater detail, while fragments of other medieval editions were discovered in Qing Dynasty court documents.^[34] The 1925 publication spurred worldwide interest in Chinese architecture, with French author Paul Demièville, British scholar W. Perceval Yetts, and Japanese scholar Takuichi Takeshima.^[35] The Yingzao Fashi was printed again in the years 1932 and 1983.^[36] “Nanking” redirects here. ... Photolithography is a process used in semiconductor device fabrication to transfer a pattern from a photomask (also called reticle) to the surface of a substrate. ... Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Territory of Qing China in 1892 Capital Shengjing (1636-1644) Beijing (1644-1912) Language(s) Chinese Manchu Mongolian Government Monarchy Emperor  - 1636-1643 Huang Taiji  - 1908-1912 Xuantong Emperor Prime Minister  - 1911 Yikuang  - 1911-1912 Yuan Shikai History  - Establishment of the Late...

Shen Kuo's dissertation on the Timberwork Manual

The Chengling Pagoda of Zhengding, Hebei province, built between 1161 and 1189 AD under the Jin Dynasty.

In his Dream Pool Essays of 1088, the Song scientist and statesman Shen Kuo was one to praise the architectural written work of Yu Hao, who once had a marvelous wooden Chinese pagoda built at the Song capital of Kaifeng. Below is a passage from one of Shen's books outlining the basics contained in Yu's 10th century work on early Song-era architecture: Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 321 KB)Photograph of the Chengling Pagoda, Zhengding, Hebei Province, China. ... Download high resolution version (1200x1600, 321 KB)Photograph of the Chengling Pagoda, Zhengding, Hebei Province, China. ... Zhengding (Chinese: 正定; pinyin: ) is a county in Hebei Province approximately 260 kilometers south of Beijing, China. ... Hebei (Chinese: 河北; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ho-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hopeh) is a northern province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... now. ... Shen Kuo (沈括) (1031-1095 AD) The Dream Pool Essays (Pinyin: Meng Xi Bi Tan; Wade-Giles: Meng Chi Pi Tan Chinese: 梦溪笔谈) was an extensive book written by the polymath Chinese scientist and statesman Shen Kuo (1031-1095) by 1088 AD, during the Song Dynasty (960-1279) of China. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Shen Shen Kuo or Shen Kua (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) (1031–1095 AD) was a polymath Chinese scientist of the Song Dynasty (960–1279 AD). ... Yu Hao was a late 10th century Chinese architect of the Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD). ... Kaifeng (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: KāifÄ“ng; Wade-Giles: Kai-feng), formerly known as Bianliang (汴梁; Wade-Giles: Pien-liang), is a prefecture-level city in eastern Henan province, Peoples Republic of China. ...

In the first quote, Shen Kuo describes a scene were Yu Hao gives advice to another artisan architect about slanting struts for diagonal wind bracing: A strut is a structural component designed to resist longitudinal compression. ...

In this next quote, Shen Kuo describes the dimensions and types of architecture outlined in Yu Hao's book: Zhejiang (also spelled Chehkiang or Chekiang) is an eastern coastal province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ...   (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Postal map spelling: Hangchow) is a sub-provincial city located in the Yangtze River Delta in the Peoples Republic of China, and the capital of Zhejiang province. ... GOLD refers to one of the following: GOLD (IEEE) is an IEEE program designed to garner more student members at the university level (Graduates of the Last Decade). ... For other uses, see Hairpin (disambiguation). ... General Name, symbol, number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ... Diagram of a tsetse fly, showing the head, thorax and abdomen The thorax is a division of an animals body that lies between the head and the abdomen. ...

Diagram of corbel brackets from a cross section of a hall, from Li Jie's Yingzao Fashi published in 1103.

Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 462 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (837 × 1087 pixel, file size: 418 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Faithful reproductions of two-dimensional original works cannot attract copyright in the U.S. according to the rule in Bridgeman Art Library v. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 462 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (837 × 1087 pixel, file size: 418 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Faithful reproductions of two-dimensional original works cannot attract copyright in the U.S. according to the rule in Bridgeman Art Library v. ... Elaborately decorated classical-style stone corbels support balconies on a building in Indianapolis. ... Cross section may refer to the following In geometry, Cross section is the intersection of a 3-dimensional body with a plane. ... Bracket arm clusters containing cantilevers, Yingzao Fashi The Yingzao Fashi (Chinese:營造法式; Treatise on Architectural Methods or State Building Standards) is a technical treatise on architecture and craftsmanship written by the Chinese author Li Jie (1065–1110),[1] the Directorate of Buildings and Construction during the mid Song Dynasty of China. ... A rafter is a structural member, a type of beam, which supports the roof of a building. ... Elaborately decorated classical-style stone corbels support balconies on a building in Indianapolis. ...

Architecture in Song Artwork

See also

• Chinese architecture
• Culture of the Song Dynasty
• Economy of the Song Dynasty
• History of the Song Dynasty
• List of Chinese inventions
• Society of the Song Dynasty
• Technology of the Song Dynasty
• Chinese Palaces

The Liuhe Pagoda of Hangzhou, China, built in 1165 AD. Chinese architecture refers to a style of architecture that has taken shape in Asia over the centuries. ... Northern Song era Jun Ware planter, stoneware with Jun glaze, early 12th century. ... Jiaozi, the worlds first paper-printed currency, an innovation of the Song Dynasty. ... The Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD) of China was a ruling dynasty that controlled China proper and southern China from the middle of the 10th century into the last quarter of the 13th century. ... This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. ... The Song Dynasty (960–1279) of China was a sophisticated and technologically-enhanced medieval civilization, in many fields on par or suprassing European, Hindu, and Islamic civilizations in its frame of time. ... The Song Dynasty (960–1279) was a period of Chinese history and human history in general that provided some of the most prolific advancements in early science and technology, much of it through talented statsemen drafted by the government (see Imperial examinations). ... Chinese Palaces are some of the most elaborate facilities that have been ever constructed. ...

Notes

Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 88th day of the year (89th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 88th day of the year (89th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 88th day of the year (89th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 247th day of the year (248th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 88th day of the year (89th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 88th day of the year (89th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

External links

• Chinese pagodas
• Jin Ancestral Hall Museum