The United States has a history of architecture that includes a wide variety of styles. History studies time in human terms. ... This article is about building architecture. ...

The United States of America is a relatively young country, and the Native Americans did not leave any buildings comparable to the grandeur of those in Mexico or Peru. For this reason, the overriding theme of American Architecture is modernity: the skyscrapers of the 20th century are the ultimate symbol of this modernity.

Architecture in the US is regionally diverse and has been shaped by many external forces, not only English. US Architecture can therefore be said to be eclectic, something unsurprising in such a multicultural society.

Indigenous

Cliff Palace, an ancient dwelling complex in Colorado.

The oldest structures on the territory that is now known as the United States were made by the Ancient Pueblo Peoples of New Mexico. The Tiwa speaking people have inhabited Taos Pueblo continuously for over 1000 years. The related Chacoan civilization built extensive public architecture in northwestern New Mexico from CE 700 - 1250 until drought forced them to relocate. Another related people, now best known through the Cliff Palace and neighboring structures in Mesa Verde National Park, created distinctive cliff dwellings in Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona from the twelfth through to the fourteenth century. Image File history File links Mesaverde_cliffpalace_20030914. ... Image File history File links Mesaverde_cliffpalace_20030914. ... Cliff Palace in 1891 Cliff Palace is the largest cliff dwelling in North America. ... Official language(s) English Capital Denver Largest city Denver Largest metro area Denver-Aurora Metro Area Area  Ranked 8th  - Total 104,185 sq mi (269,837 km²)  - Width 280 miles (451 km)  - Length 380 miles (612 km)  - % water 0. ... Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde National Park White House Ruins, Canyon de Chelly National Monument Ancient Pueblo People or Ancestral Puebloans were a prehistoric Native American culture centered around the present-day Four Corners area of the Southwest United States, noted for their distinctive pottery and dwelling construction styles. ... Tiwa, in Spanish Tigua, is a group of closely related languages spoken by some Pueblo people in New Mexico. ... Taos Pueblo, circa 1920 Taos Pueblo (or Pueblo de Taos), continuously inhabited for over 1000 years, is the ancient town of the Northern Tiwa speaking tribe of Pueblo people, Native Americans. ... Kiva at Pueblo Del Arroyo Chaco Culture National Historical Park is a United States National Historical Park and World Heritage Site which contains the densest and most exceptional concentration of large pueblos in the American Southwest. ... Cliff Palace in 1891 Cliff Palace is the largest cliff dwelling in North America. ... Mesa Verde National Park is a U.S. National Park and UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Montezuma County, Colorado, United States. ...

Other Native American architecture is known from traditional structures, such as long houses, wigwams, tipis and hogans. Images of local Algonquian villages Pomeiooc and Secoton in what later became coastal North Carolina that survive from the late sixteenth century. Artist and cartographer John White stayed at the short-lived Roanoake colony for 13 months and recorded over 70 watercolor images of indigenous people, plants, and animals. This article is about the people indigenous to the United States. ... Later day Iroquois longhouse housing several hundred people Interior of a longhouse with Chief Powhatan (detail of John Smith map, 1612) Longhouses were built by native peoples in various parts of North America, sometimes reaching over 100 meters long (330 ft) but generally around 5 to 7 meters wide (16... Apache wickiup, by Edward S. Curtis, 1903 A wigwam or wickiup is a domed single-room dwelling used by certain Native American tribes. ... A tipi of the Nez Perce tribe, circa 1900. ... many types of hogans any articles owned by family set in or by the house Navajo winter hogan A hogan or hoghan (pronounced IPA or , from Navajo hooghan, ) is the primary traditional home of the Navajo people. ... The Algonquian are one of the most populous and widespread North American Native groups, with tribes originally numbering in the hundreds, and hundreds of thousands who still identify with various Algonquian peoples. ...

Hawaii's late entry to the United States gives it a substantial history of precolonial architecture. Late nineteenth century Hawaiian architecture shows European influence. Earlier structures reflect Polynesian heritage. Official language(s) English, Hawaiian Capital Honolulu Largest city Honolulu Area  Ranked 43rd  - Total 10,931 sq mi (29,311 km²)  - Width n/a miles (n/a km)  - Length 1,522 miles (2,450 km)  - % water 41. ... Polynesian is an adjectival form which refers variously to: Polynesian pie Polynesian sauce, a food condiment available at Chick-fil-A the aboriginal inhabitants of Polynesia, and their: Polynesian culture Polynesian mythology Polynesian languages Category: ...

Colonial Architecture (16th century - 18th century)

When the Europeans settled in North America, they brought with them their architectural traditions and their construction techniques. Construction was dependent upon the available resources: wood and brick are the common elements of English buildings in New England. It is also related to the logistics of colonialization which leads to a political appropriation of space by the mother country (governor's palace, forts). The mark of European domination is also economical (customs, plantations, warehouses) and religious (churches, Protestant churches, Franciscan and Jesuit missions). This article is about the region in the United States of America. ...

Spanish influence in the south and southwest

Spanish exploration of the American southwest began in the 1540s. The conquistador Francisco Vásquez de Coronado crossed this dry region in search of the Pueblo Indians' mythical cities of gold. The Pueblo people built houses of adobe, a sun-dried clay brick, held together with exposed wooden beams. Their cubic form and dense arrangement gave villages a singular aspect which would be emulated by the Americans (Pueblo Style). One can imagine the disappointment of the conquistador in the face of these modest, unadorned structures, but under their roofs the temperature remained constant and cool. The Spanish finally conquered these villages and made Santa Fe the administrative capital of the region in 1609. The governors' palace was built between 1610 and 1614, mixing Indian and Spanish influences, with adobe walls and wrought iron fences. The building is long and has a patio. The San Miguel chapel of Santa Fe, dating from 1610, used the adobe technique, which gave this religious edifice a striking look of majesty and austerity. Conquistadors (Spanish: []) (English: Conqueror) were Spanish soldiers, explorers and adventurers who invaded and conquered much of the Americas and Asia Pacific, bringing them under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 19th centuries, starting with the 1492 settlement by Christopher Columbus in what is now the Dominican Republic and Haiti. ... Coronado Sets Out to the North, by Frederic Remington, 1861-1909 Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (ca. ... It has been suggested that Pueblo be merged into this article or section. ... Renewal of the surface coating of an adobe wall in Chamisal, New Mexico Adobe is a natural building material composed of sand, sandy clay and straw or other organic materials, which is shaped into bricks using wooden frames and dried in the sun. ... Franciscan Hotel, 1922 Taos Pueblo, an example of the Pueblo Styles historical background The Pueblo Revival Style is a regional architectural style of the Southwestern United States which draws its inspiration from the Pueblos and the Spanish missions in New Mexico. ... Nickname: Location in Santa Fe County, New Mexico Coordinates: , Country State County Santa Fe Founded ca. ... It has been suggested that Wrought iron furniture be merged into this article or section. ... A patio of the Livadia Palace in Crimea. ...

Mission San Xavier del Bac, Arizona, 18th century

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Spanish founded a series of forts (presidios) from present-day Los Angeles to present-day San Francisco. From 1769 to 1823, they created a network of missions in the southwest. The missions had a significant influence on later regional architecture. The most celebrated of these settlements is that of Mission Alamo in San Antonio, Texas. The mission at the Isleta Pueblo in New Mexico has an adobe church with a rectangular nave, exterior buttresses, and two symmetric, unadorned towers. The Mission San Xavier del Bac in Arizona is a good example of the Churrigueresque style in vogue in the rest of Latin America. The facade is framed by two massive towers and the portal is flanked by estipites, finely worked columns that serve only as ornamentation. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 317 KB) This image was originally posted to Flickr as San Xavier del Bac Mission. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1024x768, 317 KB) This image was originally posted to Flickr as San Xavier del Bac Mission. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 1,290. ... This page is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... The Spanish missions in California (more simply referred to as the California Missions) comprise a series of religious outposts established by Spanish Catholics of the Franciscan Order between 1769 and 1823 to spread the Catholic faith among the local Native Americans. ... ... “San Antonio” redirects here. ... The Zia symbol is on the New Mexico state flag. ... Capital Santa Fe Largest city Albuquerque Area  Ranked 5th  - Total 121,665 sq mi (315,194 km²)  - Width 342 miles (550 km)  - Length 370 miles (595 km)  - % water 0. ... San Xavier del Bac San Xavier del Bac is a historic Spanish mission about 10 miles (16 km) south of downtown Tucson, Arizona on the Tohono Oodham San Xavier Indian Reservation, also known as the white dove of the desert or place where the water appears because the Santa... Official language(s) English Spoken language(s) English 74. ... Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Spain. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ...

Spanish construction style was also applied in Florida intermittently from 1559 to 1821. Here, the conch style had a certain success at Pensacola, for example, adorning houses with balconies of wrought iron; the same tendency appears in the French Quarter of New Orleans. Fires in 1788 and 1794 destroyed the original Spanish structures in New Orleans. Many of the city's present buildings date to late 18th century rebuilding efforts. Official language(s) English Capital Tallahassee Largest city Jacksonville Largest metro area Miami metropolitan area Area  Ranked 22nd  - Total 65,795[1] sq mi (170,304[1] km²)  - Width 361 miles (582 km)  - Length 447 miles (721 km)  - % water 17. ... Nickname: Location in Escambia County and the state of Florida Coordinates: , Country State County Escambia Government  - Mayor John Fogg Area  - City 39. ... French Quarter: upper Chartres street looking down towards Jackson Square and the spires of St. ... NOLA redirects here. ...

The earliest continuously occupied European settlement in the United States is St. Augustine, Florida founded in 1565. The Castillo de San Marcos fort 1672-1695 is its oldest surviving structure. It remains one of the rare architectural vestiges of the 17th century in the United States together with the Spanish fort at Pensacola. Nickname: Location in St. ... The Castillo de San Marcos is a Spanish built fort located in the city of St. ...

English influence on the east coast

The colonial architecture of the Thirteen Colonies is marked by the English style, but climatic and religious differences produced some American elements. For example, at the house of Pastor Capen in Topsfield (Massachusetts, 1683), the central position of the fireplace is reflective of the heating needs of the winter. It is covered with clapboard and uses wood for the frame, two characteristics typically American. Puritanism imposed simple and sober houses of worship, free of all showy ornaments. Meeting Houses were used as temples but also social clubs. In the Old Ship Meeting House in Hingham (Massachusetts, 1681), the pulpit is placed at the center and the framework is left visible and bare on purpose. Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      A pastor is an... This article is about the U.S. State. ... For the record label, see Puritan Records. ...

The Georgian style appeared during the 18th century and Palladian architecture took hold of Williamsburg, Virginia. The Governor's palace, built in 1706-1720, has a vast gabled entrance at the front, which is adorned by a small lantern hanging from the banister. It respects the principle of symmetry and uses the materials that are found in New England: red brick, white painted wood, and blue slate used for the roof with a double slant. This style is used to build the houses of plantation workers and the rich merchants living on the Atlantic coast (see below "Aristocratic Rural Houses"). A Georgian house in Salisbury Georgian architecture is the name given in English-speaking countries to the architectural styles current between about 1720 and 1840, named after the four British monarchs named George. ... Palladian architecture is a European style of architecture derived from the designs of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). ... Colonial Williamsburg is the historic district of the independent city of Williamsburg, Virginia. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... The United States has a history of architecture that includes a wide variety of styles. ...

In religious architecture, the common design features were brick, stone-like stucco, and a single spire that tops the entrance. They can be seen in Saint Michael's Church in Charleston (1761) or Saint Paul's Chapel of Trinity in New York (1766). The architects of this period were strongly influenced by canons of Old World architecture. Peter Harrison (1716-1755) brought out his European techniques which he applied in the state of Rhode Island. Between 1748 and 1761, he constructed the Redwood library and the Newport market. Boston and Salem were the two main cities where the English style took hold, but in a more uncluttered style, more adapted to the American way of life. The Architect Charles Bulfinch fitted the Massachusetts State House in 1795-1798 with an original gilded dome. He worked on the construction of several houses in the Beacon Hill quarter and Louisburg Square in his home city of Boston. Nickname: Motto: Aedes Mores Juraque Curat (She cares for her temples, customs, and rights) Location of Charleston in South Carolina. ... “NY” redirects here. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Newport is a city in Newport County, Rhode Island, United States, about 30 miles (48 km) south of Providence. ... Nickname: Location in Essex County in Massachusetts Coordinates: , Country State County Essex County Settled 1626 Incorporated 1626 Government  - Type Mayor-council city  - Mayor Kimberley Driscoll Area  - City  18. ... The Massachusetts State House, designed by Charles Bulfinch and completed in 1798. ... This article includes a list of works cited or a list of external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks in-text citations. ... Beacon Hill is a name shared by many hills, suburbs, villages and other places around the world. ...

Excavations at the first permanent English speaking settlement, Jamestown, Virginia (founded 1607) have unearthed part of the triangular James Fort and numerous artifacts from the early 17th century. Nearby Williamsburg was Virginia's colonial capital and is now a tourist attraction as a well preserved eighteenth century town. It has been suggested that this article be split into articles entitled Jamestown Settlement. ...

The oldest remaining building of Plymouth, Massachusetts is the Harlow House built 1677 and now a museum. The Balch House (1636) in Beverly, Massachusetts is the oldest remaining wood frame house in North America. Several notable colonial era buildings remain in Boston [1]. Boston's Old North Church, built 1723 in the style of Sir Christopher Wren, became an influential model for later United States church design. Nickname: Location in Plymouth County in Massachusetts Coordinates: , Country State County Plymouth County Settled 1620 Incorporated (town) 1670 Government [1]  - Type Representative town meeting  - Town    Manager Mark Sylvia Area  - Town  134. ... John Balch House, Beverly, Massachusetts. ... Location in Massachusetts Coordinates: , Country United States State Massachusetts County Essex County Settled 1626 Incorporated 1626 Government  - Type Mayor-council city  - Mayor William Scanlon, Jr. ... Nickname: City on the Hill, Beantown, The Hub (of the Universe)1, Athens of America, The Cradle of Revolution, Puritan City, Americas Walking City Location in Massachusetts, USA Counties Suffolk County Mayor Thomas M. Menino(D) Area    - City 232. ... Image of the North End, Boston neighborhood. ... Christopher Wren. ...

Public Architecture of the Young Nation (19th Century)

Federal Hall, 1830s, New York, neogrecian style

In 1776, the members of the Continental Congress declared the independence of the Thirteen Colonies. The Treaty of Paris (1783) recognized the existence of the new republican country, the United States of America. Even though it was a break with the United Kingdom on the political stage, English influences continue to mark the buildings constructed in this part of the world. Public, philanthropic and commercial controls grew in parallel with the growing demographics and territorial extension. The buildings of these new federal and judicial institutions adopted the classic vocabulary (columns, domes and pediment), in reference to ancient Rome and Greece. Architectural publications multiplied: in 1797, Benjamin Asher published "The Country Builder's Assistant". Americans looked to affirm their independence in all domains: politics, economics but also culture, with the foundation of universities and museums. It was at the end of the 19th century that this independence and dynamism expressed itself to the fullest. Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Painting by Benjamin West depicting (from left to right) John Jay, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens, and William Temple Franklin. ... Look up republic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Philanthropy is the act of donating money, goods, time, or effort to support a charitable cause, usually over an extended period of time and in regard to a defined objective. ...

The Vision of Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson, who was president of the United States between 1801 and 1809 had created interest in several domains, including architecture. Having journeyed several times in Europe, he hoped to apply the formal rules of palladianism and of antiquity in public and private buildings, in the city and the countryside. He therefore contributed to the plans for the University of Virginia, which began construction in 1817. The project, completed by Benjamin Latrobe, allowed him to apply his architectural concepts. The university library is situated under a rotunda covered by a dome which was inspired by the Pantheon of Rome. The combination created a uniformity thanks to the use of brick and wood painted white. For the capitol building of Richmond, Virginia (1785-1796), Jefferson had seized upon imitating the Maison Carrée in Nîmes, but chose Ionian order for its columns. Man of the Age of Enlightenment, Thomas Jefferson had participated in the emancipation of the New World architecture by imposing his vision of an art-form in service of democracy. He contributed to developing the federal style in his country and to adapting European Neoclassical architecture to republican values born at the American Revolution. Thomas Jefferson (13 April 1743 N.S.–4 July 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801–09), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the United States. ... A villa with a superimposed portico, from Book IV of Palladios I Quattro Libri dellArchitettura, in a modestly priced English translation published in London, 1736. ... The University of Virginia (also called U.Va. ... Benjamin Henry Boneval Latrobe (May 1, 1764 - September 3, 1820) was a British-born American architect best known for his design of the United States Capitol. ... In Mosta, Malta, the Rotunda of Santa Marija Assunta is covered by a saucer dome. ... The Pantheon, Rome The Pantheon is a building in Rome which was originally built as a temple to all the gods of the Roman state religion, but has been a Christian church since the 7th century AD. It is the only building from the Greco-Roman world which is completely... Nickname: Motto: Sic dic Itur Ad Astra (Thus do we reach the stars) Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates: , Country State County Independent City Government  - Mayor L. Douglas Wilder (I) Area  - City 62. ... Nîmes (Provençal Occitan: Nimes in both classical and Mistralian norms) is a city and commune of southern France. ... The Enlightenment (French: ; German: ) was an eighteenth-century movement in European and American philosophy, or the longer period including the Age of Reason. ... Federal style can refer to: Federal style architecture Federal style furnishings See also: Georgian architecture, Adam style This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... The neoclassical movement that produced Neoclassical architecture began in the mid-18th century, both as a reaction against the Rococo style of anti-tectonic naturalistic ornament, and an outgrowth of some classicizing features of Late Baroque. ... John Trumbulls Declaration of Independence, showing the five-man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia The American Revolution refers to the period during the last half of the 18th century in which the Thirteen...

The Greek Revival

The Capitol Building of Columbus (Ohio), 1861, Henry Walters, neoclassical style

Greek revival style attracted American architects working in the first half of the 19th century. The young nation, free from Britannic protection, was persuaded to be the new Athens, that is to say, a foyer for democracy. The constitution, drawn up in 1787, gave birth to new institutions which necessitated buildings and imposed the principles of national sovereignty and separation of powers. The official, civil and religious architecture (those that constituted the originality of the United States), reflected this vision and took the Acropolis buildings as a model. The Propylaea were reproduced in another scale in front of the houses in the countryside on the east coast. Benjamin Latrobe (1764-1820) and his students William Strickland (1788-1854) and Robert Mills (1781-1855) obtained commissions to build some banks and churches in the big cities (Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington DC). Above all, the capitol buildings of the Federal States adopted the neoclassical style such as in North Carolina (Capitol building in Raleigh, rebuilt in 1833-1840 after a fire) or in Indiana (Capitol building in Indianapolis). One later example of these is the capitol building in Columbus in Ohio, designed by Henry Walters and completed in 1861. The simple façade, continuous cornice and the absence of a dome give the impression of the austerity and greatness of the building. It has a very symmetrical design and houses the Supreme Court and a library. Personal residence of Catherine the Great Greek Revival was a style of classical architecture which became fashionable in Europe in the 18th century, and in the United Kingdom and United States in the early 19th century. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2812x2258, 848 KB) [edit] Summary The Ohio Statehouse in Columbus, Ohio. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2812x2258, 848 KB) [edit] Summary The Ohio Statehouse in Columbus, Ohio. ... This article is about the capital of Greece. ... Acropolis (Gr. ... Crowds of tourists climb the steps to the Propylaea, gateway to the Acropolis, Athens Stairs leading up to the Propylea The Propylaea, Propylea or Propylaia (Greek Προπυλαια) is the monumental gateway that serves as the entrance to the Acropolis in Athens. ... Benjamin Henry Boneval Latrobe (May 1, 1764 - September 3, 1820) was a British-born American architect best known for his design of the United States Capitol. ... William Strickland was a noted architect in 19th Century Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ... Robert Mills (1781 - 1855) is sometimes called the first native born American to become a professional architect; Charles Bulfinch perhaps has a clearer claim to this honor. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area  Ranked 28th  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 150 miles (240 km)  - Length 560[1] miles (901 km)  - % water 9. ... For other uses of this name, see Raleigh. ... Official language(s) English Capital Indianapolis Largest city Indianapolis Area  Ranked 38th  - Total 36,418 sq mi (94,321 km²)  - Width 140 miles (225 km)  - Length 270 miles (435 km)  - % water 1. ... The Indianapolis skyline Indianapolis is the capital of the U.S. state of Indiana. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Ohio, USA Coordinates: , Country United States State Ohio Counties Franklin, Delaware, and Fairfield Government  - Mayor Michael B. Coleman (D) Area  - City  212. ... Official language(s) None Capital Columbus Largest city Columbus Largest metro area Cleveland Area  Ranked 34th  - Total 44,825 sq mi (116,096 km²)  - Width 220 miles (355 km)  - Length 220 miles (355 km)  - % water 8. ... Henry Walters (1848 - 1931) was an American rail magnate (Atlantic Coast Line) and founder of the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Geison. ...

Official Architecture of Washington, DC

Capitol Building, , Washington DC, 1815-1830, neoclassical style

The federal capital building in the United-States is a good example of uniform urbanism: the design of the building was imagined by the Frenchman Pierre Charles L'Enfant. This ideal of the monumental city and neoclassicism is taken up by the supporters of the City Beautiful movement. Several cities wanted to apply this concept, which is part of the Beaux-Arts style, but Washington DC seems the most dedicated of all of them. The White House was constructed after the creation of Washington DC by the congressional law of December 1790. After a contest, James Hoban, an Irish American, was chosen and the construction began in October 1792. The building that he had conceived was modeled upon the first and second floors of the Leinster House, a ducal palace in Dublin, Ireland which is now the seat of the Irish Parliament. But during the War of 1812, a large part of the city was burned, and the White House was ravaged. Only the exterior walls remained standing, but it was reconstructed. The walls were painted white to hide the damage caused by the fire. At the beginning of the 20th century, two new wings were added to support the development of the government. Aerial photo (looking NW) of the Washington Monument and the White House in Washington, DC. Washington, D.C., officially the District of Columbia (also known as D.C.; Washington; the Nations Capital; the District; and, historically, the Federal City) is the capital city and administrative district of the United... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Pierre (Peter) Charles LEnfant LEnfants plan for Washington, as revised by Andrew Ellicott Pierre (Peter) Charles LEnfant (2 August 1754, Paris, France – 14 June 1825, Prince Georges County, Maryland) was a French-born American architect and urban planner. ... The City Beautiful movement was a Progressive reform movement in North American architecture and urban planning that flourished in the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of using beautification and monumental grandeur in cities to counteract the perceived moral decay of poverty-stricken urban environments. ... Beaux-Arts architecture[1] denotes the academic classical architectural style that was taught at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. ... For other uses, see White House (disambiguation). ... James Hoban James Hoban (1762-1831) was born in Desart, near Callan County Kilkenny, Ireland. ... Dublin city centre at night WGS-84 (GPS) Coordinates: , Statistics Province: Leinster County: Dáil Éireann: Dublin Central, Dublin North Central, Dublin North East, Dublin North West, Dublin South Central, Dublin South East European Parliament: Dublin Dialling Code: +353 1 Postal District(s): D1-24, D6W Area: 114. ... This article is about the U.S. – U.K. war. ...

North façade of the White House, seen from Pennsylvania Avenue.

The Capitol Building of the United-States of America was constructed in successive stages starting in 1792. Shortly after the completion of its construction, it was partially burned by the British during the War of 1812. Its reconstruction began in 1815 and didn't end until 1830. During the 1850s, the building was greatly expanded by Thomas U. Walter. In 1863, an imposing statue, "Freedom", was placed on the top of the dome. The Washington Monument is an Obelisk memorial erected in honor of George Washington, the first American President. It was Robert Mills who had designed it originally in 1838. There is a perceivable color difference towards the bottom of the monument, which is because its construction was put on hiatus for lack of money. Around 170 meters high, it was completed in 1884 and opened to the public in 1888. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2591x1718, 607 KB) North entrance of the White House. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2591x1718, 607 KB) North entrance of the White House. ... The United States Capitol is the capitol building that serves as the location for the United States Congress, the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government. ... Thomas U. Walter Portrait by Francisco Pausas, 1925, after a Mathew Brady photograph Thomas Ustick Walter (September 4, 1804 – October 30, 1887) of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania was the dean of American architecture between the death of Benjamin Latrobe and the work of H.H. Richardson. ... The Washington Monument at dusk For other Washington Monuments, see Washington Monuments (world). ... The Luxor obelisk in the Place de la Concorde in Paris For other uses, see Obelisk (disambiguation). ... George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and in 1789 was elected the first President of the United States of America. ... Robert Mills (1781 - 1855) is sometimes called the first native born American to become a professional architect; Charles Bulfinch perhaps has a clearer claim to this honor. ...

Jefferson Memorial, Republic of the Pantheon of Rome, neoclassical style, Washington DC, 1939-1946

The Lincoln Memorial (1915-1922) is another monument from the same series: made out of marble and white limestone, the building takes its form from doric order Greek temples without a pediment. Its architect, Henry Bacon, student of the ideas from the Beaux-Arts school, intended the 36 columns of monument to represent each of the 36 states in the Union at the time of Lincoln's death. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 960 pixel, file size: 297 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1280 × 960 pixel, file size: 297 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The monument, which is on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., is a United States Presidential Memorial built to honor 16th President Abraham Lincoln. ... For other uses, see Marble (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Limestone (disambiguation). ... The Doric order was one of the orginal pokersthree orders or organizational systems of Ancient Greek or classical architecture; the other two canonical orders were the Ionic and the Corinthian. ... Lincoln Memorial Henry Bacon (November 28, 1866 – February 17, 1924) an American Beaux-Arts architect, is best remembered for his severe Greek Doric Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. (built 1915–1922), which was his final project. ...

Finally, the Jefferson Memorial is the last great monument constructed in the Beaux-Arts tradition, in the 1940s. His architect, John Russell Pope, wanted to bring to light Jefferson's taste for Roman buildings. This is why he decided to imitate the Pantheon in Rome and to grace the building with a spectacular Dome, which rises 39 meters beneath the sun. It was severely criticized by the proponents of the International Style. The Jefferson Memorial from outside The Thomas Jefferson Memorial is a presidential memorial in Washington, D.C. that is dedicated to Thomas Jefferson, an American Founding Father and the third president of the United States. ... The Jefferson Memorial, built 1939 — 1943 John Russell Pope (April 24, 1874 – August 27, 1937) was an architect most known for his designs of the Jefferson Memorial (completed in 1943) and the West Building of the National Gallery of Art (completed in 1941) in Washington, DC. Pope was born in... International style can refer to International style in ballroom dancing - see ballroom dance; International style in architecture - see international style. ...

Return to Medieval Forms

Neogothic facade of Saint Patrick Cathedral, New York, (1885-1888), James Renwick Jr.

From the 1840s on, the Neogothic style became popular in the United States, under the influence of Andrew Jackson Downing (1815-1852). He defined himself in a reactionary context to classicism and development of romanticism. His work is characterized by a return to Medieval decor: chimneys, gables, embrasure towers, warhead windows, gargoyles, stained glass and severely sloped roofs. The buildings adopted a complex design that drew inspiration from symmetry and neoclassicism. The Neogothic style was also used in the construction of universities (Yale, Harvard) and churches. Richard Upjohn (1802-1878) specialized in the rural churches of the northeast, but his major work is still "Trinity Church" in New York. His red sandstone architecture makes reference to the 16th century in Europe, but today we find it nestled amongst the immense skyscrapers of Manhattan. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (768x1024, 550 KB) St. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (768x1024, 550 KB) St. ... Neo-gothic architecture is an American branch of the Gothic revival style that was imported from England in the 1830s. ... Andrew Jackson Downing (born October 31, 1815 - died July 28, 1852) was an American landscape designer and writer from Newburgh, New York and the editor and publisher of The Horticulturist magazine. ... Romantics redirects here. ... Chimney stacks on a Newcastle upon Tyne building A chimney is a system for venting hot gases and smoke from a stove, furnace or fireplace to the outside atmosphere. ... The House of the Seven Gables, Salem, Massachusetts, showing four gables in this view. ... Categories: Fortification | Architectural elements | Stub ... Gargoyles redirects here. ... Strictly speaking, stained glass is glass that has been painted with silver stain and then fired. ... YALE (Yet Another Learning Environment) is an environment for machine learning experiments and data mining. ... Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ... Richard Upjohn (1802 - 1878) was a U.S. (English-born) architect. ...

Princeton University, New Jersey, neogothic style

In New York, we think of James Renwick Jr's Saint Patrick Cathedral, an elegant synthesis of the Notre Dame Cathedral in Reims and the Cologne Cathedral. The project was entrusted to him in 1858 but completed by the erection of two spires on the facade in 1888. The use of materials lighter than stone allowed to pass from flying buttresses to exterior buttresses. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 489 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (835 × 1024 pixel, file size: 178 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 489 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (835 × 1024 pixel, file size: 178 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Princeton University is a private coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. ... “NJ” redirects here. ... James Renwick, Jr. ... St. ... This article is about the Notre-Dame cathedral in Paris. ... The Cologne Cathedral (German: , officially ) is the seat of the Archbishop of Cologne, under the administration of the Roman Catholic Church and is renowned as a monument of Christianity, of Gothic architecture and of the faith and perseverance of the people of the city in which it stands. ...

Renwick also showed his talent in Washington DC with the construction of the Smithsonian Institution. But his critics reproached him for having broken the architectural harmony of the capitol by building an eccentric combination in red brick borrowed from the Byzantines, Romans, Lombards and personal additions. The Smithsonian Institution Building or Castle on the National Mall serves as the Institutions headquarters. ... The most famous of the surviving Byzantine mosaics of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople - the image of Christ Pantocrator on the walls of the upper southern gallery. ... --67. ...

The success of Neogothicism was prolonged up until the beginning of the 20th century in numerous Skyscrapers, notably in Chicago and in New York, many in Henry Hobson Richardson's Richardsonian Romanesque. Taipei 101, the worlds tallest skyscraper by roof height on high rise. ... Nickname: Motto: Urbs in Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in the Chicago metro area and Illinois Coordinates: , Country State Counties Cook, DuPage Settled 1770s Incorporated March 4, 1837 Government  - Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Area  - City  234. ... Henry Hobson Richardson, portrait by Sir Hubert von Herkomer Trinity Church in Boston is one of Richardsons most famous works. ... Richardsonian Romanesque has both French and Spanish Romanesque characteristics, like the First Presbyterian Church in Detroit, Michigan by architechs George D. Mason and Zachariah Rice in 1891 Richardsonian Romanesque is a style of American architecture named after architect Henry Hobson Richardson, whose masterpiece is Trinity Church, Boston in Massachusetts. ...

Federal architecture

Thomas Jefferson designed his Monticello estate in Virginia. This is the only home in the United States that is a World Heritage Site.

Thomas Jefferson was a skilled amateur architect who designed the original buildings at the University of Virginia and his estate Monticello. Work commenced in 1768 and modifications continued until 1809. This North American variation on Palladian architecture borrowed from British and Irish models and revived the portico. This interest in Roman elements appealed in a political climate that looked to the ancient Roman republic as a model. Central Pavilion, Tontine Crescent, 1793-1794, by Charles Bulfinch Federal style architecture occurred in the United States between 1780 and 1830, particularly from 1785 to 1815. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1469 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Thomas Jefferson Monticello Historic houses in Virginia Architecture of the United States List of United States presidential residences Around the World in 80 Treasures Jack Jouett Metadata... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (2048x1536, 1469 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Thomas Jefferson Monticello Historic houses in Virginia Architecture of the United States List of United States presidential residences Around the World in 80 Treasures Jack Jouett Metadata... Thomas Jefferson (13 April 1743 N.S.–4 July 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801–09), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the United States. ... Monticello, located near Charlottesville, Virginia, was the estate of Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence, the third President of the United States, and founder of the University of Virginia. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... Thomas Jefferson (13 April 1743 N.S.–4 July 1826) was the third President of the United States (1801–09), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the United States. ... The University of Virginia (also called U.Va. ... Monticello, located near Charlottesville, Virginia, was the estate of Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence, the third President of the United States, and founder of the University of Virginia. ... Palladian architecture is a European style of architecture derived from the designs of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). ... Nickname: Motto: SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus Location of the city of Rome (yellow) within the Province of Rome (red) and region of Lazio (grey) Coordinates: Region Lazio Province Province of Rome Founded 21 April 753 BC Government  - Mayor Walter Veltroni Area  - City 1,285 km²  (580 sq mi)  - Urban 5...

The Federal style was popular along the Atlantic coast from 1780 to 1830. Characteristics of the federal style include neoclassical elements, bright interiors with large windows and white walls and ceilings, and a decorative yet restrained appearance that emphasized rational elements. Other significant federal style architects include Asher Benjamin, Charles Bulfinch, Samuel McIntire, Alexander Parris, and William Thornton. Asher Benjamin, architect Design for a Federal style house, by Asher Benjamin Asher Benjamin (June 15, 1773-July 26, 1845), born in Greenfield, Massachusetts, was a prominent American architect who transitioned between Federal style architecture and later Greek Revival. ... The Massachusetts State House, designed by Charles Bulfinch and completed in 1798. ... Samuel McIntire, attributed to Benjamin Blyth Samuel McIntire (January 16, 1757 — February 6, 1811) was an American architect and craftsman. ... Alexander Parris Alexander Parris (November 24, 1780 - June 16, 1852) was a prominent American architect-engineer. ... William Thornton (May 20, 1759 - 28 March 1828) was the original architect of the United States Capitol. ...

Domestic Architecture

Aristocratic Rural Houses

Mount Vernon, Residence of George Washington, Georgian style

They developed on the east coast where the rich proprietors and planters had sumptuous and comfortable residences constructed from around the 17th century, who sought to imitate English residences. Photo taken by Alexandros File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Photo taken by Alexandros File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Back of the main house. ...

17th to 18th Centuries

The diffusion of architectural traits in the colonial aristocracy permitted the Georgian style to assert itself. At Mount Pleasant (Philadelphia), John McPherson had a residence constructed in 1761-1762 equipped with an entrance topped by a pediment supported by Doric columns. We can recognize here a roof with a balustrade and a symmetrical arrangement, characteristic of the neoclassic style en vogue at the time in Europe. In Salem, Samuel McIntire was the architect of the John Gardiner-Pingree house (1805); he designed the roof with a gentle slope, a balustrade and built it out of brick. He took up Palladio's idea of linking the buildings by a semi-circular portico supported by columns. For other uses, see Philadelphia (disambiguation) and Philly. ... A pediment is a classical architectural element consisting of a triangular section or gable found above the horizontal superstructure (entablature) which lies immediately upon the columns. ... The Doric order was one of the orginal pokersthree orders or organizational systems of Ancient Greek or classical architecture; the other two canonical orders were the Ionic and the Corinthian. ... Stairs, staircase, stairway, flight of stairs are all names for a construction designed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller vertical distances, called steps. ... Samuel McIntire, attributed to Benjamin Blyth Samuel McIntire (January 16, 1757 — February 6, 1811) was an American architect and craftsman. ... Illustration from a 1736 English edition of I Quattro Libri dellArchitettura. ... Categories: Architectural elements | Stub ...

In the 1780s, the Federal style began to diverge bit by bit from the Georgian style and became a uniquely American genre. At the time of the War of Independence, houses stretched out along a strictly rectangular plan, adopting curved lines and favoring the decorative details such as garlands and urns. Certain openings were ellipsoidal in form, one or several pieces were oval or circular. John Trumbulls Declaration of Independence, showing the five-man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia The American Revolution refers to the period during the last half of the 18th century in which the Thirteen...

Belle Meade Plantation, Nashville (Tennessee), 1853, neoclassical style

Thomas Jefferson elaborated the plans of his own house of Monticello in Virginia, close to Charlottesville. A beautiful example of the Palladian style, it brings to mind the Salm Hotel situated in Paris, that Jefferson had been able to see when he was an ambassador in France. He used antique components such as Doric columns, tetrastyle porticoes and a central dome. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... For other cities named Nashville, see Nashville (disambiguation). ... Official language(s) English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Largest metro area Nashville Metropolitan Area Area  Ranked 36th  - Total 42,169 sq mi (109,247 km²)  - Width 120 miles (195 km)  - Length 440 miles (710 km)  - % water 2. ... Charlottesville is an independent city located within the confines of Albemarle County in the state of Virginia. ...

In Louisiana, the colonial houses sometimes support a neoclassical pediment with columns, as is the case at Belle Meade Plantation in Tennessee. With symmetrical allure, the residence has at its disposal a columned porch and narrow windows. But the domestic architecture in the South had consciously freed itself from the classic model when it supported a mid-height balcony on the front and left out the pediment on the entrance portico (Charleston, South Carolina, Oak Alley plantation in Louisiana). The houses were adapted to the regional climate and registered themselves into the economy of the plantation. They sported a stucco and cast iron decor just like in the French quarter. Official language(s) English Capital Nashville Largest city Memphis Largest metro area Nashville Metropolitan Area Area  Ranked 36th  - Total 42,169 sq mi (109,247 km²)  - Width 120 miles (195 km)  - Length 440 miles (710 km)  - % water 2. ... Official language(s) English Capital Charleston(1670-1789) Columbia(1790-present) Largest city Columbia Largest metro area Columbia Area  Ranked 40th  - Total 34,726 sq mi (82,965 km²)  - Width 200 miles (320 km)  - Length 260 miles (420 km)  - % water 6  - Latitude 32° 2′ N to 35° 13′ N  - Longitude...

19th century

Alexander Jackson Davis, Lyndhurst at Tarrytown, New York State, neogothic residence, 1864–1865

Much later, the great families of the coast had immense estates and villas constructed in the neogothic style, with antipodes of neoclassicism. They took the house of Sir Horace Walpole at Strawberry Hill as a model. Alexander Jackson Davis (1803-1892) worked on the villa projects in the Hudson river valley and dressed them with fantasy details taken from the medieval repertoire. For George Merritt's residence at Lyndhurst, he chose to build a building with a complex plan and to open several ears who could be made to think of Church stained glass windows. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2560 × 1920 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2560 × 1920 pixel, file size: 1. ... Tarrytown is a village in Westchester County, New York, United States. ... This map shows the antipodes of each point on the Earths surface – the points where the blue and pink overlap are land antipodes. ... The Federal Customs House (now Federal Hall, New York City, with Ithiel Town, 1833 – 42 Alexander Jackson Davis (A.J. Davis) (New York City July 24, 1803 – January 14, 1892) was the most successful and influential American architect of his generation. ... The Hudson River, called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk in Mahican or as the Lenape Native Americans called it in Unami, Muhheakantuck, is a river that runs through the eastern portion of New York State and, along its southern terminus, demarcates the border between the states of New York and... George Merritt (born 14 Aug 1807 White Creek, New York, died 5 October 1873 Irvington, New York) was a businessman from New York. ...

Biltmore, North Carolina, drawn by Richard Morris Hunt for the Vanderbilt, neorenaissance style

In the second half of the 19th century, the architects Richard Morris Hunt, Henry Hobson Richardson and Frank Furness usually responded to the orders of the rich families such as the Ames or the Vanderbilt and they constructed roman or renaissance revival residences. The industry or transportation magnates invested in stone and commissioned villas imitating European palaces. The Biltmore Estate, close to Asheville in North Carolina, was the largest private residence in the country. Richard Morris Hunt copied the Louis XII and François I wings from the Château de Blois. It was the golden age for large agencies such as McKim, Mead and White and for the Beaux-Arts style, comprised there for private constructions. The architecture was an expression of notable Americans' prestige. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 222 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1024 × 768 pixel, file size: 222 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Facade of Yale Universitys Scroll and Key Society, displaying Moorish gate and patterned forecourt. ... Facade of Yale Universitys Scroll and Key Society, displaying Moorish gate and patterned forecourt. ... Henry Hobson Richardson, portrait by Sir Hubert von Herkomer Trinity Church in Boston is one of Richardsons most famous works. ... Frank Heyling Furness (1839 - 1912) was a noted American architect. ... Biltmore House is a French Renaissance-inspired chateau near Asheville, North Carolina, built by George Washington Vanderbilt II between 1888 and 1895. ... Official language(s) English Capital Raleigh Largest city Charlotte Area  Ranked 28th  - Total 53,865 sq mi (139,509 km²)  - Width 150 miles (240 km)  - Length 560[1] miles (901 km)  - % water 9. ... The rear of the Château de Blois Staircase in the Château de Blois The Royal Château de Blois is located in the Loir-et-Cher département in the Loire Valley, in France. ... McKim, Mead, and White was the premier architectural firm in the eastern United States at the turn of the twentieth century. ... Beaux-Arts architecture[1] denotes the academic classical architectural style that was taught at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. ...

Modest Homes

The Popular Home: Pioneer Architecture

Log cabin in Minnesota

At the beginning of the 19th century, less technical manuals ("pattern books") had been distributed. The settlement of the western United States changed the needs of the architecture in use. The pioneers used the "balloon frame" technique in the 1840s and 1850s. The first use of which seems to have been in 1833 for the construction of St. Mary's Church in Chicago. Its success lies in the quickness of construction (standardized boards and nails). It allowed anyone to easily build the framework of the house which was then covered with siding. The interior of the walls were covered with plaster or wood. It encouraged the fast development of towns and encouraged great mobility. However, these houses did not offer good sanitary conditions and burned easily in the case of a fire. Image File history File links Minnesota_family_1890. ... Image File history File links Minnesota_family_1890. ... For other uses, see Log cabin (disambiguation). ... Balloon framing is a type of building construction begun in the Midwest of the United States during the middle of the nineteenth century. ...

19th century Architectural Currents

Victorian Houses in San Francisco, Italianized style, at the end of the 19th century

The "Stick Style" is an American method of house construction that uses wooden rod trusswork. The buildings are topped by high roofs with steep slopes. The design is asymmetrical and the interior space opens out onto several verandas. The exterior is not bare of decoration, even though the main objective remains comfort. Richard Morris Hunt constructed John N. Griswold's house in Newport, Rhode Island in 1862. The "Stick Style" was progressively abandoned after the crisis of 1873. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x768, 1240 KB)Victorian Italianate house from San Francisco taken November 2003 by Andrew McLaughlin Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1024x768, 1240 KB)Victorian Italianate house from San Francisco taken November 2003 by Andrew McLaughlin Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1. ... Newport is a city in Newport County, Rhode Island, United States, about 30 miles (48 km) south of Providence. ...

Then the "Shingle Style" replaced the "Stick Style". It is characterized by simplicity and the attention to comfort. Henry Hobson Richardson constructed William Watts Sherman's house in 1874-1875 by leaving the wooden structure visible. Mrs. F. Stoughton's house in Cambridge (1882-1883) and the Newport Casino (1879-1881) used shingle coverings. Geography Status City (1951) Region East of England Admin. ...

On the west coast, domestic architecture evolved equally towards a more modern style. The Haight Ashbury quarter, in San Francisco, is representative of Italianiate Victorian style (1860-1900). Constructed with sequoia wood, they resisted the town's fire in 1906 and were highly decorated and colored. In that era, they offered all the modern comforts: central heating, electricity and running water. Their dimensions were standardized: 8 meters (26 feet) for the facade and 30 meters (98 feet) deep. They were composed of several floors and some wings. Manchester Town Hall is an example of Victorian architecture found in Manchester, UK. The Carson Mansion is an example of a Victorian home in Eureka, California, USA The term Victorian architecture can refer to one of a number of architectural styles predominantly in the Victorian era. ... Binomial name Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. ...

Interest in the simplification of the space and exterior decoration progressed due to the work of Irving Gill, characterized by several Californian houses with flat roofs in the 1910s (Walter Luther Dodge's house, in Los Angeles, for example). Rudolf M. Schindler and Richard Neutra adapted European modernism to the Californian context in the 1920s ("Lovell Beach House" in Newport Beach, California and "Health House" in Los Angeles). Irving Gill (1870 - 1936) was born in Tully (near Syracuse), New York, USA. He trained as an architect and went on to become well known for architecture in Southern California. ... Kaufman House, Palm Springs, California. ... Location of Newport Beach within Orange County, California. ... Flag Seal Nickname: City of Angels Location Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California Coordinates , Government State County California Los Angeles County Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 1,290. ...

Frontier vernacular

A sod house, 1901.

The Homestead Act of 1862 brought property ownership within reach for millions of citizens, displaced native peoples, and changed the character of settlement patterns. The law offered a modest farm free of charge to any adult male who cultivated the land for five years and built a residence on the property. This established a rural pattern of isolated farmsteads in the Midwest and West instead of the European influenced villages of the northeastern states. Settlers built homes from local materials, often erecting log cabins in the forested eastern states or sod houses in the treeless prairie. A few original log cabins remain, most of which have been concealed by clapboard facades. Related Straw-bale construction, pioneered in Nebraska with early baling machines, has endured as a modern building material. Image File history File links Sod_house_1901. ... Image File history File links Sod_house_1901. ... A sod house, 1901. ... The Homestead Act was a United States Federal law that gave freehold title to 160 acres (one quarter section or about 65 hectares) of undeveloped land in the American West. ... For other uses, see Log cabin (disambiguation). ... A sod house, 1901. ... For other uses, see Prairie (disambiguation). ... Further detailed information formerly in this article was moved to Wikibooks in May 2006 Straw-bale construction is a building method that uses straw bales as structural elements, insulation, or both. ... Official language(s) English Capital Lincoln Largest city Omaha Largest metro area Omaha Area  Ranked 16th  - Total 77,421 sq mi (200,520 km²)  - Width 210 miles (340 km)  - Length 430 miles (690 km)  - % water 0. ...

Grant Wood's famous painting American Gothic takes its name from the farmhouse window, 1930.

Rural residents preferred homes built from milled lumber and constructed these instead of sod or log homes when they could afford the materials. Railroads delivered building supplies to the nearest town. Grant Wood's famous American Gothic painting takes its name from the upper window in the farmhouse behind the couple. The arched window was a popular 1880s design element sometimes known as "carpenter gothic." American Gothic, 1930 This work is copyrighted. ... American Gothic, 1930 This work is copyrighted. ... American Gothic (1930) Stained glass window in Cedar Rapids, Iowa 2004 Iowa state quarter Grant Wood, born Grant DeVolson Wood (February 13, 1891 – February 12, 1942) was an American painter, born in Anamosa, Iowa. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... American Gothic (1930) Stained glass window in Cedar Rapids, Iowa 2004 Iowa state quarter Grant Wood, born Grant DeVolson Wood (February 13, 1891 – February 12, 1942) was an American painter, born in Anamosa, Iowa. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

Model#115 was a popular Sears Catalog Home, 1908 - 1940.

The Sears Catalog Home that sold from 1908 to 1940 supplanted the remaining sod homes and most of the log homes. These complete homebuilding kits included lumber and plans. The "balloon style" framing architecture could be erected with a small construction team of family members and friends. Decorative elements were conservative, reminiscent of late Victorian esthetics. The double hung sash windows of the Sears Catalog homes are the most common residential window type in the United States. Sears Catalog homes remain popular for their better than average quality. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (926x1004, 560 KB)Sears Catalog Homes, model 115, 1908-1914. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (926x1004, 560 KB)Sears Catalog Homes, model 115, 1908-1914. ... A popular model was #115 Sears Catalog Homes (sold as Sears Modern Homes) were ready-to-assemble houses which were sold through mail order by Sears Roebuck and Company, a United States retailer. ... A popular model was #115 Sears Catalog Homes (sold as Sears Modern Homes) were ready-to-assemble houses which were sold through mail order by Sears Roebuck and Company, a United States retailer. ...

Skyscrapers

Main article: Skyscraper

The most notable United States architectural innovation has been the skyscraper. Several technical advances made this possible. In 1853 Elisha Otis invented the first safety elevator which prevented a car from falling down the shaft if the suspending cable broke. For other uses, see Skyscraper (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Skyscraper (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... For other uses, see Elevator (disambiguation). ...

Chicago's Home Insurance Building, the world's first steel framed skyscraper, erected in 1885.

Elevators allowed buildings to rise above the four or five stories that people were willing to climb by stairs for normal occupancy. An 1868 competition decided the design of New York City's six story Equitable Life Building, which would become the first commercial building to use an elevator. Construction commenced in 1873. Other structures followed such as the Auditorium Building, Chicago in 1885 by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan. This adopted Italian palazzo design details to give the appearance of a structured whole: for several decades American skyscrapers would blend conservative decorative elements with technical innovation. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Nickname: Motto: Urbs in Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location in the Chicago metro area and Illinois Coordinates: , Country State Counties Cook, DuPage Settled 1770s Incorporated March 4, 1837 Government  - Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Area  - City  234. ... The Home Insurance Building was built in 1885 in Chicago, Illinois and demolished in 1931 to make way for the Field Building (now the LaSalle National Bank). ... The Auditorium Building in Chicago The Auditorium Building in Chicago, Illinois is one of the best-known designs of Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan. ... Dankmar Adler (born July 3, 1844 in Germany; died April 16, 1900 in Chicago, Illinois, USA) was a German American architect of Jewish belief. ... Louis Henri Sullivan (September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924) was an American architect, called the father of modernism. He is considered by many as the creator of the modern skyscraper, was an influential architect and critic of the Chicago School, and was a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright. ...

Soon skyscrapers encountered a new technological challenge. Load bearing stone walls become impractical as a structure gains height, reaching a technical limit at about 20 stories. Professional engineer William LeBaron Jenney solved the problem with a steel support frame in Chicago's 10 story Home Insurance Building, 1885. Arguably this is the first true skyscraper. The use of a thin curtain wall in place of a load bearing wall reduced the building's overall weight by two thirds. The Home Insurance Building in Chicago built in 1885 Image:Second Leiter Building. ... The Home Insurance Building was built in 1885 in Chicago, Illinois and demolished in 1931 to make way for the Field Building (now the LaSalle National Bank). ...

Another feature that was to become familiar in twentieth century skyscrapers first appeared in Chicago's Reliance Building, designed by Charles B. Atwood and E.C. Shankland, Chicago, 1890 - 1895. Because outer walls no longer bore the weight of a building it was possible to increase window size. This became the first skyscraper to have plate glass windows take up a majority of its outer surface area. Reliance Building at 32 N. State Street The Reliance Building is the first skyscraper to have large plate glass windows make up the majority of its surface area; forshadowing a feature of skyscrapers that would become dominant in the 20th century. ...

New York's Woolworth Building, 1913, remains one of the 50 tallest buildings in the United States. It escaped significant damage when the nearby World Trade Center collapsed.

One culturally significant early skyscraper was New York City's Woolworth Building designed by architect Cass Gilbert, 1913. Raising previous technological advances to new heights, 792 ft (241 m), it was the world's tallest building until 1930. Frank Woolworth was fond of gothic cathedrals. Cass Gilbert constructed the office building as a cathedral of commerce and incorporated many Gothic revival decorative elements. The main entrance and lobby contain numerous allegories of thrift, including an acorn growing into an oak tree and a man losing his shirt. Security concerns following the attack on the nearby World Trade Center have closed the lobby to public viewing. The popularity of the new Woolworth Building inspired many Gothic revival imitations among skyscrapers and remained a popular design theme until the art deco era. Other public concerns emerged following the building's introduction. The Woolworth Building blocked a significant amount of sunlight to the neighborhood. This inspired the New York City setback law that remained in effect until 1960. Basically the law allowed a structure to rise to any height as long as it reduced the area of each tower floor to one quarter of the structure's ground floor area. Photo of Woolworth Building at New York City (taken June 20, 2003 by djmutex), herewith licensed under GFDL. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Photo of Woolworth Building at New York City (taken June 20, 2003 by djmutex), herewith licensed under GFDL. File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... The Woolworth Building, at sixty stories, is one of the oldest — and one of the most famous — skyscrapers in New York City. ... For other uses, see World Trade Center (disambiguation). ... The Woolworth Building, at sixty stories, is one of the oldest — and one of the most famous — skyscrapers in New York City. ... Woolworth Building (New York City), was the worlds tallest building at the time it was built, in 1909. ... Franklin Winfield Woolworth (April 13, 1852 – April 8, 1919) was an American merchant. ... Interior of Cologne Cathedral Gothic architecture is a style of architecture, particularly associated with cathedrals and other churches, which flourished in Europe during the high and late medieval period. ... Victoria Tower at the Palace of Westminster, London: Gothic details provided by A.W.N. Pugin The Gothic revival was a European architectural movement with origins in mid-18th century England. ... For other uses, see World Trade Center (disambiguation). ... Asheville City Hall. ...

Another significant event in skyscraper history was the competition for Chicago's Tribune Tower. Although the competition selected a gothic design influenced by the Woolworth building, some of the numerous competing entries became influential to other twentieth century architectural styles. Second place finisher Eliel Saarinen submitted a modernist design. An entry from Walter Gropius brought attention to the Bauhaus school. The Tribune Tower is a Gothic building located at 435 North Michigan Avenue in Chicago, Illinois. ... Gottlieb Eliel Saarinen (August 20, 1873, Rantasalmi, Finland – July 1, 1950, Cranbrook, Michigan, United States) was a Finnish architect who became famous for his art nouveau buildings in the early years of the 20th century. ... This article focuses on the cultural movement labeled modernism or the modern movement. See also: Modernism (Roman Catholicism) or Modernist Christianity; Modernismo for specific art movement(s) in Spain and Catalonia. ... Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (May 18, 1883 – July 5, 1969) was a German architect and founder of Bauhaus. ... For the British gothic rock band, see Bauhaus (band). ...

The Reliance Building's move toward increased window area reached its logical conclusion in a New York City building with a Brazilian architect on land that is technically not a part of the United States. United Nations headquarters, 1949-1950, by Oscar Niemeyer has the first complete glass curtain wall. United Nations Headquarters in New York City, viewed from the East River. ... Oscar Niemeyer Oscar Niemeyer Soares Filho (born December 15, 1907) is a Brazilian architect who is considered one of the most important names in international modern architecture. ...

New York's Empire State Building, 1931, with the spire of the Chrysler Building, 1930, in the background. Each was once the world's tallest structure.

Some of the most graceful early towers were designed by Louis Sullivan (1856-1924), America's first great modern architect. His most talented student was Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959), who spent much of his career designing private residences with matching furniture and generous use of open space. One of his best-known buildings, however, is a public one: the Guggenheim Museum in New York City. ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x2000, 1455 KB) yo motha fuckas this is new york city!! YAYA! auteur : slonecker There are no usage restrictions for this photo. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x2000, 1455 KB) yo motha fuckas this is new york city!! YAYA! auteur : slonecker There are no usage restrictions for this photo. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper in New York City, New York on the intersection of Fifth Avenue and West 34th Street. ... The Chrysler Building is an Art Deco skyscraper in New York City, located on the east side of Manhattan at the intersection of 42nd Street and Lexington Avenue. ... Louis Henri Sullivan (September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924) was an American architect, called the father of modernism. He is considered by many as the creator of the modern skyscraper, was an influential architect and critic of the Chicago School, and was a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright. ... Modern architecture, not to be confused with contemporary architecture, is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. ... Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was one of the worlds most prominent and influential architects. ... The front of the Guggenheim Museum from 5th Avenue This article refers to the Guggenheim Museum in the upper east side of Manhattan (New York). ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ...

European architects who emigrated to the United States before World War II launched what became a dominant movement in architecture, the International Style. Perhaps the most influential of these immigrants were Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969) and Walter Gropius (1883-1969), both former directors of Germany's famous design school, the Bauhaus. Based on geometric form, buildings in their style have been both praised as monuments to American corporate life and dismissed as "glass boxes." In reaction, younger American architects such as Michael Graves (1945- ) have rejected the austere, boxy look in favor of postmodern buildings such as those by Philip C. Johnson (1906-2005) with striking contours and bold decoration that alludes to historical styles of architecture. For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1927) The Weissenhof Estate in Stuttgart, Germany (1930) The International style was a major architectural trend of the 1920s and 1930s. ... Ludwig Mies van der Rohe born Maria Ludwig Michael Mies (March 27, 1886 – August 17, 1969) was a German architect. ... Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (May 18, 1883 – July 5, 1969) was a German architect and founder of Bauhaus. ... For the British gothic rock band, see Bauhaus (band). ... -1... Postmodernism is a term applied to a wide-ranging set of developments in critical theory, philosophy, architecture, art, literature, and culture, which are generally characterized as either emerging from, in reaction to, or superseding, modernism. ... Philip Cortalyou Johnson (July 8, 1906 (Cleveland, Ohio) – January 25, 2005 (New Canaan, Connecticut)) was a distinguished American architect. ...

Skycraper hotels gained popularity with the construction of John Portman's (1924-) Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel in Atlanta followed by his Renaissance Center in Detroit which remains the tallest skyscaper hotel in the Western Hemisphere. John C. Portman, Jr. ... The Westin Peachtree Plaza is an impressive skyscraper 220 meters (722 feet) tall, and contains 73 stories of hotel rooms. ... “Atlanta” redirects here. ... The Renaissance Center, nicknamed the RenCen, is a group of seven interconnected skyscrapers in Detroit, Michigan, and the tallest building in Michigan since 1977. ... “Detroit” redirects here. ... The geographical western hemisphere of Earth, highlighted in yellow. ...

Suburbs

A suburban development in San Jose, California.

The 1944 G. I. Bill of Rights was another federal government decision that changed the architectural landscape. Government backed loans made home ownership affordable for many more citizens. Affordable automobiles and popular preference for single family detached homes led to the rise of suburbs. Simultaneously praised for their quality of life and condemned for architectural monotony, these have become a familiar feature of the United States landscape. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2048x1314, 846 KB) This photo is a cropped version of South San Jose. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2048x1314, 846 KB) This photo is a cropped version of South San Jose. ... For other uses, see San José. Nickname: Location of San Jose within Santa Clara County, California. ... Stamp commemorating the G.I. Bill or Servicemens Readjustment Act The G. I. Bill of Rights or Servicemens Readjustment Act of 1944 provided for college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as GIs or G. I.s) as well as one-year... Illustration of the backyards of a surburban neighbourhood Suburbs are inhabited districts located either on the outer rim of a city or outside the official limits of a city (the term varies from country to country), or the outer elements of a conurbation. ...

See also

• United States
• Architecture
• Architectural style
• Culture of the United States
• Hawaiian architecture
• Chicago school (architecture)
• List of America's Favorite Architecture according to the AIA
• List of bridges in the United States
• Robert Sharoff
• Sculpture of the United States

This article is about building architecture. ... Architectural style is a way of classifying architecture largely by morphological characteristics - in terms of form, techniques, materials, etc. ... American cultural icons, apple pie, baseball, and the American flag. ... Hawaiian architecture is a distinctive style of architectural arts developed and employed primarily in the Hawaiian Islands of the present-day United States — buildings and various other structures indicative of the people of Hawaii and the environment and culture in which they live. ... Chicago architecture is famous throughout the world and one style is referred to as the Chicago School. ... In 2007, the American Institute of Architects released the following list, titled Americas Favorite Architecture, containing 150 of Americas most beautiful buildings, according to a survey of AIA members. ... Bridges in the United States is a link page for any notable bridge in the United States of America. ... Robert Sharoff is an architectural writer for the New York Times, Washington Post, Chicago Tribune, and Chicago Magazine. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

External links

• History of American Architectural Building Styles
• Colonial Williamsburg
• Columbia Encyclopedia
• century-rhode-island-structures.html 17th century Rhode Island Structures
• Reiff, Daniel D. Houses from Books, Penn State Press, 2001 ISBN 0-271-01943-3

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This is an alphabetical list of the sovereign states of the world, including both de jure and de facto independent states. ... Download high resolution version (675x894, 685 KB)From http://cia. ... A dependent territory, dependent area or dependency is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a State. ... Types of administrative and/or political territories include: A legally administered territory, which is a non-sovereign geographic area that has come under the authority of another government. ... A transcontinental nation is a country belonging to more than one continent. ... World map showing the Americas CIA political map of the Americas The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World consisting of the continents of North America[1] and South America with their associated islands and regions. ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ...