Arctic Tern
Two Arctic Terns
Conservation status
Least Concern [1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Charadriiformes Family: Sternidae Genus: Sterna Species: S. paradisaea
Binomial name
Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan, 1763[2]
Breeding grounds (red), wintering grounds (blue) and migration routes (green)

The Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea) is a seabird of the tern family Sternidae. This bird has a circumpolar distribution, breeding colonially in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of Europe, Asia, and North America (as far south as Brittany and Massachusetts). The species is strongly migratory, seeing two summers each year as it migrates from its northern breeding grounds to the oceans around Antarctica and back (about 24,000 miles) each year. This is the longest regular migration by any known animal. Download high resolution version (838x838, 139 KB)Arctic Terns, originally uploaded to Dutch wikipedia by user Jcwf; public domain photo from http://www. ... The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species continuing to survive either in the present day or the future. ... Image File history File links Status_iucn3. ... Least Concern (LC) is an IUCN category assigned to species or lower taxa which do not qualify for any other category. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Animalia redirects here. ... Typical Classes See below Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates. ... “Aves” redirects here. ... Families Thinocoridae Pedionomidae Scolopacidae Rostratulidae Jacanidae Chionididae Burhinidae Haematopodidae Recurvirostridae Ibidorhynchidae Charadriidae Pluvianellidae Dromadidae Glareolidae Stercorariidae Rhynchopidae Laridae Sternidae Alcidae Charadriiformes is a diverse order of small to medium-large birds. ... Genera Sterna (Gelochelidon) (Hydroprogne) (Thalasseus) Chlidonias Phaetusa Anous Procelsterna Gygis Larosterna Terns are seabirds in the family Sternidae, previously considered a subfamily Sterninae of the gull family Laridae. ... Species Many, see text. ... In biology, binomial nomenclature is the formal method of naming species. ... Erik Pontoppidan (August 24, 1698 in Aarhus - December 20, 1764) was a Danish author, prelate, historian and antiquary. ... 1763 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 435 pixelsFull resolution (1301 × 707 pixel, file size: 27 KB, MIME type: image/png) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Arctic Tern ... The Sooty Tern is highly aerial and marine and will spend years flying at sea without returning to land. ... Genera Sterna (Gelochelidon) (Hydroprogne) (Thalasseus) Chlidonias Phaetusa Anous Procelsterna Gygis Larosterna Terns are seabirds in the family Sternidae, previously considered a subfamily Sterninae of the gull family Laridae. ... In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is 1) a rank or 2) a taxon in that rank. ... Genera Sterna (Gelochelidon) (Hydroprogne) (Thalasseus) Chlidonias Phaetusa Anous Procelsterna Gygis Larosterna Terns are seabirds in the family Sternidae, previously considered a subfamily Sterninae of the gull family Laridae. ... “Aves” redirects here. ... Circumpolar stars are those stars which are located near the celestial poles of the celestial sphere, i. ... The red line indicates the 10°C isotherm in July, commonly used to define the Arctic region border Satellite image of the Arctic surface The Arctic is the region around the Earths North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. ... This article is 150 kilobytes or more in size. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ... World map showing North America A satellite composite image of North America. ... (Region flag) (Region logo) Location Administration Capital Rennes Regional President Jean-Yves Le Drian (PS) (since 2004) Departments Côtes-dArmor Ille-et-Vilaine Morbihan Finistère Arrondissements 15 Cantons 201 Communes 1,268 Statistics Land area1 27,209 km² Population (Ranked 7th)  - January 1, 2005 est. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ... Flock of Barnacle Geese during autumn migration Many species of birds undertake seasonal journeys of various lengths, a phenomenon known as Bird migration. ... Summer is a season of the year that is defined as beginning on June 21st, and ending in September in the Northern Hemisphere. ...

Arctic Terns are medium-sized birds. They have a length of 33–39 centimetres (13–15 in) and a wingspan of 76–85 cm (26–30 in). They are mainly grey and white plumaged, with a red beak (as long as the head, straight, with pronounced gonys) and feet, white forehead, a black nape and crown (streaked white), and white cheeks. The grey mantle is 305 mm, and the scapulars are fringed brown, some tipped white. The upper wing is grey with a white leading edge, and the collar is completely white, as is the rump. The deeply forked tail is whitish, with grey outer webs. The hindcrown to the ear-coverts is black. The metre (or meter, see spelling differences) is a measure of length. ... The distance AB is the wing span of this Aer Lingus Airbus A320. ...

The Arctic Tern is K-selected, caring for and aggressively defending a small number of young. Parents feed them fish for a considerable time, and help them fly south to winter. In ecology, r/K selection theory relates to the selection of traits (in organisms) that allow success in particular environments. ...

Arctic Terns are long-lived birds, with many reaching twenty years of age. They eat mainly fish and small marine invertebrates. The species is abundant, with an estimated one million individuals. While the trend in the number of individuals in the species as a whole is not known, exploitation in the past has reduced this bird's numbers in the southern reaches of its range. Invertebrate is a term that describes any animal without a spinal column. ...

Distribution and migration

The Arctic Tern has a worldwide, circumpolar breeding distribution which is continuous; there are no recognized subspecies. It can be found in coastal regions in cooler temperate parts of North America and Eurasia during the northern summer. While wintering during the southern summer, it can be found at sea, reaching the southern edge of the Antarctic ice.^[3] The species' range encompasses an area of approximately ten million square kilometers.^[2] In zoology, as in other branches of biology, subspecies is the rank immediately subordinate to a species. ... Eurasia African-Eurasian aspect of Earth Eurasia is the Earths largest landmass covering about 21215121321km² compared with the Americas (approximately 42,000,000 km²), Africa (approximately 30,000,000 km²), and Antarctica (approximately 13,000,000 km²). Eurasia comprises the traditional continents of Europe and Asia. ... The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planets surface (or celestial sphere) that is north of the equator (the word hemisphere literally means half ball). On the Earth, the Northern Hemisphere contains most of the land and about 88-90% of the human population. ... The Southern Hemisphere is the half of a planets surface (or celestial sphere) that is south of the equator (the word hemisphere literally means half ball). On Earth it contains five continents (Antarctica, Australia, most of South America, parts of Africa and Asia) as well as four oceans (South...

The Arctic Tern is famous for its migration; it flies from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic and back again each year. This 19,000 km (12,000 mi) journey each way ensures that this bird sees two summers per year and more daylight than any other creature on the planet.^[4] The average Arctic Tern in its life will travel a distance equal to going to the moon and back — about 500,000 miles.^[5] One example of this bird's remarkable long-distance flying abilities involves an Arctic Tern ringed as an unfledged chick on the Farne Islands, Northumberland, UK in summer 1982, which reached Melbourne, Australia in October 1982, a sea journey of over 22,000 km (14,000 mi) in just three months from fledging.^[6] Another example is that of a chick ringed in Labrador, Canada on 23 July 1928. It was found in South Africa four months later.^[7] Bird ringing (also known as bird banding) is an aid to studying wild birds, by attaching a small individually numbered metal or plastic ring to their legs or wings, so that various aspects of the birds life can be studied by the ability to re-find the same individual... The Inner Farne seen from Seahouses harbour The Farne Islands (also referred to less formally as the Farnes) are a group of islands off the coast of Northumberland, England. ... Northumberland is a county in northern England. ... Melbournes CBD has grown to straddle the Yarra River in three major precincts. ... Labrador (also Coast of Labrador) is a region of Atlantic Canada. ... July 23 is the 204th day (205th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 161 days remaining. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar). ...

Arctic Terns usually migrate far offshore.^[8] Consequently, they are rarely seen from land outside the breeding season.

Physical description and taxonomy

An Arctic Tern in Finland

The Arctic Tern is medium-sized bird approximately 33–36 cm (13–15 in) from the tip of its beak to the tip of its tail. The wingspan is 76–85 cm.^[8] The weight is 86–127 g (3.0–4.5 oz). The beak is dark red, as are the short legs and webbed feet. Like most terns, the Arctic Tern has high aspect ratio wings and a tail with a deep fork.^[8] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 749 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1640 pixel, file size: 1. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 749 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2048 × 1640 pixel, file size: 1. ... The beak—otherwise known as the bill or rostrum—is an external anatomical structure which serves as the mouth in some animals. ... Flight is the main mode of locomotion used by most of the worlds bird species. ...

The adult plumage is grey above, with a black nape and crown and white cheeks. The upperwings are pale grey, with the area near the wingtip being translucent. The tail is white, and the underparts pale grey. Both sexes are similar in appearance. The winter plumage is similar, but the crown is whiter and the bills are darker.^[8] Closeup on a single white feather A feather is one of the epidermal growths that forms the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on a bird. ...

An Arctic Tern in flight with wings spread

Juveniles differ from adults in their black bill and legs, "scaly" appearing wings, and mantle with dark feather tips, dark carpal wing bar, and short tail streamers.^[8] During their first summer, juveniles also have a whiter forecrown.^[9] Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 502 pixelsFull resolution (1000 × 627 pixel, file size: 263 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) En: Arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea) in flight - caught near the small island Fanø, Denmark. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 800 × 502 pixelsFull resolution (1000 × 627 pixel, file size: 263 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) En: Arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea) in flight - caught near the small island Fanø, Denmark. ...

The species has a variety of calls; the two most common being the alarm call, made when possible predators (such as humans or other mammals) enter the colonies, and the advertising call.^[10] The advertising call is social in nature, made when returning to the colony and during aggressive encounters between individuals. It is unique to each individual tern and as such it serves a similar role to the bird song of passerines, identifying individuals. Eight other calls have been described, from begging calls made by females during mating to attack calls made while swooping at intruders. Bird song refers to the sounds, usually melodious to the human ear, made by many birds of the order Passeriformes as a form of communication. ... Subclasses Subclass Allotheria* Order Docodonta (extinct) Order Multituberculata (extinct) Order Palaeoryctoides (extinct) Order Triconodonta (extinct) Order Volaticotheria (extinct) Subclass Prototheria Order Monotremata Subclass Theria Infraclass Trituberculata (extinct) Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in females for the nourishment... Blackbird (Turdus merula), singing male. ... Families Many, see text A passerine is a bird of the giant order Passeriformes. ...

While the Arctic Tern is similar to the Common and Roseate Terns, its colouring, profile, and call are slightly different. Compared to the Common Tern, it has a longer tail and mono-coloured bill, while the main differences from the Roseate are its slightly darker colour and longer wings. The Arctic Tern's call is more nasal and rasping than that of the Common, and is easily distinguishable from that of the Roseate.^[11] This article does not cite its references or sources. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

This bird's closest relatives are a group of South Polar species, the South American (Sterna hirundinacea), Kerguelen (S. virgata), and Antarctic (S. vittata) Terns.^[12] On the wintering grounds, the Arctic Tern can be distinguished from these relatives; the six-month difference in moult is the best clue here, with Arctic Terns being in winter plumage during the southern summer. The southern species also do not show darker wingtips in flight. Binomial name Sterna virgata Cabanis, 1875 The Kerguelen Tern (Sterna virgata) is a tern of the southern hemisphere. ... Binomial name Sterna vittata Gmelin, 1789 The Antarctic Tern (Sterna vittata) is a typical tern. ... In animals, moulting (Commonwealth English) or molting (American English) is the routine shedding off old feathers in birds, or of old skin in reptiles, or of old hairs in mammals (see also coat (dog)). In arthropods, such as insects, arachnids and crustaceans, moulting describes the shedding of its exoskeleton (which...

Reproduction

A nesting Arctic Tern at Farne Islands, Northumberland, England.

Arctic Terns mate for life, and in most cases, return to the same colony each year.^[13] Breeding begins around the third or fourth year.^[14] Courtship is elaborate, especially in birds nesting for the first time.^[15] Courtship begins with a so-called "high flight", where a female will chase the male to a high altitude and then slowly descend. This display is followed by "fish flights", where the male will offer fish to the female. Courtship on the ground involves strutting with a raised tail and lowered wings. After this, both birds will usually fly and circle each other.^[15] Arctic Tern at nest on the Farne Islands, Northumberland. ... Arctic Tern at nest on the Farne Islands, Northumberland. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...

An arctic tern chick on the Farne Islands, Northumberland, England.

Both sexes agree on a site for a nest, and both will defend the site. During this time, the male continues to feed the female. Mating occurs shortly after this.^[15] Breeding takes place in colonies on coasts, islands and occasionally inland on tundra near water. It often forms mixed flocks with the Common Tern. It lays from one to three eggs per clutch, most often two.^[8] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 798 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1006 × 756 pixel, file size: 631 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Arctic Tern ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 798 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (1006 × 756 pixel, file size: 631 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Arctic Tern ... Colonial seabirds in Hawaii. ... In most birds and reptiles, an egg (Latin ovum) is the zygote, resulting from fertilization of the ovum. ...

It is one of the most aggressive terns, fiercely defensive of its nest and young. It will attack humans and large predators, usually striking the top or back of the head. Although it is too small to cause serious injury, it is still capable of drawing blood.^[4] Other birds can benefit from nesting in an area defended by Arctic Terns.

The nest is usually a depression in the ground, which may or may not be lined with bits of grass or similar materials. The eggs are mottled and camouflaged.^[8] Both sexes share incubation duties. The young hatch after 22–27 days and fledge after 21–24 days.^[8] If the parents are disturbed and flush from the nest frequently this has the effect of extending the incubation period to as long as 34 days.^[10]

When hatched, the chicks are downy. Neither altricial nor precocial, the chicks begin to move around and explore their surroundings within one to three days after hatching.^[16] Usually, they do not stray far from the nest. Chicks are brooded by the adults for the first ten days after hatching.^[17] Both parents care for hatchlings.^[8] Chick diets always include fish, and parents selectively bring larger prey items to chicks than they eat themselves.^[10] Males bring more food than females. Feeding by the parents lasts for roughly a month before being weaned off slowly.^[8] After fledging, the juveniles learn to feed themselves, including the difficult method of plunge-diving.^[18] They will fly south to winter with the help of their parents.^[19] The down of birds is a layer of fine feathers found under the tougher exterior feathers. ... In bird and mammal biology, altricial species are those whose newly hatched or born young are relatively immobile, have closed eyes, lack hair or down, and must be cared for by the adults. ... In biology, precocial species are those that are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching. ...

Arctic Terns tend towards K-selection;^[20] they are long-lived birds with few young raised each year compared to many land birds. The maximum recorded lifespan for the species is 34 years.^[21] A lifespan of twenty years may not be unusual,^[13] with a study in the Farne Islands estimating an annual survival rate of 82%.^[22] Lifespan is the maximum number of years a species can survive, defined by the oldest documented age of an individual member. ...

Ecology and behaviour

The diet of the Arctic Tern varies depending on location and time, but is usually carnivorous. In most cases, it eats small fish or marine crustaceans.^[3][8] Fish species comprise the most important part of the diet, and account for more of the biomass consumed than any other food. Prey species are immature (1–2 year old) shoaling species such as herring, cod, sandlances, and capelin.^[4] Among the marine crustaceans eaten are amphipods, crabs and krill. Sometimes, these birds also eat molluscs, marine worms, or berries, and on their northern breeding grounds, insects.^[16] This tigers sharp teeth and strong jaws are the classical physical traits expected from carnivorous mammalian predators A carnivore (IPA: ), meaning meat eater (Latin carne meaning flesh and vorare meaning to devour), is an animal that eats a diet consisting mainly of meat, whether it comes from live animals... A giant grouper at the Georgia Aquarium Fish are aquatic vertebrates that are typically cold-blooded; covered with scales, and equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins. ... Classes Remipedia Cephalocarida Branchiopoda Ostracoda Maxillopoda Malacostraca The crustaceans (Crustacea) are a large group of arthropods (55,000 species), usually treated as a subphylum. ... Species Clupea alba Clupea bentincki Clupea caspiopontica Clupea chrysotaenia Clupea elongata Clupea halec Clupea harengus Clupea inermis Clupea leachii Clupea lineolata Clupea minima Clupea mirabilis Clupea pallasii Clupea sardinacaroli Clupea sulcata Herrings are small oily fish of the genus Clupea found in the shallow, temperate waters of the North Atlantic... the world is coming to the end!!!!! cod is going to eat up alive and do us hard up the emmm. ... Genera Ammodytes Ammodytoides Bleekeria Gymnammodytes Hyperoplus Lepidammodytes Protammodytes See text for species. ... Binomial name Mallotus villosus Müller, 1776 This article is about the fish. ... Families about 200 partial list Alpheidae Ampeliscidae Amphilochidae Ampithoidae Anisogammaridae Aoridae Artesiidae Bogideillidae Bosminidae Caprellidae Corophiidae Crangonyctidae Eusiridae Gammaridae Hadziidae Haustoriidae Iphimediidae Ischyroceridae Leucothoidae Liljeborgiidae Lysianassidae Melitidae Phoxocephalidae Sebidae Talitridae Amphipoda (amphipods) include about 4600 different species of small, shrimp_like crustaceans. ... Superfamilies Dromiacea Homolodromioidea Dromioidea Homoloidea Eubrachyura Raninoidea Cyclodorippoidea Dorippoidea Calappoidea Leucosioidea Majoidea Hymenosomatoidea Parthenopoidea Retroplumoidea Cancroidea Portunoidea Bythograeoidea Xanthoidea Bellioidea Potamoidea Pseudothelphusoidea Gecarcinucoidea Cryptochiroidea Pinnotheroidea * Ocypodoidea * Grapsoidea * An asterisk (*) marks the crabs included in the clade Thoracotremata. ... Families Euphausiidae Euphausia Dana, 1852 Meganyctiphanes Holt and W. M. Tattersall, 1905 Nematobrachion Calman, 1905 Nematoscelis G. O. Sars, 1883 Nyctiphanes G. O. Sars, 1883 Pseudeuphausia Hansen, 1910 Stylocheiron G. O. Sars, 1883 Tessarabrachion Hansen, 1911 Thysanoessa Brandt, 1851 Thysanopoda Latreille, 1831 Bentheuphausiidae Bentheuphausia amblyops Krill are shrimp-like marine... Classes Caudofoveata Aplacophora Polyplacophora - Chitons Monoplacophora Bivalvia - Bivalves Scaphopoda - Tusk shells Gastropoda - Snails and Slugs Cephalopoda - Squids, Octopuses, etc. ... Several types of berries from the market. ... Orders See taxonomy Insects (Class Insecta) are a major group of arthropods and the most diverse group of animals on the Earth, with over a million described species—more than all other animal groups combined. ...

Arctic Terns sometimes dip down to the surface of the water to catch prey close to the surface. They may also chase insects in the air when breeding.^[16] It is also thought that Arctic Terns may, in spite of their small size, occasionally engage in kleptoparasitism by swooping at birds so as to startle them into releasing their catches.^[16] Several species are targeted—conspecifics, other terns (like the Common Tern), and some auk and grebe species.^[10] Kleptoparasitism (literally, parasitism by theft) is a form of feeding where one animal takes prey from another that has caught, killed, or otherwise prepared it. ... Genera Uria Alle Alca Pinguinus Synthliboramphus Cepphus Brachyramphus Ptychoramphus Aethia Cerorhinca Fratercula Extinct genera, see Systematics Auks are birds of the family Alcidae in the order Charadriiformes. ... Genera Podiceps Tachybaptus Podilymbus Aechmophorus Poliocephalus Rollandia Grebes are members of the Podicipediformes order, a widely distributed order of freshwater diving birds, some of which visit the sea when migrating and in winter. ...

While nesting, Arctic Terns are vulnerable to predation by cats and other animals.^[3] Besides being a competitor for nesting sites, the larger Herring Gull steals eggs and hatchlings. Camouflaged eggs help prevent this, as do isolated nesting sites.^[18] While feeding, skuas, gulls, and other tern species will often harass the birds and steal their food.^[23] They often form mixed colonies with other terns, such as Common and Sandwich Terns. Binomial name Larus argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763 The Herring Gull, Larus argentatus, is a large gull which breeds across North America, Europe and Asia. ... For other uses: see Skua (disambiguation). ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

Conservation status

An Arctic Tern up close

Arctic Terns are considered threatened or species of concern in certain states. They are also among the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds applies.^[24] The species declined in New England in the late nineteenth-century due to hunting for the millinery trade.^[10] Exploitation continues today in western Greenland, where the species has declined greatly since 1950.^[25] Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2560 × 1920 pixel, file size: 2. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution (2560 × 1920 pixel, file size: 2. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... This article is about the region in the United States of America. ...

At the southern part of their range, the Arctic Tern has been declining in numbers. Much of this is due to shortages of food.^[9] However, most of these birds' range is extremely remote, with no apparent trend in the species as a whole.^[16]

Birdlife International has considered the species to be at lower risk since 1988, believing that there are approximately one million individuals around the world.^[2]

Appearances

The Arctic Tern has appeared on the postage stamps of several countries and dependent territories. Territories include the Aland Islands, Alderney, and Faroe Islands. Countries include Canada, Finland, Iceland, and Cuba.^[26] This 1974 stamp from Japan depicts a Class 8620 steam locomotive. ... The Åland Islands, or Landskapet Åland in Swedish, are an autonomous, demilitarised and monolingually Swedish province of Finland, consisting of more than 6,500 islands and skerries. ... Capital St Anne Status Part of Guernsey, Crown dependency of the UK Official language(s) English Head of Government Sir Norman Browse Population 2,400 Currency Pound sterling (GBP). ...

The Arctic Tern was also mentioned on the popular American improv comedy show "Whose Line Is It Anyway?." During the game Greatest Hits, Ryan Stiles prompted Colin Mochrie to answer the following question: "What kind of bird always says the name of our next band?" Instead of the reply Ryan was hoping for (an owl, looking for "The Who"), Colin, at a loss for words, said, "A tern? An arctic tern?" When Ryan asked what an arctic tern says, Colin answered, "Backstreet Boys!".^[27] Whose Line Is It Anyway? (sometimes abbreviated to Whose Line?) is a short form improvisational comedy show. ...

Notes and references

• Peter Harrison (1983). Seabirds. ISBN 0713646268

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Sterna paradisaea

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Arctic Tern

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External links

• Arctic Tern videos on the Internet Bird Collection
• Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Species Account
• ARKive images