Arctic Grayling
T. arcticus arcticus
Conservation status
Secure
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Salmoniformes Family: Salmonidae Subfamily: Thymallinae Genus: Thymallus Species: T. arcticus
Binomial name
Thymallus arcticus (Pallas, 1776)

The Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family (family Salmonidae) of order Salmoniformes. It comprises five subspecies, including the Arctic grayling proper (T. arcticus arcticus). Download high resolution version (801x338, 42 KB)Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus arcticus). ... The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species continuing to survive either in the present day or the future. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Animalia redirects here. ... Typical Classes Subphylum Urochordata - Tunicates Ascidiacea Thaliacea Larvacea Subphylum Cephalochordata - Lancelets Subphylum Myxini - Hagfishes Subphylum Vertebrata - Vertebrates Petromyzontida - Lampreys Placodermi (extinct) Chondrichthyes - Cartilaginous fishes Acanthodii (extinct) Actinopterygii - Ray-finned fishes Actinistia - Coelacanths Dipnoi - Lungfishes Amphibia - Amphibians Reptilia - Reptiles Aves - Birds Mammalia - Mammals Chordates (phylum Chordata) include the vertebrates, together with... Orders See text The Actinopterygii are the ray-finned fish. ... Genera (see text) Salmonidae is a family of ray-finned fish, the only family of order Salmoniformes. ... Genera (see text) Salmonidae is a family of ray-finned fish, the only family of order Salmoniformes. ... For other uses of grayling see Grayling. ... For other uses of grayling see Grayling. ... In biology, binomial nomenclature is the formal method of naming species. ... Peter Simon Pallas (September 22, 1741 - September 8, 1811) was a German-born Russian zoologist. ... Year 1776 (MDCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biodiversity. ... For the village on the Isle of Wight, see Freshwater, Isle of Wight. ... A giant grouper at the Georgia Aquarium Fish are aquatic vertebrates that are typically cold-blooded; covered with scales, and equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins. ... Illustration of a male Coho Salmon The Chinook or King Salmon is the largest salmon in North America and can grow to 1. ... In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is 1) a rank or 2) a taxon in that rank. ... Genera (see text) Salmonidae is a family of ray-finned fish, the only family of order Salmoniformes. ... In scientific classification used in biology, the order (Latin: ordo, plural ordines) is a rank between class and family (termed a taxon at that rank). ... Genera (see text) Salmonidae is a family of ray-finned fish, the only family of order Salmoniformes. ... In zoology, as in other branches of biology, subspecies is the rank immediately subordinate to a species. ...

It is native to the Nearctic and Palearctic ecozones, T. arcticus arcticus being widespread throughout the Arctic and Pacific drainages in Canada, Alaska, and Siberia, as well as the upper Missouri River draining in Montana, and formerly in the Great Lakes region, where it has become extinct. Other subspecies have narrower ranges, T. arcticus baicalensis, for example, being restricted to Lake Baikal and its drainage in Russia and T. arcticus grubii to the Amur basin in east Asia. The Nearctic is one of the eight terrestrial ecozones dividing the Earths land surface. ... The Palearctic or Palaearctic is one of the eight ecozones dividing the Earth surface (see map). ... An ecozone or biogeographic realm is the largest scale biogeographic division of the earths surface based on the historic and evolutionary distribution patterns of plants and animals. ... The Arctic Ocean, located in the northern hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region, is the smallest of the worlds five oceans and the shallowest. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Official language(s) none Capital Juneau Largest city Anchorage Area  Ranked 1st  - Total 663,267 sq mi (1,717,855 km²)  - Width 808 miles (1,300 km)  - Length 1,479 miles (2,380 km)  - % water 13. ... Siberian Federal District (darker red) and the broadest definition of Siberia (red) arctic northeast Siberia Udachnaya pipe Siberia (Russian: , Sibir; Tatar: ) is a vast region of Russia constituting almost all of Northern Asia and comprising a large part of the Euro-Asian Steppe. ... The Missouri River is a tributary of the Mississippi River in the United States. ... Official language(s) English Capital Helena Largest city Billings Area  Ranked 4th  - Total 147,165 sq mi (381,156 km²)  - Width 255 miles (410 km)  - Length 630 miles (1,015 km)  - % water 1  - Latitude 44°26N to 49°N  - Longitude 104°2W to 116°2W Population  Ranked... The Great Lakes from space The Great Lakes are a group of five large lakes in North America on or near the Canada-United States border. ... In biology and ecology, extinction is the ceasing of existence of a species or group of species. ... Lake Baikal (Russian: Байка́л, pronounced ; Buryat and Mongol: Dalai-Nor) lies in Southern Siberia in Russia between Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and Buryatia to the southeast near the city of Irkutsk. ... The Amur River (Russian: Амур; Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: , or Black Dragon River; Mayan; Mongolian: Хара-Мурэн, Khara-Muren or Black River; Manchu: Sahaliyan Ula, literal meaning Black River) is Earths eighth longest river, forming the border between the Russian Far East and Manchuria in China. ... World map showing the location of Asia. ...

Several life history forms of Arctic grayling occur: fluvial populations that live and spawn in rivers; lacustrine populations that live and spawn in lakes; and adfluvial populations that live in lakes and spawn in tributary streams.

The upper Missouri River basin population once merited a high priority for Endangered Species Act listing by the US Fish & Wildlife Service. This unique southernmost population is now extinct in all areas of the upper Missouri River basin with the exception of the Big Hole River watershed. In preparation for an ESA listing, US FWS began implementing a "Candidate Conservation Agreement with Assurances." This agreement would protect cooperating landowners from being prosecuted under the ESA "takings" clause so long as they fulfill specific obligations spelled out in a contractual agreement intended to restore this dwindling population. The CCAA is now in doubt for the following reason. Recently (25April07), however, US FWS removed Big Hole River grayling from ESA candidacy. The rationale was based on (1) genetically lumping the fluvial population with more common lake-dwelling populations; and (2) arguing that the Montana grayling populations are insignificant and their loss would not matter given thriving populations in Alaska. See Montana Grayling Genetics.

T. arcticus arcticus grows to a maximum recorded length of 76 cm (30 in) and a maximum recorded weight of 3.8 kg (8.4 lb); the other subspecies range in maximum length from 30 to 44 cm (12–17 in), with maximum weights as low as one-third that of the Arctic grayling proper. Of typical Thymallus appearance, the Arctic grayling is distinguished from the similar grayling (T. thymallus) by the absence of dorsal and anal spines and the presence of a larger number of soft rays in these fins. There is a dark longitudinal line between the pectoral and pelvic fins, and the flanks may possess a pink iridescence. Some subspecies exhibit distinctive coloration, T. arcticus baicalensis, for example, being darker in color with two wide vertical bars of lighter shade along its body. T. arcticus arcticus has been recorded as reaching an age of 18 years. The or meter (see spelling differences) is a measure of length. ... An inch (plural: inches; symbol or abbreviation: in or, sometimes, ″ - a double prime) is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... The international prototype, made of platinum-iridium, which is kept at the BIPM under conditions specified by the 1st CGPM in 1889. ... The pound (abbreviations: lb or, sometimes in the United States, #) is a unit of mass in a number of different systems, including various systems of units of mass that formed part of English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... For other uses of grayling see Grayling. ... A grayling can refer to a A type of freshwater salmonid fish: Specifically, Thymallus thymallus, the grayling proper, or Generically, any fish of genus Thymallus, the graylings Grayling butterfly, Hipparchia semele, common on heathlands in Britain Grayling is also the name of several places: Grayling, Alaska Grayling, Michigan Grayling Township... Dorsal fin of an orca A dorsal fin is a fin located on the backs of fishes, whales, dolphins, and porpoises, as well as the (extinct) ichthyosaurs. ... Fish anatomy is primarily governed by the physical characteristics of water, which is much denser than air, holds a relatively small amount of dissolved oxygen, and absorbs light more than does air. ... The iridescence of the Blue Morpho butterfly wings. ...

The Arctic graylings occur primarily in cold waters of mid-sized to large rivers and lakes, returning to rocky streams to breed, although T. arcticus baicalensis remains in shallow waters for its entire life. The various subspecies are omnivorous, crustaceans, insects, and fish eggs and larvae forming the most important food items; larger T. arcticus arcticus individuals feed on adult fish and even small aquatic mammals, such as lemmings, while the immature fish feed on zooplankton, including insect larvae. Classes & Subclasses Branchiopoda Phyllopoda Sarsostraca Remipedia Cephalocarida Maxillopoda Thecostraca Tantulocarida Branchiura Pentastomida Mystacocarida Copepoda Ostracoda Myodocopa Podocopa Malacostraca Phyllocarida Hoplocarida Eumalacostraca The nauplius larva of a dendrobranchiate Porcellio scaber, the common rough woodlouse, a terrestrial crustacean Pollicipes polymerus, the gooseneck barnacle Glyphea pseudastacus, a fossil glypheoid The crustaceans (Crustacea) are... {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Insects | fossil_range = Carboniferous - Recent | image = European honey bee extracts nectar. ... A larval insect A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ... Subclasses Subclass Allotheria* Order Docodonta (extinct) Order Multituberculata (extinct) Order Palaeoryctoides (extinct) Order Triconodonta (extinct) Order Volaticotheria (extinct) Subclass Prototheria Order Monotremata Subclass Theria Infraclass Trituberculata (extinct) Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria Mammals are a class of vertebrate animals characterized by the production of milk in females for the nourishment of... Genera Dicrostonyx Lemmus Synaptomys Myopus  * Incomplete listing: see vole Lemmings are small rodents, usually found in or near the Arctic, in tundra biomes. ... Photomontage of plankton organisms Plankton is the aggregate community of weakly swimming but mostly drifting small organisms that inhabit the water column of the ocean, seas, and bodies of freshwater. ...

10" Arctic Grayling from the Gulkana River, Paxson, Alaska.

Spawning takes place in the spring, when the fish seek the shallow areas of rivers with fine sand substrate and moderate current. The males then establish individual territories and court the females by flashing their colourful dorsal fins; the fins are also used to brace receptive females during the vibratory release of milt and roe. As these fishes are nonguarders, the eggs are left to mix with the substrate. Although the graylings do not excavate nests, the highly energetic courtship and mating tends to kick up silt and cover the eggs. The eggs are small (approximately 3 mm in diameter) and hatch after two to three weeks. The hatched larvae remain in the substrate until they reach a length of around 12–18 mm (0.5–0.7 in), at which time they form shoals at the river margins. The fry grow quickly during their first year or two of life. Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 775 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1050 × 812 pixel, file size: 120 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This image is a work of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, taken or made during the course of an employees official duties. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Size of this preview: 775 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1050 × 812 pixel, file size: 120 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This image is a work of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, taken or made during the course of an employees official duties. ... Milt is the seminal fluid of fish, mollusks, and certain other water-dwelling animals who reproduce by spraying milt onto roe (fish eggs). ... Salmon roe at the Shiogama seafood market in Japan Look up Roe in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ... A larval insect A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ...

With the grayling proper (T. thymallus), the T. arcticus arcticus is one of the economically important Thymallus species, being raised commercially and fished for sport. A grayling can refer to a A type of freshwater salmonid fish: Specifically, Thymallus thymallus, the grayling proper, or Generically, any fish of genus Thymallus, the graylings Grayling butterfly, Hipparchia semele, common on heathlands in Britain Grayling is also the name of several places: Grayling, Alaska Grayling, Michigan Grayling Township... Fishing is the activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, or gathering. ...

Sensitive to pollution, the Arctic grayling has disappeared from the North American Great Lakes, but as it remains widespread elsewhere it is not listed on the IUCN Red List of threatened species. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List and Red Data List), created in 1963, is the worlds most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species and can be found here. ...

Obsolete synonyms for T. arcticus arcticus include T. montanus, T. signifer, and T. tricolor. The species is also known as the Alaska grayling.

Several submarines and patrol boats of the United States Navy have been named USS Grayling after this species. Alvin in 1978, a year after first exploring hydrothermal vents. ... Categories: Ship types ... The United States Navy, also known as the USN or the U.S. Navy, is a branch of the United States armed forces responsible for conducting naval operations. ... Five ships of the United States Navy have been named USS Grayling for the Arctic grayling, a fresh-water game fish closely related to the trout. ...

Subspecies

• T. arcticus arcticus (Pallas, 1776) – Arctic grayling
• T. arcticus baicalensis (Dybowski, 1874) – Baikal black grayling
• T. arcticus grubii Dybowski, 1869 – Amur grayling
• T. arcticus mertensii Valenciennes, 1848
• T. arcticus pallasi Valenciennes, 1848 – East Siberian grayling

T. yaluensis is sometimes considered a further subspecies of T. arcticus. It may indeed be identical to T. arcticus grubii. Peter Simon Pallas (September 22, 1741 - September 8, 1811) was a German-born Russian zoologist. ... Year 1776 (MDCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). ... Year 1874 (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link with display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... 1869 (MDCCCLXIX) is a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar) of the Gregorian calendar or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar. ... Achille Valenciennes (August 9, 1794 - April 13, 1865) was a French zoologist. ... Year 1848 (MDCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Achille Valenciennes (August 9, 1794 - April 13, 1865) was a French zoologist. ... Year 1848 (MDCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Binomial name Thymallus yaluensis (Mori, 1928) Thymallus yaluensis is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family (family Salmonidae) of order Salmoniformes. ...

References

• "Thymallus arcticus arcticus". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2004 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2004.
• "Thymallus arcticus baicalensis". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2004 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2004.
• "Thymallus arcticus grubii". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2004 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2004.
• "Thymallus arcticus mertensii". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2004 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2004.
• "Thymallus arcticus pallasi". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. October 2004 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2004.
• Thymallus arcticus (TSN 162016). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed on 11 December 2004.
• FWS (2004). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Species Assessment and Listing Priority Assignment Form for fluvial Arctic grayling (distinct population segment of the Upper Missouri River), commonly called Montana Arctic grayling. November 30, 2004.

FishBase is a comprehensive database of information about fish. ... FishBase is a comprehensive database of information about fish. ... FishBase is a comprehensive database of information about fish. ... FishBase is a comprehensive database of information about fish. ... FishBase is a comprehensive database of information about fish. ... Please note that the ITIS system URL has changed (25 September 2006). ... December 11 is the 345th day (346th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External Links

• EcoRover blog about Big Hole River grayling