Ardalan or (Erdelan) is the name of a semi-independent state in north-western Iran which ruled an area encompassing present day Iranian province of Kurdistan from medieval period up to mid 19th century. Ardalan is also the name of the ruling family of that state. Their capital was in the city of Sinne(or Sanandaj or Senna). Ardalan state was mainly composed of the Kurdish tribe of Bani Ardalan of present day north-western Iran, now dispersed in and around the city of Sinne(Sanadaj or Senna). The ruling family of this tribe claimed descent from Saladin. Kurdish-inhabited areas (Kurdistan). ... Sinne (Sanandaj in persian)is the capital of the Kurdistan province of iran, which is situated in the western part of Iran bordering Iraq. ... Sanandaj (Kurdish: Sinne; Persian: سنندج) is the capital of the Iranian province of Kurdistan, which is situated in the western part of Iran bordering Iraq. ... Senna, (Cassia acutifolia) is a medicinal herb. ... Kurdish may refer to: The Kurdish people The Kurdish language This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Sinne (Sanandaj in persian)is the capital of the Kurdistan province of iran, which is situated in the western part of Iran bordering Iraq. ... Senna, (Cassia acutifolia) is a medicinal herb. ... This article is about the Muslim general; for the British armoured vehicle named after him, see Alvis Saladin. ...

History

According to Sharaf-al-Din Bitlisi, the renowned Kurdish historian, the earliest known leader of the tribe, Bawa Ardalan, was a descendant of "Ahmad b. Marwan", who ruled in Diyarbakir. He settled down among the Gorans in Kurdistan and toward the end of the Mongol period took over the "Şare Zor"(Sharazur) region, where he established himself as an absolute ruler. It is not known when the Ardalans established themselves in Sanandaj(Sinne), but it was probably in the 14th century. The territories of Zardiawa (Karadagh), Khanaqin, Kirkuk, and Kifri, which were already the homelands of the Goran-Kurds, all belonged to this principality. The capital city of the principality was first in Sharazour, but was moved to Sinne later on. The Ardalan state was completley independent until it was incorporated into Safavid Empire as a semi-autonomos frontier province. During the Safavid period, the Ardalans were deeply involved in the struggles between the Iranian and Ottoman empires and, whenever it suited them, they shifted their allegiance to the Ottoman state. Ardalans reigned from Safavid period to mid ninteenth century. The Qajar monarch Nasser-al-Din Shah(1848-1896) was determined to undermine the power and influence of Ardalans. He first interfered in the affairs of the province in 1851. Then in 1867, he terminated Ardalan's special status as a semi-autonomos frontier province and named his own uncle, Farhad Mirza Mo'tamad-al-Dawla, as the governor of what has become simply the province of Kurdistan, thus putting an end to the Ardalan Dynasty. In 1941, the Ardalans participated in the first Kurdish revolt in Iran during the World War II. However, they were not involved in the establishment of the Republic of Mahabad in 1946, and the territory of that short-lived seccessionist state did not include Sinne(Sanandaj). Kurdish may refer to: The Kurdish people The Kurdish language This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Diyarbakir (Syriac: ܐܡܝܕ; Greek: Amida; Turkish spelling: Diyarbakır) is a city in Turkey, situated on the banks of the River Tigris. ... Gorani could be the name of: Gorani, a village in the prefecture of Laconia Gorani, people and the English name of their language (actually Goranski) living in Kosovo and Metohia, a province of Serbia Gorani, a small group of Kurds and their dialect of the Kurdish language in Iran and... Kurdish-inhabited areas (Kurdistan). ... Honorary guard of Mongolia. ... Sanandaj (Kurdish: Sinne; Persian: سنندج) is the capital of the Iranian province of Kurdistan, which is situated in the western part of Iran bordering Iraq. ... Sinne (Sanandaj in persian)is the capital of the Kurdistan province of iran, which is situated in the western part of Iran bordering Iraq. ... Khanaqin (arabic خانقين ChanaqÄ«n, kurdish خانه قين khaneqîn, also transliterated as Khanakin, Xanaqin) is a Kurdish city outside the Kurdish Autonomous Region in north-eastern Iraq. ... Kirkuk (Kurdish: Kerkûk, Arabic:كركوك ;originally the Assyrian city of Arrapha) is an ancient city in Iraq, sitting near the Hasa River on the ruins of a 5,000-year-old settlement. ... Sinne (Sanandaj in persian)is the capital of the Kurdistan province of iran, which is situated in the western part of Iran bordering Iraq. ... The Safavids were a long-lasting Turkic-speaking Iranian dynasty that ruled from 1501 to 1736 and first established Shiite Islam as Persias official religion. ... The Safavids were a long-lasting Turkic-speaking Iranian dynasty that ruled from 1501 to 1736 and first established Shiite Islam as Persias official religion. ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29, 1923... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29, 1923... The Safavids were a long-lasting Turkic-speaking Iranian dynasty that ruled from 1501 to 1736 and first established Shiite Islam as Persias official religion. ... The Qajar dynasty was the ruling family of Persia from 1796 to 1925. ... Nasser-al-Din Shah Nasser-al-Din Shah Qajar (sometimes called Nassereddin) (1831 1896) was the Shah of Persia from September 13, 1848 until his death on May 1, 1896. ... 1851 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Events September - Basil I becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. ... Kurdish-inhabited areas (Kurdistan). ... For the movie, see 1941 (film) 1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Kurdish may refer to: The Kurdish people The Kurdish language This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrination, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atom bomb. ... The first modern independent kurdish state, in 20th century, lead by Qazi Muhammad as the president and Mustafa Barzani as the defence minister. ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ... Sinne (Sanandaj in persian)is the capital of the Kurdistan province of iran, which is situated in the western part of Iran bordering Iraq. ... Sanandaj (Kurdish: Sinne; Persian: سنندج) is the capital of the Iranian province of Kurdistan, which is situated in the western part of Iran bordering Iraq. ...

Kurdish Culture in Ardalan State

Because the official religion of Ardalan principality was Yarsan (Kakayi or Ali-Haqq, or 'People of Truth') not Islam, and because this religion was tied to the Gorani(Hewrami) dialect, Gorani became the official language of the Kurds throughout a rather large region in Kurdistan. Via the Yarsan religious teachings, the Gorani dialect was spread intensively, especially among the poor segments of the population. ln addition, many of the intellectual Kurds living outside the Gorani dialect territories adopted Gorani for their written language. The most famous poets of the Yarsan down through the centuries wrote solely in Gorani dialect. These include Bawa Yadigar (born in Sharazour in the eighth century), Yal-Bagi Jaff (1493-1554), and Khan Almas Khani Luristani (1662-1728). Many other famous Kurdish-Muslim poets have, down the centuries, written in Gorani, such as Mala Pareshani Kurd (still living in 1398/99). He was a Shiite Muslim who was much opposed to the Yarsan beliefs and the Dervishes. Other poets such as Saidi Hawrami (1784-1842), and Mala Abdul-Rahimi Mawlawi Tavgozi (1806-1882) are also worthy of mention. Islām is described as a dīn, meaning way of life and/or guidance. ... Gorani could be the name of: Gorani, (a. ...

The blossoming of literature in the Ardalan principality was accompanied by an intense cultivation of music. Music is an essential element of the cultural tradition of the Yarsan religious community. ln connection with this, it is interesting that the Kurds in East and South Kurdistan, where to the Gorani culture was spread, call songs 'Gorani'.

List of Rulers of Ardalan State

1. Bawa Ardalan (14th century)
2. Timur Khan Ardalan (During the reign of Shah Tahmasp I).
3. Khan Ahmad Khan (During the reign of Shah Abbas I)
4. Soleiman Khan (During the reign of Shah Safi 1629-1642)(He rebuilt the Senna(Sinne) Dij or "the Castle of Senna")[1]
5. Sobhanverdi Khan (During the reign of Nader Shah)
6. Ahmad Khan (Son of Sobhanverdi Khan) (He was made governer of a region stretching all the way from Hamadan to Mosul)
7. Khosrow Khan Bozorgi (1754-1788)
8. Aman-Allah Khan Bozorgi (1799-1825), was the last important Ardalan ruler (wali).

Shah Abbas I (شاه عباس اول) (January 27, 1571?-January 19, 1629?) was the most eminent ruler of the Safavid Dynasty. ... Nadir Shah (Nadir Qoli Beg, also Tahmasp-Qoli Khan) (October 22, 1688 - June, 1747) ruled as Shah of Persia 1736-1747 and was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty. ... Ganj nameh, Darius the Great inscriptions (5th century BC) This page is about the city of Hamedan. ... MosÅ«l (36°22′ N 43°07′ E Arabic: al-Mawsil, Kurdish: Mûsil, or Nineveh, Assyrian: ܢܝܢܘܐ, Ninewa) is a city in northern Iraq. ...

References

1. Sharaf-al-Din Khan Bedlisi, Sharafnama, translated by F.B. Charmoy, St. Petesburg, 1868-75, vol.II, pp.106-107. Also see [2]
2. Eskandar Bek Monshi, Taikh-e Alam ara Abbasi, translated by Savory
3. Nikitine, Basil, Les Kurdes, Paris, 1956.
4. Nikitin, Les valis
5. W. Eagleton, The Kurdish Republic of 1946, London, 1963
6. M. Mardokh Kodestani, Tarikh-e kord wa Kodestan (The history of Kurds and Kurdistan), Tehran, 1979
7. Encyclopaedia Iranica, under "Ardalan" entry, pp.693-694
8. Nebez, Jamal, The Kurdish Language from Oral Tradition to Written Language, 2000